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PART SECOND.

CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX.

NOTE. — It may be best to proceed at once from the foregoing lessons to the course of reading provided in Part Fourth, reserving the following section to be studied as the constructions occur in reading, and for systematic practice in writing Latin, once a week or oftener, at the convenience of the teacher. It should be compared with the "Synopsis of Constructions" given at the end of this volume. The letter R. refers to the short rules on pages 162, 163 (Grammar, § 75).

A. — Uses of Cases: 1. As Objects of Verbs.

Notice that all of the four Oblique cases may be used in Latin with different classes of verbs, being represented alike in English by the Objective case. Thus, –

1. hominem video, I see the man (Accusative).

2. homini servio, I serve the man (DATIVE).

3. hominis misereor, I pity the man (GENITIVE).

4. homine amicō ūtor, I treat the man as a friend (ABLATIVE). 1. Accusative as Direct Object.

LEARN 52, 1. (Object-Accusative), with a, b, d (verbs of feeling, cognate accusative, and compounds).

a. The accusatives in a are usually rendered with a preposition in English, though sometimes a transitive verb may be supplied: as, ridere, to laugh at or ridicule; dolēre, to grieve at or lament, &c.

b. With the compounds in d compare those of § 52, 1. d; noticing that there is usually no difference in the translation of the two classes of verbs, which are generally transitive in English: as, adire aliquem, to approach one; obstare alicui, to withstand one.

Examples.

1. Africano1 industria virtutem, virtus gloriam, gloria aemulos comparavit.

2. Tres jam copiarum partes Helvetii flumen traduxerant. 3. Saepe suas Liber2 miratus est uvas.

4. Rastros non patietur humus.

5. Paulatim Germani Rhenum transire consueverant.

6. Posthac vitam3 tutiorem vivemus.

7. Joca tua plena facetiarum risimus sátis.

8. Iram demetitur Deus suam ;

clementiam profundit.

9. Suas quisque miserias dolet. 10. Nec te, juvenis memorande, silebo.

1 Dative.

2 A name of Bacchus.

3 Cognate accus. (§ 52, 1. b).

Write in Latin.

1. A sudden tempest had delayed the ships.

2. A soft answer subdues1 wrath.

3. Appius Claudius, the censor, brought the Appian water into the city, and laid3 the Appian Way.

4. Hannibal had already crossed the Alps.
5. Cæsar led his forces across the Rhine.

6. They afterwards lived a safer life.

7. Poverty teaches all the arts.

8. My son complains* [of] his fortune.

9. We shall go once [on] the last journey.

10. All men laugh-at folly: all men grieve-at misery.

[blocks in formation]

§ 52, 2. with a and c (appositive and secondary object: R. 25); also b and d (compounds, and verbs of hiding).

1. Te tua fata docebo.

Examples.

2. Deos deasque omnes pacem oramus.
3. Quid me ista rogas? Stoicos roga.
4. Iter omnes celabo.

5. Nonnulli utilia solum pueros docent, honesta negligunt.

6. Tu modo posce deos veņiam.

7. Juvenes avum Numitorem regem salutabant.

8. Consul primus rogatus est sententiam.

9.

Illud puer saepe admonitus erat.

10. Nos hoc diu celamur.

11. Helvetii pacem a Cæsare petierunt.

Write in Latin.

1. I will teach you your destiny.

2. We beseech peace [of] all the gods and goddesses. I did not hide from you [my] friend's opinion.

4. Why do you ask me that? Ask your father.

5. The consul Nero1 skilfully concealed his march [from] Hannibal.

6. The senate saluted Cicero [as] father of [his] country. 7. Lucius Junius Brutus was called the liberator of Rome. 8. The people elected Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus [as] first consuls.

9. An old herdsman in vain begged2 [his] liberty [of] Vespasian.

I Put the name before the title.

2 oro.

3. Dative of Indirect Object.

§ 51, 1. and 2. with a and d (R. 14, 16); also c, e, f, reading carefully the classes of verbs in a and b.

a. These classes of verbs will be learned gradually, in the course of practice. Some of those in a (as to favor, envy, serve, &c.) seem to be transitive. In fact, however, the Latin retains a primary meaning which is lost in English: as, invidere (to envy) is to look [askance] at one; servire is to be a slave; suadere is to make [a thing] pleasant to any one (compare suāvis, sweet). See Remark 1 (page 123), and the second paragraph of the Note on page 121 of the grammar.

b. The verbs in 2. c are to be compared with those of Giving, &c., in I though different in kind as seen from the English point of view, their construction in Latin is the same: thus in the sen

tence invidet mihi divitias, he envies me for my riches, divitias is the direct and mihi the indirect object of invideo, though the opposite is the case in English.

Examples.

1. Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus fidit.

2. Homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt.

3. Nonnulli levissimam delectationem gravissimae utilitati anteponunt.

4. Dii immortales hoc tibi delictum ignoscent.

5. Servi dominis suis maledixerunt.

6. Milites integri et recentes fessis succurrunt. 7. Innocentiae nostrae, judices, subvenite.

8. A bono filio matri semper parebitur.

9. A victore milite templis deorum parcendum est. 10. Uterque consul legioni illi indulserat.

11. Invidetur praestanti florentique fortunae.

12. Mihi numquam persuaderi potuit, animos esse mortales.

Write in Latin.

1. The ant gets itself food in summer-time.

2. The sun shall give thee signs.

3. You pardon yourself; others you pardon not.

4. Men believe their eyes more than their ears."

5. Patience heals1 any2 pain.

6. He told me every thing.

7. I mercifully spared the wretched man.

8. A faithful soldier serves the state.

9. The soldiers spared3 the temples of the gods. 10. Our men pressed-hard1 the flying Gauls.

(Passive.)

11. Your glory is envied.5

12. Liars are not believed."

13. The temples of the gods were spared.
14. That age is not envied, but even favored.
15. The authority of the senate will be obeyed.
16. Clodius was distrusted by all good citizens.
2 quivis.
3 tempero.
5 See Examples 10 and 19, on page 62.

1 medeor. 6 auris.

4 insto.

7 credo.

4. Genitive as Object.

§ 50, 4. a, b, c (verbs of memory, feeling, &c.), observing the peculiar genitives of b, and the construction of the Impersonals in c2 and d; also e (egeo).

Examples.

1. Senex veterum meminit dolorum.

2. Hunc puerum ignaviae suae neque pudet neque taedet. 3. Taedet me quotidianarum harum molestiarum.

4. At vos, Arcadii, caeci miserescite regis.

5. Catilina admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupidinis

suae.

6. Suae quemque fortunae paenitet.

7. Arguitur Verres repetundarum.

8. Conjurati omnes capitis damnati sunt.

9. Reminiscere, inquit, pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum.

Write in Latin.

1. Cato admonished the judges of the laws and of [their] oath.1

2. We have-no-need2 of your help.

3. I shall always remember this day and place.

4. The man is neither ashamed nor sorry for his cowardice. 5. The Athenians charged Socrates with impiety.

6. Forget slaughter and conflagration.

7. I lack not gold or silver.

8. You have charged me in-my-absence with a capital offence.5

9. Brutus condemned to death his two sons.

1 religio.

2 nihil indigere.

3 absens.

5 res capitalis.

4 § 50, 4. b.

5. Ablative as Object.

§ 54, 6. d (ablative with ator, &c.: R. 31).

Observe that these are in reality ablatives of means, and that they may generally be represented in English by a phrase with a preposition as, vescitur carne, he eats (feeds on) flesh; amīcitiā mea abutuntur, they abuse (take advantage of) my friendship.

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