170. Ut Gyari clausus scopulis] See i. 73, n. Gyarus and Seriphus were islands in the Cyclades group, to which criminals were transported. Seriphus was the larger of the two, and about twelve miles in circumference.

171. a figulis munitam] The city of Babylon is said to have been built of brick cemented with asphalt by Semiramis. Here Alexander died, B.C. 323, in his thirty-third year. A 'sarcophagus' was properly a coffin composed of a particular stone from Assos in Troas, which was said to consume the body (σúpkа payɛiv).

173. Quantula sint hominum corpuscula.] This idea is a favorite one with the poets. The best-known allusion to it is in Shakespeare's Henry IV. P. i. Act v. Sc. 4:

"Fare thee well, great heart!

Ill-weaved ambition, how much art thou shrunk!
When that this body did contain a spirit,

A kingdom for it was too small a bound;
But now two paces of the vilest earth
Is room enough."

174. Velificatus Athos,] To avoid the catastrophe that happened to Mardonius, whose fleet was wrecked there in the first expedition of Darius against Greece (B.c. 492), Xerxes ordered the low isthmus of the peninsula (Acte) to be cut through, and a canal was made capable of floating two triremes abreast. This was in B.C. 490. Juvenal treats the matter as an invention; but the canal has been recently traced. The idiom has been noticed before. See A. & S. 274, 2, R. 5; H. 580; B. 1357; A. 72, 3, a.

175. constratum classibus isdem] This refers to the bridge of boats across the Hellespont, built of the same ships which sailed through Athos. Herodotus speaks of several rivers (the Scamander in Asia, and others in Thrace, Thessaly, and Achaia) being dried up by the enormous host of Xerxes drinking of them. This is easily explained. These rivers are not perennial streams full of water. The army could find water-holes only in many of them, and these they may have exhausted. Sostratus seems to have been a poet who wrote of the exploits of Xerxes. 'Madidis alis' is supposed to mean that he got heated with the exertion of reciting his poetry. This is not a satisfactory explanation, and the words may mean that his flight was not a very vigorous one, with drooping wings.'

180. In Corum atque Eurum] Corus (or Caurus) is the northwest wind, as Eurus is the southeast. He flogged whatever wind opposed him. This may be a playful invention of Juvenal's, making Xerxes a harder master to the winds than Aeolus himself, who was stern enough according to Virgil. Xerxes's castigation and chaining of the Hellespont for breaking down his bridge are told by Aeschylus and Herodotus. Juvenal produces Homer's epithet for Poseidon, the earth-shaker.

183. Mitius id sane] "Surely he acted mercifully not to brand the

god as well as flog him. Any god would be glad to be slave to such a master." Runaway or thievish slaves had a mark put upon their foreheads. If 'quisquam' is to have its usual meaning of excluding all, the clause in which it stands must be read as a question expecting a negative answer. See A. 21, 2, h; H. 457; B. 1061. But compare on the other hand A. & S. 207, R. 31, b; Z. 709, b; Krueger, 428, 2, Anm. 2.

189. Hoc recto vultu,] Some take this to mean unabashed and pale with anxiety. Others take recto vultu' as well,' opposed to pallida,'' ill,' and I think that is the meaning. 192. deformem pro cute pellem] Cutis' is distinguished from 'pellis' as the living from the dead skin. When 'pellis' is applied to living men and women, it is coarse skin, or withered.

194. ubi pandit Tabraca saltus,] Tabraca was a town in Numidia. It was surrounded with jungle, and as usual the woods abounded in monkeys.

202. Ut captatori] Cossus may be anybody. He was not easily thrown out in his profession, but this old gentleman is described as so wearisome that even Cossus finds it hard work to come near him. He is a burden to himself as well as to every one else.

204. nam] He means that he says nothing of other pleasures long since forgotten. 'Ramex' is hernia or piles.

209. Aspice partis Nunc damnum] He goes on to speak of the deafness of age. After 'cantante' (which word is used for instrumental as well as vocal music) citharoedo' must be supplied. Compare the arrangement of words in verses 253-4. For the construction, consult M. 429 and obs. ; H. 431, 5; A. & S. 257, R. 9. Seleucus must have been some famous singer or musician or actor, but he is not known now. 214. vix cornicines exaudiet] Horns and trumpets were sounded at the beginning and the end of games and plays. Exaudire' is to hear when there is some obstruction, or from a distance, etc.

• 216. quot nunciet horas.] The hour he would learn from the public sun-dial (solarium) on one of the temples or basilicae, or from a public water-clock (clepsydra).

220. Promptius expediam] Of the persons that follow, Hippia was the wife of Veiento, who is mentioned in iii. 185, iv. 113. Themison is a great medical name, which is here taken for some doctor of the day, whose reputation perhaps was in proportion to his victims. The real Themison appears to have been a man of learning and skill. He lived in the first century B.C., and founded a medical sect called Methodici. Basilus was somebody who cheated his partners, and Hirrus a tutor who cheated his wards, either of them a very heinous offence. Maura is called 'longa,' a tall masculine woman. Hamillus is unknown. The lucky barber is mentioned in i. 25.

232. Ore volat pleno mater jejuna.] The description of helplessness and fatuity throughout this passage is very good. This little description of the mother-bird bringing food for her young while she is fasting herself is prettily introduced, and relieves the picture while it strengthens it. It is taken from the Iliad.

237. Heredes vetat esse suos;] This expression must not be confounded with the legal term 'sui heredes et necessarii,' the connection of 'suos' with the noun being here accidental. A man who had a son in his power (a 'suus heres ') must either institute him heres or exheredate (disinherit) him by name. This old man appears to have exheredated his children, and his property to have passed by the testament to Phiale. Carcere fornicis' is at the entrance of the brothel, where women exposed themselves.

240. Ut vigeant sensus animi,] But suppose he keeps his faculties, still he must see all he loves dying before him. These lines too are very forcible. The clause with 'ut' is concessive. See references on viii. 272. 247. a cornice secundae.] Nestor is next to the crow. The number

of ages is three. By dextra computat annos' he means that he was above a hundred years of age. It was usual to count up to a hundred on the fingers of the left hand, and then to begin with the right. The Venerable Bede is said to have written a treatise on this method of computation. 'Mustum' is new unfermented wine, which would be drunk in autumn. He only means he was happy of course (nimirum) to have seen so many years come round.

252. nimio de stamine,] Of the long thread of his life; see note on iii. 27. He wept sore for his son Antilochus, who was killed by Memnon. 'Barbam' implies that he was of mature age. 'Ardentem' means his body burning on the pile.

256. Haec eadem Peleus,] Alius' is Laertes, father of Ulysses. After the return of Ulysses, Laertes renewed his youth with the help of Athena. 'Natantem' means 'afloat.'

258. ad umbras Assaraci] Assaracus was great-uncle of Priam. Juvenal means if Priam had gone to his fathers before the siege of Troy, he would have had a fine funeral, and his sons would have carried him to burial; the women would have wept for him, and his daughters would have led the wailing. Paris's bold ships are the fleet in which he first sailed to Sparta, and then carried off Helen. The death of Priam killed by Pyrrhus at the altar of Jove is related by Virgil. On the gender of 'dies' in verse 265, see A. 13, 2, n.; B. 146, n.; M. 49.

271. Exitus ille utcunque hominis;] His death however was the death of a man (utcunque erat, hominis exitus erat'); whereas his wife Hecuba was changed into a dog. By surviving her husband she lived to be a slave, to witness the death of two more children, Polyxena and Polydorus, and to die a dog.

273. regem transeo Ponti] Transeo' is not here used as in iii. 114. It means I pass over, say nothing about.' The figure of rhetoric is paraleipsis. He is referring to Mithridates VI. Eupator, the great adversary of the Romans, who after a stormy life came to a bad end about the age of seventy. The story of Solon's answer to Croesus is familiar. He bade him call no man happy until he had died. Croesus found that Solon was right; for he fell into the hands of Cyrus and was to be put to death. Then he remembered the sage's words, and cried out "Solon! Solon!" Cyrus asked the meaning of his cries,

and on being told of Solon's words, he spared his prisoner's life, considering that a like calamity might befall himself.

275. spatia ultima] This metaphor is taken from the course in the Circus. Ultima spatia' was the last circuit: the plural is used because the chariots commonly went more than once round the course (spatium).

276. Exsilium et carcer] He goes on to speak of C. Marius, whom we have had before (viii. 245, sqq.) as conqueror of the Cimbri and Teutones, and triumphing on that account, B.C. 102. He was then fifty-five. In B.C. 88, when Marius was in his sixty-ninth year, he was obliged to fly from Rome to escape from Sulla, and in his flight tried to hide himself in a marsh near Minturnae on the Liris. He was caught and kept in custody for some time, but he was allowed to escape by sea, and he went to Carthage, where he is said to have begged his bread among the ruins. The following year, his party having gained temporary success, he was able to return to Rome, where he made a fearful example of his enemies, but died in January, B.C. 86, in his seventh consulship, worn out by a life of extraordinary activity. Sulla, when he returned to Rome, had the ashes of Marius thrown into the Anio.

281. Bellorum pompa] The final vowel in 'pompa' is preserved from elision. 'Animam opimam' may be rendered his full soul,' but an exact rendering is not to be found. It seems to involve a reference to the spolia opima,' and is particularly suited to a conqueror. 'Vellet' is used like čμɛɛv.

283. Provida Pompeio dederat] In the year B.C. 50, Pompeius, then at the height of his fortunes, was attacked by a severe illness at Neapolis. Prayers and sacrifices were offered for his recovery; he did recover, and the cities offered thanksgivings and had a holiday on the occasion. Next year Caesar crossed the Rubicon, Pompeius had to fly for his life, and in the following year (B.c. 48) lost it. Vincere' is the usual word for prevailing in prayer.

286. Hoc cruciatu Lentulus,] P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura and C. Cornelius Cethegus were left behind by Catilina when he left Rome, to carry out the conspiracy, fire the city, and kill the senators. They were betrayed and taken, and pursuant to a vote of the Senate they were strangled in prison by the common executioner on the night of the 5th of December, B.C. 63. Catilina was pursued, and, being unable to escape, he engaged the regular troops with his small undisciplined army, and was killed, B.C. 62.

290. Murmure, quum Veneris fanum] The mother prays that her children may be beautiful; the prayer is suppressed with a murmur, but when she comes to pray for the girls her eagerness almost breaks out into audible words. There were temples or chapels of Venus in various parts of the city. Usque ad delicias votorum' seems to mean even to fastidiousness in her prayers.' She will not be content with any thing short of perfection.

294. Rutilae Virginia gibbum] Rutila is any one with a hump on her back. The examples of Lucretia and Virginia are both happily

chosen. Purer examples of womanhood are not upon record. Their After 'suam,' 'faciem' or 'formam' is

only fault was beauty.

easily supplied.

299. veteres imitata Sabinos,]

found in Horace.

A similar allusion to the Sabines is
The strictness of their life was proverbial. 'Hor-

rida' is equivalent to 'rigida,' 'severa.'
300. modesto Sanguine ferventem]
"Hot with modest blood" is a
good way of expressing a blush. Instead of 'non licet esse viros'
we generally find 'non licet eos esse viros' or the more classical non
licet eis esse viris.' See A. 57, e, 1; H. 547, 11.; B. 676; A. & S. 269,
R. 5; M. 393, c and obs. 1, and 389, obs. 5.

306. Nullus ephebum] Ephebus,' borrowed from the Greek, is a youth just after he has taken the 'toga virilis' (adolescens); 'praetextatus' is a boy who has not yet taken it. 'Arce' is the emperor's palace.

310. I nunc] This is a favorite way of speaking with Juvenal. He says, "Go now and be proud of your son's beauty, seeing that it only involves him in the greater danger."

313. nec erit felicior astro Martis,] This is an uncommon construction, but the meaning is his star will not prove luckier than that of Mars, who was caught in adultery with Venus by Vulcan, and entangled in a fine chain net, and so exposed to the laughter of the gods. 'Ut' introduces a concessive clause, as in verse 240.

318. Sed tuus Endymion] The boy's decline is thus traced: he is chaste and modest at first; his parents sell him to the lust of men; when he is old enough he falls into an intrigue with a married woman for love; he is drawn away from her by a richer woman, and so ends in selling his beauty for money, and from a pure boy becomes not only a profligate, but a greedy one. Oppia and Catulla seem to be opposed as rich and poor, or high and low.

323. Deterior totos] This verse seems to mean that the character of the unchaste woman is all centred in this, that is in the gratification of her lust.

324. Sed casto quid forma nocet ?] He has just shown that beauty is the first step to unchastity. But he now adds, "suppose he retains his chastity, what harm will his beauty do then?" And he answers the question himself- "nay, rather, what good did Hippolytus's stern resolve do him?" He resisted the advances of his stepmother Phaedra, who was the daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and so is called Cressa. Bellerophon was tempted by Stheneboea, or as some say Antea, and when he resisted her she charged him to her husband Proetus, as Potiphar's wife charged Joseph. 'Haec,' as is easily seen, though it is not expressed, refers to Phaedra, who is called Cressa from her birthplace. She blushed when she was refused who had no shame in asking.

328. Concussere ambae.] This means that they were excited to madness. 'Pudor,' in this sense, is outraged modesty.

329. Elige quidnam] "Choose what advice you think should be given to him whom Caesar's wife resolves to marry." Messalina, the young wife of Claudius, was enamoured of one C. Silius, a plebeian (Juvenal is wrong in verse 332), and she took occasion of the Em