International

HOLM O. BURSUM, THE NEW UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW MEXICO

portance since the inauguration of Mr. Harding occurred in New Mexico on September 21. When Senator Fall resigned from the Senate to take his position as Secretary of the Interior, the Governor of New Mexico appointed Mr. H. O. Bursum as. his successor. It is said that this appointment was not welcome by Senator Fall. Senator Bursum has now been elected by a very large majority, a majority which exceeds by five thousand that given to Senator Fall in 1918. The Democratic party apparently bent every effort to defeat Senator Bursum. His majority is less than that given to the electors of Harding and Coolidge last November, but votes in Presidential years always represent high-water marks of popular interest in elections.

THE NEW HEAD OF THE CHILDREN'S BUREAU

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HE Children's Bureau, which is a division of the Department of Labor, has now been in existence about nine years. It has amply justified its Those who doubted the desirability of Governmental supervision of questions relating to child welfare and child security must now acknowledge that there was a field to be filled in this direction.

Miss Julia Lathrop, the first Chief of the Children's Bureau, has retired, and is succeeded by Miss Grace Abbott, whose portrait we have pleasure in printing herewith. The appointment is not only a deserved promotion, but an excellent example of the way in which promotions should be made. Miss Abbott is admirably fitted to go on with

the work begun by Miss Lathrop. She has held for several years the directorship of the Child Labor Division of the Bureau, which had charge of enforcing the first Child Labor Law. In other ways Miss Abbott has been a valued assistant in the work of the Bureau, and she was twice sent abroad on important missions connected with that work. Like Miss Lathrop, Miss Abbott had an earlier training in Hull House and has had experience in administering social organizations and in dealing with social problems. She holds a degree from the University of Chicago and did graduate work in the University of Nebraska. Misc Lathrop has said of her successor: "Miss Abbott's appointment gives satisfaction to all who desire to see the scientific services of the Government developed and who realize that this is possible only when these services are immune from political considerations and when they can secure the leadership of persons of fine scientific attainment and personal character. These qualities Miss Abbott combines in high degree."

Miss Lathrop's retirement as the head of the Children's Bureau has called out well-deserved praise for her activities in that office.

Among other things, she made an extremely valuable review of child labor legislation in the various States, prepared a study of infant mortality and of the lack of vital statistics in many States, and framed the Maternity Bill now before Congress.

ship which is distinctly worth following. It is the attempt of a group of men, organized under the name of "SelfGovernment Incorporated, A Council for Democratic Training," to establish junior municipalities wherever there seems to be a fertile field for such an endeavor. Perhaps it is wrong to call this attempt an experiment, for some five years ago Ithaca, New York, at the instigation of William R. George, put into effect a most successful organization of this kind. Mr. Hermann Hagedorn describes the accomplishment of this particular junior municipality in the "Survey" for September 16:

The junior citizens between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one elected their junior mayor, their junior town. council, their junior chief of police, judge, street-cleaning commissioner, commissioner of public works, school board, etc., who functioned with extraordinary success until the war came and practically the whole of the junior government was enlisted or was drafted. The junior chief of police captured junior thieves who had baffled the adult official; the junior judge handled delicate truancy

(C) Harris & Ewing MISS GRACE ABBOTT, NEW HEAD OF THE CHILDREN'S BUREAU

Miss Abbott. is a graduate of the Universities of Nebraska and Chicago, and has been Direc tor of the Chicago League for the Protection of Immigrants. In 1917 she was appointed Director of the Child Labor Division of the Bureau over which she is now Chief

cases which the adult judge could not reach; the junior commissioner of public works, a student in the Cornell School of Architecture, gave his adult superior a liberal education in civil engineering and æsthetics.

Glen Ridge, New Jersey, is one of the towns following in the footsteps of Ithaca. In the same article Mr. Hagedorn describes a recent junior meeting in the Borough Hall of that progressive community:

A boy of seventeen occupied the mayor's chair, a boy of eighteen sat at the clerk's desk, and three young men and three young women occupied the seats of the town councilors. In the presence of an audience which filled the space in the chamber allotted to the public, these eight young people gravely, with incisiveness and not without humor, discussed and took action upon the affairs of Glen Ridge which pertained especially to youth. The proceedings had a decorum which similar meetings of adults not infrequently lack; they were cautious, sensible, and businesslike. More than one witness of them said to himself: "Why, of course. Perfectly simple. And the best training for citizenship that ever was devised. Why has no one ever thought of it before?"

The Outlook knows and trusts the men behind this movement. It will be glad to put any of its readers who are anxious to develop interest among the junior members of their community in their own local government in touch with Self-Government Incorporated. This Committee hopes to establish at least one hundred junior municipalities before

July 1 of next year. We hope this ambition will be more than realized.

A LITTLE WAR BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE LEAGUE

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LBANIA and Serbia, the latter as the chief division of the Jugoslav nation, are both members of the League of Nations. They are bound, therefore, to submit any quarrels between themselves to adjudication by the League and to refrain from aggression or hostile measures one against the other. Moreover, if they fail to do this, they are, under the Covenant, deemed to have committed an act of war against all the member nations of the League.

Despite all this, we have been reading in the despatches of Serbians lining up their artillery and bombarding with shells Albanian villages across the border. One Serbian representative at Geneva is said to have remarked: "Such things are occurring all the time. It has no importance." The basic trouble is that the border line between Serbia and Albania has not yet been definitely fixed. Under the Treaty it lies with the Council of Ambassadors, and they seem to be in no hurry about rendering a decision in what is undoubtedly a complicated question-not so important, of course, as that involved in Upper Silesia, but still one capable of making plenty of trouble.

Once more we have the familiar headline so often recurring for years before the Great War, "Trouble in the Balkans!" We used to look at it as a cry of wolf when there was no wolf, but out of the Balkans came the terrible world catastrophe. The present little war will be settled; but what a light is thrown on the lack of actual power in the League to prevent quarrels between its own members!

BOLSHEVIST BAD FAITH

HEN Great Britain, early last

W spring, made with the Soviet Gov

ernment a commercial compact which involved political clauses, it showed a cheerful confidence in the good faith of Lenine and his crew not justified by their past history.

Now the British Foreign Minister, Lord Curzon, practically tells England that the compact has been treated like a worthless scrap of paper.

The whole trade agreement rested on the guaranty by the Soviets that they would undertake no political propaganda in the East. They have broken this promise in the baldest and most impudent possible way. Thus, Lord Curzon pointed out that in Persia a Soviet Cabinet Minister appeared with active political propaganda and promises of cash, so that, as Lord Curzon said, Persia turned

away from England, preferring "to accept the caresses of the Soviet Government-caresses which usually end in strangling those to whom they are applied."

In Afghanistan also the propaganda of the Reds has been offensively pushed. The British Government has laid before the Soviets evidence of gross breaches of faith in Afghanistan, as well as in Central Asia, all going to show a definite policy of intrigue against Great Britain. The agents of the Reds have plotted with the Indian Anarchists and with Afghanistan factions to stir up revolution and dissatisfaction.

The moral is evident. It does not pay to do business with governments which have no sense of business or political honor.

THE OPPAU DISASTER

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GOOD deal of mystery seems to cloud the causes of the terrific explosion which on September 21 wrecked the little town of Oppau, near Mannheim, in Germany. Accounts differ as to precisely what chemicals or gases exploded. One account says that experts declare that the explosion probably occurred in testing the compressive possibilities of a new gas the chemical properties of which were insufficiently known. It was in these very works, the Badische factory, that the first poison gas used in the war was manufactured. It would not do to infer that Germany was here again working out formulas and plans for high explosives and poison gases with a view to wars of the future, but certainly the world would like to know more of what was being done at Oppau. The company which owns the works is largely engaged in the manufacture of aniline dyes, and the manufacture of explosives and injurious gases is closely related to that industry.

The destruction wrought by the explo sion was almost unbelievable. A large part of the town was simply wiped out of existence, and in other parts of the town the roofs of whole blocks were swept off as if by a whirlwind. The scene was as desolating and as horrible as that of a battle. The total loss of life exceeded a thousand, and three or four times that number were seriously injured. When we remember that the town had only sixty-five hundred people in it and that a majority of that number were engaged in the Badische works, it is easy to see the frightful character of the explosion. Twenty-five hundred persons were reported to be in the hospitals of neighboring cities the day after the disaster. The only possible way of rescuing the wounded was for the firemen and other workers to wear gas masks, as in a battle. Technically, the

LAFAYETTE-MARNE DAY

NDER the auspices of the National Data vette Day Committee, Septem ber 6, the birthday of General Lafayette, the affectionate friend and faithful ald of General George Washington, was cele brated in various parts of the country. The most important and in a true sense of the word the most romantic of these celebrations took place at Mount Vernon, the hallowed home of Washington, near the Nation's capital. September 6 also the anniversary of the Battle of the Marne. Memories and interpretations of that great event also formed a part of the celebration. There was also a peculiar significance in the celebration because it so immediately precedes the great peace conference to be held in Washington in November.

The speakers at Mount Vernon were Dr. John Finley, formerly Commissioner of Education of the State of New Yorki the Honorable James M. Beck, Solicitor General of the United States; and Major-General John F. O'Ryan, one f the most distinguished officers of the American Army during the World War.

Dr. Finley laid stress upon the fact that in celebrating Lafayette's birthday we should celebrate Youth. Lafayette "had not yet emerged from his teens when, after landing in South Carolina, he rode six hundred miles to make i proffer of his services as a volunteer, to without pay, to Congress and then to Washington, who adopted him as a member of his military family and adImitted him into his war council." th France embodies in her national spirit the spirit of youth, the spirit of noble impulses. "Here in Lafayette is the incarnation of her perpetual youth. Disinterested in purpose! Thinking not of cost or sacrifice if the cause be just, even though it seems to be lost! Ever beginning again with unquenchable spirit!"

Mr. Beck, one of the earliest and most forceful of those Americans who saw in the onslaught of Germany a threat against all that Americans hold dear in civilization, referred to the Battle of the Marne as "one of the supremely great things in the annals of mankind, possibly the greatest battle ever fought upon this earth, whether regard be had

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to the area over which it was fought, the number of its combatants, or the tremendous issues that depended upon the outcome of that mighty struggle. ... Could there be in all the world, unless it be the battlefield itself soaked with the blood of hundreds of thousands of men who died for their country, a more sacred place for us to commemmorate this mighty triumph for justice and freedom than Mount Vernon? was here that lived the great commander under whom for the first time French and American soldiers fought side by side." And he added that if the delegates to the peace conference at Washington in November are animated by the spirit of Washington and Lafayette their deliberations must result in based upon justice. peace

General O'Ryan in his address referred eloquently to those Americans who heard in the Battle of the Marne a call to arms. "There were Americans who from the first, abandoning, all expediency, raised their voices in condemnation of the German Government and warned us that the cause of France was vitally the cause of America and it was none other than the cause of liberty. It must always be a source of pride to us as New Yorkers that Theodore Roosevelt and John Purroy Mitchel, both ardent advocates of military preparedness, both lovers of soldiers and of the deeds of soldiers, saw above and beyond the martial side of war and concentrated their talents and their energies towards arousing us to see the moral side of what was going on." General O'Ryan did not speak so warmly of another New Yorker. "When we read," he added, "the recent speech of Mr. Harvey, our Ambassador to Great Britain, to the b.effect that we went into the war to save our own skins, we were shocked by the frivolous impudence or the base ignorance of one whose official position should prompt him to know something of the generous sentiments and chivalrous purposes of the young men of mil America who went into the war."

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It was a happy choice to make Mount ti Vernon the scene of the chief celebration of Lafayette-Marne Day. The sentiments and recollections which that celebration evokes must arouse solemn hopes for the outcome of the Washington Conference in November. May there grow out of that Conference a National resolve to create an association of civilized nations which shall 'maintain peace with justice and protection of the weak by the strong!

It

(C) Keystone
JESSE GUILFORD AND ROBERT GARDNER,
VICTOR AND VANQUISHED

first made his appearance in a championship tournament in 1914. He was notable at this time chiefly for his phenomenal driving.

In the seven years which have elapsed Guilford has apparently rounded out his game and succeeded in combining accuracy with his astonishing natural power. In the finals of the championship held at the St. Louis Country Club, in Missouri, Guilford defeated Robert A. Gardner, of Chicago, twice former holder of the championship and runner up last year for the British title, by the overwhelming score of 7 up and 6 to play. The two men who played with Guilford and Gardner in the semi-finals were Charles Evans, of Chicago, and William I. Hunter, the British open champion. Evans was defeated by Guilford and Hunter by Gardner.

In the same week in which the tournament at St. Louis was played, across the Canadian border the title of Woman Champion of Canada was lost and won. The title last year was held by Miss Alexa Stirling. This year neither she nor any other American or Canadian woman was able to withstand the attack of Miss Cecil Leitch, holder of the British title. Miss Leitch hopes to add the American title to her laurels before the season is over.

It seems that, in spite of the growth of the game in the United States, the British are still the foremost golfers of the world. The British professional golfers Abe Mitchell, an Englishman, and George Duncan, a Scotsman, have been making a golfing tour of this country during 'the summer, meeting both our best amateurs and our best professionals. They have played 91 rounds of 18 holes each on all sorts of courses. The average of each man is 72 and a fraction, an unprecedented record.

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FIGHTING FIRE

HE modern fire-fighter, like the modern physician, has come to

realize in its full force the truth of the old adage that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Nei-. ther fireman nor physician is unprepared to administer the pound of cure if it is needed, but both are more and more bending their energies towards keeping their patients well instead of waiting to cure them after they fall sick.

The patient with whom the fireman is concerned may be described as including practically all the material resources of our modern civilization. The fireman, dressed in the uniform of a forest ranger, stands guard over the vast timber resources of America. In the dirty overalls of a coal miner he goes down into the depths of the earth to prevent the spread of the deadly firedamp which has cost so many thousands of dollars and so many sturdy lives. In the uniform of a sailor he is to be found wherever there are ships upon the seas, keeping a constant watch over the safety of cargo, passengers, and crew.

Each and every one of these men, no matter what his uniform may be, belongs in the great number of fire-fighters upon whom the safety of our property and our lives depends. Face to face with the constant menace of fire, these men know better than any one else how much of that menace is due to carelessness and the willful disregard of the simplest rules of caution. If we turn from these privates in the army of firefighters to the experienced chieftains who control the fire departments of our cities, we will hear the same story told.

The annual per capita loss from fire in the United States is at least five times the per capita loss of any other country. More fireproof construction, a larger use of sprinkler systems and chemical extinguishers, a more general understanding of the danger arising from volatile oils, a more searching inquiry into the cause of fires, and the surer and more drastic punishment of fire-bugs will do much to cut down this shameful loss. It will not be brought down to a reasonable ratio, however, until our citizens take it upon themselves to overcome their National inclination towards carelessness and reckless risks. When the danger from a carelessly dropped match or a single pile of combustible refuse may result in a loss of millions of dollars, it seems as though the need for caution and care were too obvious even to need mention. It is the obvious danger, however, which is most often overlooked. As long as Americans continue to tax themselves by their present annual fire loss, they are not in a position

to cast stones at those who choose to live in the shadow of active volcanoes.

The word "tax" is indeed the proper word to apply to our fire loss, for any loss from fire is a tax which in the end is distributed over the entire community. It is not a matter of indifference to Mr. A. that Mr. B.'s garage burns down from a cigarette stub thrown near a heap of oily waste. Mr. A. will pay part of the loss in the increased insurance premiums on his own property. It is not a matter of indifference to Mr. A. that Mr. C.'s wood-lot is destroyed by the smoldering fire of a careless camper. The wood-lot may not be insured, but the price of fuel and lumber is affected by an accumulation of just such accidents.

It is time for Americans to change themselves to a nation of fire-fighters.

Open Door," possible trusteeship for China, revisions of taxes, tariffs, currency, and legal procedure in Chinaare all specific questions which would come under one or another of the headings in this programme.

Although questions as to armament come first on the programme, there is no indication that they will necessarily come up first for discussion. On the contrary, there is every indication that, in whatever order the subjects are considered, the decisions as to armament, if any decisions are to be made, must wait upon the settlement of certain questions of policy. Armaments are tools used by nations for the purpose of defending or enforcing their policies. If a nation's policies are not questioned or likely to be questioned, it will have little occasion for using those tools. If its policies are in danger of being ques

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S the host of the foreign Governments to be represented at the Conference that is to begin its sessions at Washington on November 11, the Government of the United States has drawn an outline of subjects to be considered. In doing this the American Government has no intention, as it is clearly understood by all concerned, to exercise any control over the discussion or to limit it in any way, but acts for the convenience of the participants. Informal inquiry has undoubtedly secured information of what other Governments have in mind, and this tentative programme has been drafted in the light of that information. The outline of subjects to be considered, or agenda, as transmitted by the United States to the principal Powers, is as follows:

LIMITATION OF ARMAMENTS

1. Limitation of naval armamentBasis of limitation. Extent of limitation. Fulfillment of conditions.

2. Rules for control of new agencies of warfare.

3. Limitation of land armament.

abandon its policies or find some tools for defending or maintaining its policies. If a nation is strong in men and resources and believes its policies are right, it is not likely to abandon them, and therefore is likely to find some tools by which to persuade other nations not to interfere. In a group of strong nations such as are to assemble in Washington it is therefore imperative that there should be some understanding as to one another's policies and some agreement as to a mutual course of action concerning them before there can be any real limitation of armaments. No one with reason expects this Conference to result in disarmament or anything like disarmament; but every one may reasonably expect a limitation or even reduc-. tion of armaments if the United States, Great Britain, and Japan can agree on certain policies in the Pacific and Far East. It is for that reason that the Pacific and Far Eastern questions on this programme are much the most important of all questions to be discussed.

This states clearly the relation between European problems and the question of land armaments, for the maintenance of armies in the world to-day is largely for the enforcement of European policies. Naturally, therefore, the French are chiefly interested in the subject of limitation of land armament and the policies that affect the European Continent. The policies concerning the Pacific and the Far East can be enforced only or at least chiefly by naval armament, and it is naval armament which is imposing on the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, and Japan their principal financial burdens. Therefore, so far as those three countries are concerned, naval armament and the policies of the Far East and Pacific are going to be the prime questions under discussion.

It is true that concerning Europe as well as the Far East there are problems remaining unsolved. To France those problems are paramount. Month by month France has come to realize more and more her growing isolation on the Continent. As one of her journalists, Jacques Bainville, says in "La Liberté" concerning the withdrawal of American and lessening of British troops on the Rhine, it would be unjust to leave to the French the whole task of mounting guard and then reproach them with having too many soldiers. "If we are obliged to maintain costly armaments," he adds, "it is not for our amusement. It is because we have not a good Peace Treaty. There is the reply all ready, if at Washington any one should raise the question of French militarism."

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IMMORTAL
D'ARTAGNAN

HE love of adventure and romance
never dies. The imagination still

craves for it in literature. Neither the realist nor the psycho-analyst can banish it. If the modern novelist does not satisfy this longing, we may always turn to the old masters of romance-and to whom more often than to the first Dumas, that great novelist of adventure from whom plot and intrigue, the clashing of swords and the gallop of horses' hoofs, the splendor of the Court and the jest of the tavern, masked ladies and gallants with sweeping plumes, came so abundantly and so gayly? Probably, too, when Dumas is named, most of us think first of D'Artagnan, although the prisoner of the Château d'If and Chicot who jests and fights his way through the beloved Valois romances may have each his adherents. Robert Louis Stevenson, himself no mean romancer, exclaims: "Not even my friends are quite so dear as D'Artagnan."

but

Jose

It was inevitable that "The Three Musketeers" (so called, as the old jest tel goes, because there were four and only one was a musketeer) should be meat for the movies. Three separate versions have been-and still are, we believe-on the screen. It was equally inevitable that sooner or later Douglas Fairbanks must act D'Artagnan. Nature has given him many requisites for the part. The joyous smile, the lively optimism, the readiness in resource, the ceaseless activity, all are common to the actor and the part. He is not the perfect or complete D'Artagnan because he is sometimes acrobatic where D'Artagnan was agile; a comical gymnast who leaps tables, throws benches, or scales walls where D'Artagnan was a brave and brill