ing hatred. The narrow local feeling still survives from the days when the thirteen colonies had only the slowest methods of communication and were suspicious of one another. To some New Yorkers the West is full of people whose ideas of finance are of a primitive looseness, and to some good people beyond the Mississippi New York is a den of stock gamblers. And when it comes to foreign countries the ignorance is still more dense and the prejudices still more unjus and misleading. We are only in the dawn of international knowledge, and those who have attained what Dr. N. M. Butler has happily called "the International Mind" are the prophets of a new and happier day. East and West In no field is this ignorance more dense and dangerous than in the relations between the East and West. Striking differences of habits of life and thought, great distances, and the habit of exploiting the East for commercial purposes, furnish rich material for the fostering of suspicion, animosity, and racial dislike. It is fortunate when a man of Mr. Bryce's ability and intelligence helps to dissipate the clouds of misunderstanding and let in the light. The author of "The American Commonwealth" is one of the prophets of the new age, and a speech recently made in Tokyo and reported in the columns of the "Japan Advertiser" has a refreshing insight and tone of human feeling : He said that he had never believed in an antagonism of the East and the West. He thought the East needed the West and the West needed the East, and every nation needed every other nation commercially, for the exchange of products which was one of the best foundations upon which to rear international friendship. We needed to know the truth in order to understand human nature in its entirety, the best of human nature, the grandeur of human nature, the progress which human nature had made from primitive man to its present state. We needed to know one another's history, national character, the qualities and powers of human nature under whatever guise or form they might appear, and in whatsoever different phenomena they might be conceived. And all this, in the large sense, it was the duty and the business of the press to endeavor to present, and he did hope that the press would feel that along with their great power there went the responsibility of endeavoring to minimize as much as possible all differences between nations, and that each nation should endeavor to appreciate what was best in the other in order that we might all feel that we were laboring for the common good of mankind. We had come to a period in the history of nations in which every nation was in touch with every other, and we were called upon now more than at any other time-although we had always been so called-but we were called upon more distinctly now because we were in closer contact, to endeavor to further the cause of peace and good feeling among nations, which was the greatest cause of all. The Value of Music in Factories Artistic as well as industrial circles in France have been aroused to lively dis cussion over the declaration of M. Jaques Vernes, the great financier and manufacturer, that the French people were falling behind in industrial efficiency, because the workman no longer sang at his bench. M. Vernes has put himself at the head of a national movement to revive music in mills, workshops, and on all governmental works in the Republic. His efforts have received the approval of the French Government. He argues that it was through the rhythmic movements of singing and dancing that the French work men enabled the nation to hold dominance in many of the great industries of the past. He says, in speaking on this subject: "As rhythm is the principal base in all music, I have decided to introduce music in all the industries with which I am connected. I tried it in the Pyrenees, where we built many roads and bridges. The result was simply amazing. I took a squad of workmen, and on the days they sang they did better work, were in a better humor, and were far less fatigued than on days they did not sing. And I noticed that from the singing workmen there came fewer complaints. I verily believe that music is an effective remedy for many of the present ills of labor. The supreme hardship of most labor is physical and mental fatigue, which results from a lack of rhythm of action. I am convinced that the source of much of the discontent and the origin of many of the strikes are to be found here. But let me add that I would not introduce ragtime music or tango dancing among workmen to lighten their labor. I want to revive the time when every workman sang at his bench." M. Vernes also thinks that the spirit of commercialism as exemplified in Paris by American methods has had a depressing effect in France. While it has taught the nation much, it is in conflict with its nature. A counteracting influence is needed, and he believes he has found it in songs for the workers. Some American manufacturers are inclined to agree with M. Vernes that music is a good thing for the workman at his bench, and that perhaps it is as much needed here as in France, but they think that it would be more difficult to get workers in our big mills and factories to sing than in France. The French workingmen are more homogeneous, they are more given to humming airs at work or play, and a French song is more contagious. But if we needed evidence of the great value of music in labor, the habits of the colored people of the South would furnish it. All the railways of that section have been built under the inspiration and rhythmic swing of Negro melodies, and the tobacco factories in Kentucky, Virginia, and the Carolinas are run by Negro music. It was said that Negroes failed as operators in a North Carolina cotton mill some years ago because they could not hear their voices above the roar of the machinery. Foremen encourage them to sing even while paving streets in Southern cities. It is a fact, however, that the Negro does not sing as much as he used to. Mud Baths or the Jail? legal side, the presentation of charges against the offending officials and, on the emotional side, the beating of one of the guilty men, the removal of his clothing, and his subjection to a mud bath—a form of punishment which has an obvious symbolic fitness. Americans will be interested to know which form of punishment proves most effective. Many municipal thieves in this country have suf fered both penalties; the newspapers have given them mud baths and the courts have sent them to the penitentiary. Training Their Own For several years past the leaders of the educational world have been calling for an advance along the line of vocational education. The remarkable results achieved through the "continuation schools" of the German Empire for more than forty years have furnished the best arguments for the advocates of the system. At last the public mind is beginning to waken, until now practically every great National organization The farmers and working-commercial, industrial, social, and ecopeople of China, who have long been at the mercy of local and provincial politicians and have suffered all kinds of extortion at their hands, are awakening to a sense of their power of protecting themselves by co-operation. The organization of a Mutual Protection Society in the town of Hsienhsien, in the province of Chihli, is significant of the spread of a new idea of the purpose of government through a country which has hitherto endured government as an inevitable evil and has just begun to think of it as a means of securing the general welfare. The farmers and fishermen who have organized this society in Hsienhsien, suspecting that the local educational authorities and the District Council were imposing taxes which were entirely out of proportion to the benefits returned, made an investigation in approved Western fashion and discovered that large sums had been collected for public projects which had not been put through. A recent disastrous flood was due to the failure to carry out certain work on a neighboring river for which the funds had been provided, and the officials have been enjoying festivities and "joy rides " at public expense. The inquisitive people, having started on these investigations, went so far as to inspect the accounts kept by the officials, an almost unprecedented event in China. The result has been, on the nomic, in addition to educational bodies—has given its support to the attempts made in Congress to secure grants from the National treasury for vocational education. The American Federation of Labor at one end of the list and the National Association of Manufacturers at the other have joined with the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America and the National Educational Association in demanding this advance in our system of public school education. While the great, slow-moving public has been making up its mind, certain great business interests-which could not wait—have been busy training their own employees. At the very opposite pole to all sentimentalism or pseudophilanthropy stands the National Association of Corporation Schools, which holds its. first annual convention at Dayton, Ohio, September 16 to 19. The corporations which are banded together in this effort to educate their own employees are frankly and openly committed to the principle that it pays the company in dollars and cents to educate its workmen in order to increase their efficiency. Some of the companies have been offering night school courses to their own employees for years; others have more recently opened schools for the instruction of their apprentices or salesmen, compelling them to attend during the working day and paying them for the time spent in school; while still other companies look forward to the establishment of high grade technical courses to be offered free to their employees. The list of the corporations associated for this purpose is a notable one. Among others there are the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, the American Locomotive Company, the General Electric Company, the Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, and many others, representing more than two billion dollars capital and affecting the welfare of 230,000 employees. Universities and colleges have recognized the movement as a link long sought between institutions of learning and the business world. So it comes to pass that such men as Charles P. Steinmetz, inventor; Dr. Lee Galloway, of New York University, and others, have been elected officers in the new movement that may become the means of modifying cur entire educational system. is the purpose of the National Association of Corporation Schools to "render new corporation schools successful from the start, by warning them against the pitfalls into which others have fallen, and to provide a forum where corporation school officers may interchange experiences and so improve the instruction in their respective institutions." Altogether the movement is a most helpful and promising one. A School for It Since the revelation of shocking conditions in Delinquent Boys the Brooklyn Disciplinary Training School for Boys, following the investigations four years ago of the State Charities Aid Association and the State Board of Charities, the latter inquiry at the instigation. of Governor Hughes, the improvement in conditions at the institution has been very gratifying. As the result of those investigations, it will be remembered, the Superintendent and the House Mother were discharged and the directors of the school removed, with the exception of Mr. Ephraim Byk, whose complaints led to the exposé. The immorality then exposed apparently exists no more, and other reforms have been accomplished. Much remains to be done, however, if the two hundred or more boys in the school on commitment from the Children's Courts for juvenile delinquency are to be given a fair chance for development. The present buildings at Fifty-eighth Street and Eighth Avenue, Brooklyn, are described by Mr. Byk as "dilapidated firetraps, utterly inadequate to the needs of the school." Two But years ago at his recommendation the city appropriated $75,000 for the purchase of 300 acres for a new site at Melville, Long Island, where it was planned to erect ten or more cottages and put twenty boys in each under the care of a responsible man and his wife, to act as house father and house mother. Most of the boys come from homes which they are only too glad to leave, or from no homes at all, and this cottage system would fill a long-felt want. The boys would get wholesome exercise in the open air through work on the farm, in addition to the recreation which they now find in the carpentry, shoemaking, tailoring, and printing shops of the establishment. unexpected opposition was encountered from politicians who wanted the boys committed to sectarian institutions in which they had an interest. Last winter Mr. Byk succeeded in killing in committee a bill to abolish the school, but enemies of the institution persevered, and recently the city revoked the appropriation. This followed the recommendations of the Commissioner of Accounts that the school be abolished on December 31, 1913, its functions to be fulfilled by the State Training School for Boys, the House of Refuge, and private religious institutions. In a brief submitted to Mayor Gaynor by the Board of Managers of the Brooklyn school, it is pointed out that the State Training School will not be completed for a year and will then be, like the House of Refuge, a place for long-term offenders and hardened juveniles, whereas the boys sent to the Brooklyn school are not hardened cases. On the other hand, they are nevertheless delinquents, and it would no more do to put them with the truants in private establishments than to put smallpox cases in an accident ward. Lastly, the private schools have refused to accept such short-term cases, and the Magistrates of the Children's Courts have gone on record unanimously as favoring the retention of the Brooklyn Disciplinary Training School or the establishment of an adequate substitute. For many years observers of total eclipses of our great luminary had noted the peculiar arrangement of the rays of the solar corona, the beautiful pearly halo surrounding the sun, which can be seen only during the fleeting moments of totality. These luminous rays are arranged in very much the same manner as the lines of iron filings in the well-known laboratory experiment showing the lines of force around a magnet. This appearance led to the surmise that the sun had magnetic properties. Surmise, however, is one thing and proof another. The recent work of Dr. Hale has now supplied the latter. The proof is long and technical. Suffice it to say that it depends upon certain peculiar properties in the vibrations of light, if the source of the light is under the influence of a magnet. These peculiarities are shown when the light is passed through an instrument called a spectrograph, which analyzes the light into its constituent colors in a manner analogous to the formation of a rainbow. This band of color is photographed, and the departure of the colors from their normal positions furnishes the evidence. In this instance the change in the colors of sunlight from their normal positions was exceedingly slight. It was necessary to measure distances only a small fraction of the thickness of a hair. The work was begun five years ago; but the best appliances of that time were not sufficiently powerful to give consistent results. New apparatus was then designed and built. This included a vertical telescope 150 feet in height and a spectrograph 75 feet long, the latter being placed in an underground chamber of constant temperature. After the new equipment has been set up, the work was resumed. Every effort was made to guard against error in securing the photographic observations, as it was recognized that the quantities to be determined were exceedingly small, and that the slightest error in instrumental adjustment might either mask them entirely or else give fictitious results. Finally, after hundreds of plates had been used and measured with infinite care, the end of the preliminary work was reached and the discovery announced this summer. But, just as every great piece of work requires time and care for its perfection, so this one will demand additional years of painstaking effort before the magnetic properties of the sun are fully known. However, even this preliminary work has shown more than the mere fact that the sun is a great spherical magnet. In the course of the investigation it was found that the solar magnetic poles are near the poles of rotation, possibly much nearer than the corresponding poles of the earth, and that the north magnetic pole of the sun attracts the same end of the compass-needle as the earth's north magnetic pole. The full significance of this new discovery is difficult to estimate; but there is no question that it is one of the most important scientific achievements of recent years. It may, for example, lead to the explanation of the earth's magnetism-a problem which has been baffling the scientific world for centuries. Its greatest significance, however, appears to lie in the fact that it introduces a new element which must be taken into consideration in dealing with many cosmical problems. PETER AND FUSION Young Peter, his wife, and his three children have left the farm and moved to town. Also the Fusion campaign in New York City is on. There's a connection between these two events. Why is young Peter leaving the farm and taking his family to town? Perhaps Peter himself would mention as the first reason the fine offer he received from a manufacturing concern. His own talents, such as they are, incline him strongly to any kind of work with mechanisms. Alone on the farm he could tinker here and mend there, but in this offered position he believes he can accomplish something worth while, and make a living in the line of his temperamental preference. Really as controlling is Peter's consideration for his wife. He feels that she has had too much drudgery and too little of other things in life. Peter wants to have her have the advantages of the town. She likes music, and so does Peter himself in a shamefaced way; but they have no chance to hear any on the farm except what they can make themselves or their phonograph can reproduce. They read books together; but they haven't many. There's a library in town. And then there's the theater. Peter, as well as his wife, enjoys a good play. In town they can see one now and then. The burdens that have weighed heavily on the shoulders of Peter's wife have been borne long enough, Peter thinks, and he is going to take her where she can have something else. Then there are the children. On the farm they have been well enough; in fact, very well for the most part; but Peter will never forget the anxiety of last summer when the youngest one was ill and the doctor seemed very far away. Peter hesitated a long while about taking his children from the open-air life they had been living; but after reading somewhere that the death rate in New York City was lower than in the rural districts of the State, he felt easier on that score. As to the children's education, there was nothing to hesitate about. The little district school a mile and a half from the farm was just better than no school at all; while in town even the slum children, with the public schools, and the settlements, and the boys' and girls' clubs, and what not, had a thousand times better chance than any child on that farm could have. At least so Peter thought. He may have underestimated the education that the farm itself could give, though he did not overlook it. Finally, and this sums it all up, Peter was going where there were people, and where people, acting together and living together, could do more for themselves than any of them could do alone. There are a great many Peters, and Peters' wives, and Peters' children. People are going to the city by scores and by thousands because they feel that there life is more expanding than in the countrymore civilized. They go to the city because men can do together in the city work that they could not do alone, because they can defend themselves together against their enemies, whether they be human foes or the hostile forces of disease; can, by acting together, educate and train themselves and their children; can enjoy together a common social life in the city as they cannot in the country. People live together in the city on grounds, then, of common industry, common protection, com. mon education, and common social life. The prime purposes of the government of a great city should be the promotion of these objects on behalf of all the people of the city-the promotion of a sound, just, and efficient industrial life, of an effective system of mutual protection, of a constantly improving plan for the education and development of the children and the adults of the city, and of a wholesome, happy, and civilizing social life. It is important that a city should have clean and well-paved streets, and a good police department, and good methods of transportation. No city can be called really well governed which does not supply these and administer them efficiently and economically. After all, however, these things are incidental to the main purposes for which people go to live in cities. They do not go there to build streets, or to arrest one another, or merely to travel back and forth. They travel back and forth, they establish a police force, they build and keep streets in repair, for the purpose of furthering their real ends of work-self-protection, education, self-development, diversion, social life. Sometimes such things as playgrounds and parks, recreation piers, museums and libraries, school lunches, municipal theaters, municipal markets, model tenements, social centers, have been discussed as if they were frills and furbelows. As a matter of fact, they come. very close to the real objects for which cities exist. Great are the advantages produced by cities. The great civilizations of the past have expressed themselves in cities: Babylon, Jerusalem, Athens, Rome, Venice-the very name of each of these cities is emblematic of some phase of human advancement. We do not think of their streets, or their police, or their means of transportation. We think rather of their literature, or their commercial triumphs, or their religious ideals, or their schools of learning, or their treasures of art. These are the things for which cities exist. What has all this to do with the Fusion campaign in New York City in this year of grace? No one knows what are the prizes of city life better than some of the enemies of the city. These are they who make these prizes a matter of privilege. The curse of Tammany Hall upon the city of New York is not merely that it has allowed the streets to be scandalously ill repaired and unclean, that it has allowed the police force to become corrupted at the top, and that it has encouraged graft in providing for means of transit; but that it has kept the benefits of city life in large measure from the mass of the people and turned them over as far as it dared to the privileged and favored few. By its misgovernment it has made, on the one hand, the slums, and, on the other hand, the rich grafters. It has craftily seized on the inheritance of the people, and by doling out alms and charities it has kept the appearance of |