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A

MONG curious "foot-notes to history"

is the following from a recently published desk book called "Who? When? Where? What?" "Ferguson, Patrick (1744-1780), British soldier; invented breech-loading rifle, 1776; spared Washington's life at Brandywine, by declining to fire at one on duty whose back was turned; fell at King's Mountain, S. C." This appreciation fails to take account. of the fact that Washington seemed to have a "charmed life" and that the British soldier might have fired and missed, as many other marksmen did during the Revolutionary War.

An unusual epitaph, a subscriber writes, is to be found in the Cathedral in Chester, England. It celebrates the virtues of a certain chorister in this fashion: "Here lieth, in peaceful security, the Remains of Wm. Space who quitted this earthly stage in 1785. He served as a chorister in this Cathedral, and was allowed to have one of the strongest and finest-toned bass voices in the Kingdom."

Richard Washburn Child, the new Ambassador to Italy, and well known as the author of several volumes of short stories, was asked how he wrote his stories; he replied, according to the "Writer:" "I do it like this: I go into a room. I sit down at a desk. In front of me I put a pile of perfectly good, blank, clean paper. Then I say to myself, 'Write, damn you, write!' And I stay there till I've written something. That's the secret." His first successful short story, he is reported to have said, was rejected twelve times before it was accepted.

Another successful author, the "Writer" says, once vainly tried to sell some of his best East Indian tales for $50 apiece. Now he can command $5,000 for the American rights of a short story. Needless to say, this is Rudyard Kipling. "When his rate reached a shilling a word," the "Writer" says, "a man sent him a shilling postal order with a request for a sample return. Kipling replied with the word "Thanks.''

Apropos of "unfortunate remarks," a subscriber writes, a shining example was that of a minister who was supplying a country church. He began the service by saying, "As there is no choir, let the congregation rise and sing, Praise God from whom all blessings flow."

In answer to the question, Who is the oldest man or woman still actively at work? a reader sends a newspaper article stating that James L. Holden, of Aurora, Illinois, is now approaching his ninetieth birthday and is still spending most of his time traveling in his occupation as a railway insurance adjuster. He has been following an active business life for seventy-five years, mostly in the insurance business, in the course of which he has traveled over 1,600,000 miles. At one time-back in 1865-his health failed, tuberculosis threatening to

develop. At the present time he is so hearty and energetic that he thinks nothing of a journey (recently under taken) from Chicago to St. Paul, thence to Montreal, then on to his home town in New Hampshire, then, after a two day rest, to New York City, to transact some business there.

As to aged active men, a subscriber says that in the town of Milford, Mas sachusetts, lives Mr. R. C. Eldridge, jeweler, who has been in business at the same location sixty-four years. "Mr. Eldridge is eighty-six years of age and takes active charge of his store. He is the first proprietor on the street in the morning. Besides taking charge of his personal business Mr. Eldridge has been the only president of the local co-operative bank, for many years director in various enterprises, and at different times the holder of all the offices of one of the local churches."

The great Skoda gun works at Pilsen (now spelled Plzen), Czechoslovakia, where during the war countless formidable howitzers were turned out, have now, according to a London "Sphere" correspondent, been transformed into a factory that is mainly devoted to producing implements of peace. "For nearly four hours," he says, "I walked through 1,500 acres of busy works. I saw obsolete guns put in the melting furnaces; I saw enormous heaps of shrapnel balls destined for smelting and for making plows; I saw railway engines and railway wheels-I never saw So many wheels before." Skoda still makes some guns, however, the "Sphere" correspondent found-huge ones seventyfive tons in weight and fifty feet long, marked "Skoda, 1921." Although Plzen was once "the world's beer capital," the vast Skoda works dwarf the present-day breweries.

A learned physician, writing in the "Medical Record" about ancient medical practice, resurrects this amusing obser vation from a letter written at Tusculum by Cicero to his friend Gallo: "I am thinking of staying here until I get bet ter, for I have lost my body and my soul; but if I drive off the disease, I shall easily get those back."

The death of Lacey Baker, for many years organist of New York churches, the New York "Evening Post" says, re calls a story told of his offhand ways. The Bishop of Central New York visited his church one Sunday, and Baker, English to the core, addressed him as "My Lord," until the American prelate expostulated.

"We don't use such titles over here," he explained.

"But what shall I call you?" inquired

628

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One pupil has received over $5,000 for stories and articles written mostly in spare time-"play work," he calls it. Another pupil received over $1,000 before completing her first course. Another, a busy wit and mother, is averaging over $75 a week from photoplay writing alone.

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D

LABOR IN COURT

E

FFORTS to settle the extensive

strike of the New York City garment workers (involving originlly about 60,000 workers) have been idetracked to await the decision of the Courts as to the legal validity of an inunction against the employers granted y Judge Guy.

This is an interesting novelty in the istory of industrial warfare. Usually he employer asks for an injunction gainst the strikers. Without the slightst bias as to the merits of this case, he may at least welcome all attempts to ave labor contracts surveyed and enorced by law. If, as The Outlook has rged, labor unions were forced to inForporate, and thereby to become finanially responsible for their actions, it is ertain that more disputes might be adusted by legal process instead of by the enseless process of finding by strikes which party would suffer the most inury before giving in.

The present injunction proceeding is The Danbury Hatters case over again, with the rôles reversed. If the unions rin, theoretically at least they could hold ne individual firms composing the Cloak, suit, and Skirt Manufacturers' AssociaFion liable for damages assessed, just as n the Danbury Hatters case individual workers were forced to sell their houses pay damages. The garment workers sk the Court to restrain the employers com violating the terms of a three-year greement entered into in 1919 and from onspiring to establish a piece-work sysem and longer hours in the women's arment trade. The injunction was ranted subject to review by the courts, nd is now actually in force temporarily. Meanwhile, according to newspaper ccounts, 375 independent manufacturrs, employing 14,000 workers, have acepted union contracts and resumed anufacture. The State Industrial Board is ready and eager to investigate ne intricate trade conditions and diferences involved and to encourage coniliation, but both sides insist on awaitng the decision of the courts.

DECEMBER 21, 1921

Underwood
ELDERLY EAST SIDE GARMENT WORKERS DIS-
CUSSING THE STRIKE IN NEW YORK CITY

plaint as to the Polyclinic says the conditions are "a cruel insult to the helpless wounded there;" another, from the American Legion, speaks of "poor housekeeping" and "no discipline." The New York State Commander of the American Legion is quoted as saying that "unbelievable conditions" exist. One reason alleged is that of the $18,000,000 appropriated by Congress for new hospitals very little has been spent for new hospitals in New York. So far as we have seen, the complaints do not relate to medical service, but to negligence, unwholesome conditions, and unsuitable quarters.

Neither The Outlook nor the public at large is competent to pass on the facts. It is evident, however, that there is need of a thorough investigation. To reach satisfactory conclusions we suggest that competent and experienced civilians should be appointed to aid army officers and Public Health Board officials in the inquiry.

The disabled soldier is not a pauper nor a recipient of charity.. He is an honored guest of the Nation. Not only must his physical rehabilitation be aided by all the skill of medical science, but his comfort, his mental welfare, and even his personal pleasure must be considered. He must be well fed, cared for with tact and patience, and surrounded with clean and comfortable conditions. If it is said that money is lacking, let Congress appropriate more; if the money has been misspent, let punishment follow; even lack of money will not excuse filthy or badly located hospitals.

Once let the American people become convinced that their disabled soldiers are being ill treated or neglected and there will be an outburst of wrath that I will startle indolent politicians and in- . competent hospital officials.

CLEVELAND THE LATEST CONVERT

THE

HE city of Cleveland is the latest convert to the city-manager plan. As Cleveland is our fifth city in population, the fact is significant.

The plan provides that the City Council shall appoint a City Manager (a city executive) for an indefinite term. The Council shall have the right at any time to remove him. Thus the voters can constantly control the executive instead of once every two years, as has been the case with the Mayor. The Council is charged with the duty of selecting the Manager exclusively for his administrative ability. The Manager is authorized to appoint all department heads, the subordinate officers and employees being Civil Service appointees, and is responsible for the results. Despite all this, the city-manager plan might not have polled so large a vote in Cleveland but for the fact that at the last election there were seven candidates for Mayor and the average was not high. This exhibit made a strong impression upon the public mind, and the people seemed to say, "Let's try another way of handling our city affairs." Another contributing cause was the evident lack of efficient service in a number of municipal departments, especially finance; taxation per capita was shown to be much greater than in Akron and Dayton, Ohio citymanager-plan communities.

Cleveland also instituted a reform in the method of electing its City Council. Proportional representation was provided for. Under the plan, as approved, voters may indicate first, second, third, and fourth choices for candidates for the Council-in fact, they may indicate as many choices as there are candidates. Any man may get his name on the ballot by presenting a petition signed by five hundred voters. The way that the plan would work out is like this: Let us suppose there are 40,000 voters and seven seats in the Council to be filled. The minimum number of votes to elect each of seven men must be determined. This number must be such that not more than seven can be elected. The number would be 5,001, since eight candidates could not possibly have 5,001 votes.

apiece with the casting of but 40,000 votes. Suppose the first candidate receives 6,001 first-choice votes, or a thousand more than necessary. The checkers remove from this candidate's first-choice votes a thousand votes. These are then distributed according to their secondchoice indications until the second candidate has received his required number of votes for election. The rest of the votes are similarly distributed until seven men have 5,001 votes each. They are the elected representatives to the Council.

PROMOTIONS PAY

P

RESIDENT HARDING recently sent to the Senate the names of eighty-five consuls for promotion. The Senate at once confirmed them. This event represents a more orderly application of the principles governing consular promotions than has hitherto existed. It also calls attention to the history of the merit system in the American consular service.

The duty of an American consul is to enhance American commercial interests and prestige abroad. To do this we must have continuity of policy. The office of consul is a business office; it should be divorced from party politics. Yet changes in Presidential administration have brought wholesale changes in our consular service. Men with little or no knowledge of the duties of a consul have replaced those of both knowledge and experience; our prestige abroad has thus suffered because of the lack of proper continuity.

In

It was in 1895 that President Cleveland issued an Executive Order providing for the filling of consulates where the salaries did not exceed $2,500 by transfer or promotion, or, after an examination, by new appointment. 1906 Congress passed the Lodge Bill, perpetuating in law the above regulations (a reactionary President might have withdrawn them) and also classifying the consular service. Later in the same year President Roosevelt issued an Executive Order extending the Cleveland Order to grades above a $2,500 salary and providing that "no promotion shall be made except for efficiency, as shown by the work that the officer has accomplished, the ability, promptness, and diligence displayed by him in the performance of all his official duties, his conduct, and his fitness for the consular service." This reform was further strengthened by President Taft's Executive Order of 1910, and, in 1915 by Congress, in the spirit of the Roosevelt Order, through its direction to the Secretary of State to "report from time to time. . . along with his recommendations for promotion the names of those consular officers . . . who, by rea

.

son of efficient service, . . . have demonstrated special efficiency."

The result of the working out of these successive stages of reform has given to us a consular service developing from inadequacy towards efficiency. It has been found that promotions pay.

PROTECT THE LIVES OF
PASSENGERS!

NE of the most shocking disasters in the railway history of this country took place on December 5, on a local branch of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad between Bryn Athyn and Churchville. The loss of life was relatively large, somewhere between twenty and thirty, but what makes the calamity peculiarly heartrending is the fact that many of these deaths and many terrible injuries were caused by the fire which spread almost instantaneously through the wreckage. seen in Philadelphia papers of the suffering entailed are ghastly, and it is impossible to read them without emotion. The fire spread through the wreckage, say these accounts, almost instantaneously; three cars were "torn to matchwood," says one writer, and he adds, "Hot coals from the twisted bulk of the locomotives poured a flood of agony and death on helpless passengers pinioned in the shattered coaches."

The accounts we have

The immediate cause of the accident was beyond question the negligence of the conductor of one of the trains (in which the engineer may or may not have shared) in not reading his telegraphic orders or not understanding them. But there were certain circumstances which lead to the inquiry in the interests of the traveling public everywhere as to whether better methods of safeguarding life ought not to be enforced-and especially so on local railways. This was a head-on collision, and one may almost say that such collisions ought to be impossible under proper railway rules.

If the accounts given in the Philadelphia "North American" are correct, there were three things in this accident that should serve as a warning.

In the first place, the cars were wooden, and to this was due the completeness of the smash-up of the cars and the rapidity with which fire spread. What reason can be given why the use of steel cars on railways should not be extended so as to become practically universal? The Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania declares that the State Legislature should enact laws to prohibit the use of anything except steel cars on the railways in the State.

In the second place, there was a sharp curve at the entrance to a deep cut. A glance at published photographs, such as have been shown in the moving pictures, instantly suggests to the eye that the

engineer of a train coming around this curve could not see what was beyond him until the curve had been rounded A sharp curve in a cut is a dangerous and deadly thing.

In the third place, there was no signa in the five-mile stretch of railway be tween the two stations named above The "North American" says, "There wa no device either mechanical or human operating which could notify the engi neers of the two trains" after they had left Bryn Athyn and Churchville, re spectively. It comments also on the sig nals at or near those places as "typical of last-century signal practice." It seems incredible that such conditions could exist on a single-track railway, in which every possible precaution is doubly necessary. As it was, the tele graph operator at Bryn Athyn, when he looked out and saw the train speeding away contrary to orders and knew that a collision was inevitable, could do absolutely nothing but wring his hands and wait for the sound of the crash.

Nothing is better proved than that dis aster cannot be inevitably averted by relying solely on the human brain. In the worst collision that has taken place in the State of New Jersey for many years, namely, that at Elizabethport in March, 1920, a trusted engineer of a fast express ran straight by a conspicuous red signal without seeing it. In the present case the conductor's mind simply seems to have failed to function.

The conclusion is that if we are to avert death and torture like that in this case the railways must be required to check and double check one system of protection by another. No doubt the disaster near Bryn Athyn will be investigated thoroughly. We are not pretending to lay blame, but we urge that civic authorities and railway officials the country over should assure themselves that there are no other stretches of railway track that are open to the charges which have been made in this case.

HOW AMERICA SAVES THE
STARVING

HE first bill to be passed by the United States Senate on the day of its convening in regular session was one directing the War Department to send its extra medical and surgical supplies to Russia to aid the needy there. This appropriately coincided with President Harding's Message to Congress, in which he recommended an appropriation to supply the American Relief Administration with ten million bushels of corn and one million bushels of seed grain, not alone to avert starvation in Russia but to enable spring planting in areas where the seed grains have been exhausted.

The American Relief Administration,