the unification of Italy; Bismarck, on the creation of Imperial Germany; Gladstone, on leading England out from a feudalistic into a democratic basis; Abraham Lincoln, in creating a united and emancipated Republic. Edward Everett Hale was not, and in the nature of the case could not be, in this specific sense a statesman. He was a preacher, interested, as all preachers ought to be, in men and in whatever concerned the men of his time. But his clear comprehension of our reconstruction problem and our industrial problem showed him possessed of that apprehension of fundamental principles and that prevision of future events which constitute at least two essentials of the mind of a states

man.

In 1895 Mr. Albert K. Smiley invited to his hotel on the Shawangunk Mountain at Lake Mohonk a number of gentlemen and ladies to what came to be popularly but erroneously called a "Peace Conference," though at every session Mr. Smiley laid emphasis on the fundamental fact that it was not a mere peace conference, but a conference to study the problem how a substitute could be found for war as a means of securing international justice. The name he gave to the meeting was Conference on International Arbitration. To that question Dr. Hale in that first session offered an answer which has since been practically accepted by the world's greatest statesmen. That speech is one of the very few I have heard in my lifetime which I dare attempt to re

port, in abstract, without the guidance of any manuscript, more than a quarter of a century after it was delivered.

Arbitration, said Dr. Hale, is not the remedy. The remedy is a permanent court of justice, a Supreme Court of the Nations analogous to a Supreme Court of the United States. Arbitrators are selected after a controversy has arisen and passions and prejudices are aroused. They represent the two parties, generally with an umpire to hold the balance between them. No fundamental principles are settled by their decision; only the immediate question is settled, and that usually by a compromise. A permanent court exists before the controversy arises; its existence tends to abate the prejudices and passions to which that controversy would otherwise give rise; it is selected for the judicial character and impartial spirit of its members; its object is not primarily to secure peace but to establish justice; and by its decision it settles principles which will prevent future disputes of a similar character from arising. And he proposed a plan for such a court which, if I am not mistaken, does not differ essentially from that which Mr. Elihu Root and his colleagues have proposed and the European nations have accepted for the International Court which it may well be hoped will be adopted and in session at no very distant date.

This speech was as a lighted match applied to dry wood ready to be kindled. In May, 1896, The Outlook was able to say editorially: "It is considerably less

than a year since Edward Everett Hale made his remarkable address before the Peace Conference at Lake Mohonk, urging, in lieu of international arbitration, the organization of a permanent tri bunal, to which, as of course, all issues of civilized nations should be referred for settlement. The idea seemed then, probably, to those who heard him, that of a poet, who dared to present a moral ideal far in advance of his times, but which a future generation might adopt. To-day it is seriously taken up, approved, urged by as wise and representative an assembly of American jurists, statesmen, diplomats, and educators as has perhaps ever been brought together on our continent." And we added a re port of various notable addresses and public meetings called without concert in various parts of the country to urge this plan of a permanent tribunal on Congress and on the country, culminating in a National meeting of the first public importance held that month in Washington.

That from the first a permanent tribunal was in his thought no mere poet's dream is clear from the following letter which he wrote me ten years later, in 1905, preceding the Second International Conference at The Hague:

I am really distressed that I cannot be at the Conference, but I cannot. I wish that your Conference might simply consider itself as preparing for the Hague Conference and that you could rule out all that did not really help that way. As I have said to Friend Smiley, "Cut off the Frills and Feathers."

Dr. Hale was not an international lawyer, but he had a definite sense of 1: the value of international law and a definite and evidently practicable plan for substituting in the settlement of r international disputes an appeal to rea son for the appeal to force, an appeal to the judicial department of government in lieu of the appeal to the mili tary department. In this he was in 1895 so far in advance of the age that even yet, more than a quarter of a century after, the statesmen have not got his simple and now generally accepted plan in working order.1 Neither was he a constitutional lawyer. But he had very definite ideas respecting the fundamental principles of the United States Constitution and the rights and liberties both of local communities and of individuals which it was intended to safeguard. To these ideas he gave characteristic expression in a keen but goodhumored criticism of some of our public teachers in the press. He put a high value on personal liberty and believed that the development of the capacity for self-government would require time and patience and was worth taking some risks of temporary misadventure. I wonder what he would say to-day to the passion for power which incites in some

1 He preached in 1889 at Washington a sermon in which he foretold the creation of a permanent international court, probably to be suggested by the United States. See The Life and Letters of Edward Everett Hale." by Edward Everett Hale, Jr., Vol. II, pp. 381, 382.

This letter was dated, the reader will observe, from Washington. It was written in the eighty-third year of his age, while he was fulfilling his last public service, that of chaplain to the United States Senate. He kept his lively interest in public affairs and his boyish humor to the end. He died in June, 1909, eager to the last. On June 6 he wrote in his diary: "Dr. Temple had forbidden my preaching to-day. . . . The first White Sunday in 65 years without a White Sunday sermon." On June 10 hé died.

OUT!

A

FTER seven years in business (including two years in the Army),

I am bidding it farewell. I am about to become a wretched, underpaid university instructor, condemned to a life of poverty none the more enjoyable because it is eminently genteel. Now, before quitting the world of business, please God forever, I want to write down the reason for my decision, for my own satisfaction if for no one else's.

at But first let me state that if any one attacks me his first blow is apt to be a foul. I am not disgruntled and embittered by unsuccess. I have been earning good money for a man of my age, and my prospects were by no means dark. A few years, with my mind under bonds for good behavior, would have made me a ten-thousand-a-year man. But I don't want to be a ten-thousand-a-year man. I want to be a free man. I want to be judged by some other scale than so much a year.

I suppose I traveled the same dusty road as most young college men. Fac1 tory, selling, advertising, executive experience, is the external record; the internal record is one of a progress from blind enthusiasm through dogged perseverance, questioning, disillusionment, to dull cynicism. I had looked upon business as the noblest of careers, and the successful business man as the happy initiate into rewarding mysteries. Now I know the glory of business as the great hoax of modern times, and the successful business man as an exceptionally tiresome, limited, and often very puzzled individual.

Business has always been the occupation of slaves, freedmen, and disinherited races. Not till the rise of the great modern commercial nations has it been even respectable. But just as Napoleon at his coronation snatched the crown from the hands of the Pope and set it on his own imperial head, so to-day business has crowned itself emperor and despot of the world. It has its court, its priests, its poets, its jesters, and its ladies-in-waiting. And not a few slaves.

At one time, we are told, the ambition of every American boy was to be Presi

BY MORRIS BISHOP

dent. But the ambition of every proper American boy of these days is to make a million dollars. No one, I think, understands why or how one gains the Presidency. But I think I can tell the bright young man how to get his million. True, I haven't a million myself, but neither have most of the other divulgers of the secrets of wealth. I used to know a fellow who got about two thousand a year for correcting papers in a Quadruple-Your-Salary Institute. And I note that every now and then a Business Advisory Service goes bankrupt.

Here is a nearly infallible method for making a million:

Work consistently, selfishly, unceasingly; make everything in life subordinate to your work. Suppose, for instance, that you get a job selling vermin exterminator. Make the sale of your particular brand of vermin exterminator the sole mission and goal of your existence. Saturate yourself with vermin exterminator; breathe it, wash in it, dream of it; get the spirit of the Crusaders into your work; believe in vermin exterminators as the howling dervishes believe in Mohammed. Faith is the essential thing in business; without faith you cannot sell. So have faith because it will pay you. Rival firms will notice you and you will not find it difficult to transfer your faith to another god for a few hundreds more a year. When you take a vacation, go where you can rub shoulders with possible purchasers; if you join a club or a lodge, pick the one where you will soon be slapping the backs of big drug-jobbing men and big hardware and notion men. Write articles for the vermin exterminator world; make speeches to the Vermin Exterminator Convention. You should marry, because a married man is steadier in business; but be sure to choose a girl who will be sympathetic to vermin exterminators and who will not distract you from your work. member that you spend more of your waking hours with your business than with your wife.

Re

And by the time you are sixty you can retire, a nervous and physical wreck,

TO TEACH

with a million dollars. You will be a most uninteresting person; you will know little of any world outside the vermin exterminator world; you will spend your money despairingly on luxury which you have not learned to savor and relish; you will be one of those pitiful retired business men who have retired from the only activity which redeemed their lives from utter emptiness. And in your long leisure you will wonder what justification there has been for your tenancy of living quarters upon the earth's crust. Your business? It will get along splendidly without you. Your children, perhaps? The poorest immigrant has probably three times as many. You will have a bad time. I am sorry for you.

Such, according to my observation, is the typical successful business man. What, on the other hand, is the typical successful teacher?

He is, first of all, a man who is conscious of playing a worthy part in the world. Many young minds come to him and are held by him in trust for a period of years; it is his task to fill them with sound learning and high purpose. If he has the opportunity for research, he adds some tittle to the world's knowledge of itself. He has the stimulation of contact with wits grown keen in the long pursuit of truth; and truth is shy and cunning game, not to be brought down with the advertiser's loud blunderbuss.

To be sure, truth does not nest in the same ledge with dollars.

I think I would give this advice to the young man perplexed before the choice of a career: If you can learn to create beauty or cultivate the soil or build houses or bridges or cure the sick in flesh or spirit or govern wisely the people or teach the unfolding mind, do so; you will find ennobling joy in your work. If you are not fit for any such tasks, go into business. Hypnotize yourself into the belief that you are a useful person in the world. Make a great deal of money and at the last put your conscience at ease by endowing a professorship in a university which I shall be glad to name on request.

A

MONG

the recently published books that have been most talked

about are three volumes of personal gossip and criticism which are related through marriage to one publisher and have a strong family resemblance, although two of them were written in England and one in this country. Nobody except the publishers knows who the authors are, although many people claim to have discovered them by the internal evidence of style and circumstance.

The first of these volumes, entitled "The Mirrors of Downing Street," appeared four or five months ago. It consists of a series of pen portraits of thirteen distinguished British statesmen who were prominent in the conduct of the World War. This brilliant, readable, frank, and sometimes cutting book prompted some American author to write a series of pen sketches of American statesmen connected with the World War. The American volume is called "Mirrors of Washington." The third and latest born of the triplets is called "The Glass of Fashion" and is written by the author of "The Mirrors of Downing Street." It is also very personal and very critical of certain phases of English society.

I have read these three volumes with unusual interest and discussed them with various friends and acquaintances. They belong to that category of books which are talked of in the loungingrooms of clubs or at the afternoon-tea table. They gratify that incurable love of gossip with which all mankind is afflicted. I say all mankind because the love of gossip or of knowing what your neighbor says and thinks and does is a male as well as a female trait. All biography and autobiography is a kind of glorified gossip, unless we accept as axiomatic the fact that meanness, spitefulness, or backbiting is an essential element of gossip.

The root of the old middle English word gossip was God, and the word originally meant sponsor or godfather or godmother; it then came to mean a friend or neighbor; and then confidential or intimate information about neighbors; and it finally degenerated into meaning tattle or scandal. Of course gossip of the "I says" and "he says" variety is cheap and futile, but when it rises to the height of well-constructed reminiscences it may become great literature. The most famous, if not the finest, piece of biographical writing in English literature, Boswell's "Life of Johnson," is almost wholly gossip or the narration of gossip, and the letters of James Howell, which flowed from a gossipy pen, are a classic.

The Mirrors of Downing Street. By A Gentleman with a Duster. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.

The Glass of Fashion. By A Gentleman with a Duster. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50. The Mirrors of Washington. Anonymous. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.

Neither talk nor writing is to be condemned because it is gossip, but only when it degenerates into malicious or biting gossip.

"The Mirrors of Downing Street," "The Mirrors of Washington," and "The Glass of Fashion" are certainly not malicious, although they are frequently biting. The trouble with them is that they are one-sided. They tell the truth, but a kind of distorted truth. They are like those mirrors in penny arcades and amusement parks which send back extravagant and exaggerated reflections that make the thin and gaunt man twice as thin and gaunt as he is in real life or the fat man twice as round and squat as nature made him. The figures in these mirrors are recognizable and lifelike in some particulars, but they are distorted.

He

moral life. He was never intended for anything in the nature of a flâneur. If he had followed his star, if he had rigorously pursued the path marked out for him by tradition and his own earliest propensities, he might have been an unpleasant person for a young lady's tea party, and an unsympathetic person to a gathering of decadent artists; he might indeed have become as heavy as Cromwell and as inhuman as Milton; but he would never have fallen from Olympus with the lightness of thistledown."

These quotations fairly indicate the brilliant but sorrowful pessimism of the book, and the author continues it in his second volume, "The Glass of Fashion." Indeed, he is almost a second Jeremiah, and jeremiads, while lively reading, sometimes become boresome. He takes Mrs. Asquith's autobiography as a text for an essay in denunciation of modern English gay society. As a matter of fact, we like the spirit and manner of Mrs. Asquith's book better than that of "A Gentleman with a Duster." He condemns Mrs. Asquith for her smart repartee, and then proceeds to say himself very smartly that Mrs. Asquith "may be called the grandmother of the flapper." There is such a thing as a too passionate morality.

"The Mirrors of Washington" is simply an imitation, although a very clever one, of its English prototype. It is really quite full of clevernesses, but it is a cleverness that palls on the taste. It is quite full of amusing and often witty gossip, such as the statement that Mr. Wilson has recently said that Mr. Harding has "a bungalow mind;" or that the late Senator Knox explained Mr. Harding's choice of Senator Frelinghuysen, Senator Elkins, and Senator Hale as his companions on a vacation trip in the South by saying that the President needed "relaxation-complete mental relaxation."

Those who want relaxation-complete relaxation-may find in books of this character a temporary and entertaining use, but they are mirrors which are apt to reflect the weaknesses and pettinesses and vanities of the authors quite as distinctly as they do those of their subjects. LAWRENCE F. ABBOTT.

THE NEW BOOKS

MUSIC, PAINTING, AND OTHER ARTS LOOKING AT PICTURES. By S. C. Kaines Smith, M.A., M.B.E. Illustrated. The George H. Doran Company, New York. $1.75.

This is a capital little book. It tells about the purposes of pictures. It gives more than a hint at some principles of art upon which the untutored sightseer in a gallery may dwell. But not all sightseers are wholly untutored. Some may understand Raphael, yet Giotto or Giorgione not at all. Mr. Kaines Smith knows how to help both the wholly un

tutored and the partially untutored sightseer.

FICTION

By Harold BindStokes Company,

KIT MUSGRAVE'S LUCK. loss. The Frederick A. New York. $2. Largely a tale of sea adventure and about illicit trade in guns and munitions with Arabs on the West African coast. The Canary Isles are the center of action, and there is a tacit rivalry in love between two girls over Kit, who is an honorable seeker after fortune.

QUIET INTERIOR. By E. B. C. Jones. Boni & Liveright, New York. $2.

Miss Jones's novel has won high praise from excellent critics, Hugh Walpole and a writer in the London "Athenæum" among them. "Quiet Interior" takes as a theme the love of two sisters for the same man. The renunciation of the one is a fine, spiritual bit of heroism. Characters and setting are pleasing.

THREADS. By Frank Stayton. The Century Company, New York. $1.90.

An Enoch Arden, or, perhaps better, Ulysses and Penelope, story in prose. An innocent convict (they usually are innocent in fiction) is suddenly released and returns to embarrass his family, and especially his "widow," as she has in his absence called herself, and in consequence is worried by suitors. How he routs his rival and wins his wife makes a good tale.

THREE SOLDIERS. By John Dos Passos.

The

George H. Doran Company, New York. $2. So-called realism-a string of incidents, each of them perhaps as real as a photographic print or a phonographic record, but together the most unreal of unreality. It may please a few who came out of the army with a grouch, or who went into it as unconscientious objectors, or who gloat over goddams. What it reveals is not the life of the men who fought in France but the mind of the author-and that proves neither agreeable nor interesting.

WITHIN FOUR WALLS. By Edith Baulsir.

The Century Company, New York. $1.90. A murder mystery story. The main point in such stories is to conceal the actual criminal from the reader's view to the last minute, and in this the book is ingenious. If the author knew more about criminal law, she would not talk about coroners' juries finding indictments.

POETRY

DIVINE COMEDY OF DANTE ALIGHIERE (THE). Vol. III. The Paradiso. By Courtney Langdon. The Harvard University Press, Cambridge. $5. Doubtless the author and his publishers wanted to make the present volume similar in size to the already pub lished "Purgatorio." But Dante students would, we think, gladly pay more for a thicker book or for two volumes, provided the author's 140 pages of valuable interpretation were printed in really readable type. The type's small size is the more noticeable contrasted, as it must be, with the superb printing of the text and preface. The book appropriately comes to us in this sixth centenary year since Dante's death. We

are glad that it appears in such a year, not so much because the "Paradiso" is the "Commedia's" crown as because this is a special year of inspiration in which to explain and expound anything from Dante, particularly the least known and the least understood of the three parts of his immortal poem. A reading of the present volume should make many a man who now does not appreciate the "Paradiso" say, with Lowell, that "nothing in all poetry" approaches "its imaginative grandeur."

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY UNTRIED DOOR (THE). By Richard Roberts. The Woman's Press, New York. $1.50. Jesus said to Himself, "I am the door." In this volume Dr. Roberts endeavors to lead his readers through this Door into the domain to which Jesus is the entrance. This is "The Untried Door." His little volume is practical rather than theological; suggestive rather than comprehensive; lucid rather than brilliant. It should be instructive reading to all who are endeavoring to find and follow the way of Jesus and to all ministers and teachers who are endeavoring to point that way to others.

TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION LAND OF HAUNTED CASTLES (THE). By Robert J. Casey. The Century Company, New York. $6.

This is a delightful book about Luxemburg, telling of its ancient strongholds, its quaint people, and of the little country's background as a barrier between perpetually warring neighbors. History and romance are well intermingled in a spirited narrative that tells of recent personal experiences as well as of the stirring records of past times. Many attractive photographs embellish the clearly printed pages.

After

ESSAYS AND CRITICISM FRENCH ESSAYS AND PROFILES. By Stuart Henry. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $2.50. Another volume from Mr. Henry dealing with Paris literary folk and its salons, theaters, and ballets, is sure of a welcome from all interested in French literature and French life. Our author has enjoyed personal acquaintance and friendship with the persons he describes; for instance, among others, Coppée, Coquelin, Dumas, Pierre Loti, Mistral, Rod, Rosny, Sardou. reading about these worth-while folk, we feel as if, with the author, we had been actually calling upon them. TUDOR IDEALS. By Lewis Einstein. court, Brace & Co., New York. $3.50. When we reflect that at the beginning of the Tudor reigns in England the country was inferior to other European countries, and when we consider what England meant at the end of those reigns, a book like the present volume The becomes one of instant interest. reader says to himself: "What were the Tudor ideals that transformed England into the British Empire?" To be sure, as Mr. Einstein admits, some of the stimuli to world activity and exploration came from without. There was, we believe, a certain consciousness of the age reflected by the Gothic impetus

Har

in more than one direction, by the Reformation, and by the Renaissance. But there were also distinctly English ideals of life, philosophy, politics, religion, society. It was a great thing for those ideals and for the tendency of the age to transform a country rent by internal dissension to one second to none in Europe and out of which an overseas empire had been created.

MISCELLANEOUS

MEDICI (THE). By Colonel G. F. Young, C.B. Illustrated. 2 vols. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $15.

The latest edition of this work emphasizes anew the facts that it is the story of the Medici family as a whole (the history of no less than nine out of thirteen generations having hitherto remained unwritten); that the author takes a somewhat different view of the Medici from the general opinion, and that the volumes explain for the first time the meaning of certain contemporary pictures.

PROBLEMS OF A NEW WORLD. By J. A. Hobson. The Macmillan Company, New York. $2.

The value of this book is that it enables us to see ourselves as others see us. It is neither a criticism nor a eulogy of American democracy; nor is it the author's personal view. It is chiefly a collation of opinions by thoughtful writers sympathetic with democracy, but not blind to its faults and its shortcomings. The author has evidently been an extensive reader of modern books and has shown wise dis crimination in his selection and classification of their impressions.