Lesson 4. Second Declension of Nouns. LEARN the inflection of the following (§ 10): a. Nouns of this declension ending in us, er, and ir, are masculine; those in um are neuter. (For exceptions, see 3. a, b). b. All Latin nouns in um are declined like bellum (N.). In all neuter nouns, the nom. acc. and voc. plural end in ă. c. Notice that nouns in us of this declension are the only Latin nouns which have the vocative different from the nominative. d. Proper names in ius, with filius, son, lose e in the vocative (so mi from meus, my): as, mi fili, my son (4. c). e. The voc. of deus, god, is deus; the plural nom. and voc. are dei, dii, or di; dat. and abl. deīs, diīs, or dis (4.ƒ). f. The Locative form is like the genitive in the singular: as, Corinthi, at Corinth; humi, on the ground; vesperī, at evening. In the plural it is like the ablative: as, Gabiīs, at Gabii (4. a). g. A few Greek nouns end in os, on, instead of us, um. Names ending in eus (like Orpheus) are declined thus (7. a) : — NOм. Orpheus DAT. Orphei GEN. Orphei (or eos) Acc. Orphea Voc. Orpheu ABL. Orpheō h. Decline together servus bonus, a good slave; puer miser, unhappy boy. See EXERCISE, page 46. The plural of these adjectives is declined like that of bonus. Observe that the declension of Adjectives of this form is precisely the same as that of the corresponding nouns, servus, puer, liber (M.); stella (F.), bellum (N.). RULE. - Adjectives agree with their nouns gender, number, and case. in Decline together the following, making the Adjective agree with the Noun in gender, number, and case: vir bonus, a good man; taurus niger, a black bull; hasta valida, a strong spear; bellum longum, a long war; servus miser, a wretched slave; filius meus, my son (d. p. 5). ADVERBS are formed from these adjectives by changing the case ending to ē: as, validē, strongly; miserē, wretchedly. The plural is declined regularly, like that of bonus. The following are declined as above: Observe that these, except alius, differ from the regular declension only in the genitive and dative singular, which end in ius and i for all the genders. In the plural, all are declined like bonus. From their signification they are rarely or never found in the vocative. Duo, two, and ambo, both, are thus declined : 2. Many adjectives in the singular, and most ad jectives in the plural, may be used as Nouns: thus, liber, a free man. bona, good things (property). Latini, the Latins. Sabinae, the Sabine women. RULE. A noun used to describe another, and meaning the same thing, agrees with it in case: as, Homērus poēta, Homer the poet; Gabiōrum oppidi, of the town Gabii. See EXERCISE, page 77. Lesson 6. Simple Sentence: 1. Subject and Predicate. DEFINITION. The SUBJECT of a sentence is the person or thing spoken of the PREDICATE is that which is stated of the subject (§ 45, 2). 1. Every complete sentence must contain a Subject and a Verb. The Subject is in the NOMINATIVE CASE (§ 49, 2): as, NOTE. equus currit, the horse runs. In certain constructions, a verb is put in the Infinitive mood, in which case its subject becomes the Accusative (Less. 21). 2. In Latin, the subject may be a personal pronoun contained in the termination of the verb itself: as, aro, I plough (am ploughing); sedēmus, we sit; curritis, you run. NOTE. - This is true, in general, only when the verb is of the first or second person. With the third person, a definite subject must be expressed, unless implied in what goes before or follows. 3. Learn the following forms of the verb esse, to be: Upon comparing these forms, the learner will notice that the terminations are alike for each person: thus, RULE. The case of the Predicate, after esse, is the same with that of the Subject. Examples. 1. Pueri sumus, we are boys. 2. Stellae lucidae erant, the stars were bright. 3. Parāti nōn erāmus, we were not ready. 4. Viri boni sunt,1 they are good men. 5. Rōma patria est nōstra, Rome is our native city. 6. Prisci Rōmānī erānt agricolae, the early Romans were farmers. 1 This sentence may be translated they (some persons previously referred to, and implied in the termination) are good men; or, the men are good; also (considering sunt as a substantive verb), there are good men. In the first case, boni and viri are both predicate; in the second, viri is subject and bonī predicate; in the third, both are in the subject. See EXERCISE, page 48. Lesson 7. Simple Sentence: 2. Object Accusative. DEFINITION. The OBJECT of a verb is that on which its action is exerted. RULE. The Accusative is the case of the DIRECT OBJECT of a transitive verb. 1. The action of many verbs (called Transitive verbs) passes over upon an object, which must be expressed to complete the sense: as, vocat filium, he calls (his) son. vidēmus lūnam et stellās, we see the moon and stars. a. With certain verbs, the genitive, dative, or ablative may be used as an object-case, where the corresponding English verbs require the objective (see p. 75). b. Many verbs transitive in Latin are translated in English by a verb requiring a preposition (intransitive): as, pecuniam postulo, I ask for (demand) money. petit aprum, he aims at the boar. |