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twice, but five times. This is the sixth time he has visited the world. It is not always the same Teacher. Always he is from the Hierarch, that is all. The present World Teacher has come but once before, when he used Jesus for his vehicle."

This sort of talk is more mystical than enlightening. So is that about Rishis, Mahatmas, and other sages or spirits or both. They may be supposed to be actual men in semi-divine reflection, occasionally sending out messages of wisdom, or they may be mental and spiritual subjective conceptions. Too much mystery is not good for any gospel. Plain speaking is certainly desirable for reaching the modern Occidental, even though a certain proportion of Americans do delight to soak themselves in mysticism, Theosophy, Babism, or other deliverances that seem to the rest of us more occult than valuable to mankind.

The Block in the Cloak
Strike Mediation

OME 40,000 cloakmakers have been

SOME

on strike in New York City for two months. Governor Smith two years ago appointed a commission to make a study of the peculiarly perplexing problems of this trade peculiar because of the seasonal nature of the trade and because the small jobbers come between the workers and the large manufacturers, and the jobbers are an inchoate, unorganized, and contentious element.

The commission appointed by Governor Smith made recommendations which the workers admit are well intended, but which, they claim, offer no solution because of these jobbers. The workers say that the jobbers are "responsible for about seventy-five per cent of the total production in the industry, and have officially ignored the recommendations of the commission and practically rejected them in toto." Hence the workers refused the Governor's suggestion of arbitration as recommended by the commission.

Their idea of a remedy is as follows:

The best service that you, Mr. Governor, can, in our opinion, render to the workers as well as to the employers in our industry at this time, in pursuance of your public-spirited in

cloak and suit industry for the purpose of an open-minded discussion of the pending issues and a sincere effort to solve our intricate problems. Our union will be ready at all times to participate in such conferences in this spirit.

In reply Governor Smith again, in a forceful open letter, urged arbitration,

Keystone

Jeddu Krishnamurti

pointed out the instant need of stopping a strike which is breaking down such standards as are still left in the industry, declared that the contention as to the jobbers has little force because the unions have already made terms with independent manufacturers, and argued that agreement with sub-manufacturers and jobbers would follow agreement with the large manufacturers after arbitration. "Usually," he says, "it is the manufacturers who hesitate to accept arbitration; now it is the union." He does not object to the series of conferences proposed, and his commission will co-operate, but he urges that if results do not soon appear, the arbitration offer should be accepted.

The public will certainly commend Governor Smith's earnest efforts to bring about industrial peace in a difficult and complicated situation.

Mediation, Arbitration, and Publicity

companies and their employees-mediation, arbitration, publicity.

The first remedy has just been tried in the case of a demand of railway trainmen and conductors of six large railway companies for higher wages, as reported in The Outlook two weeks ago. The result as stated by the Federal Mediation Board was that "after frank, friendly, and thorough consideration of the questions involved it appeared that the discussion could not be settled through mediation." But both sides willingly agreed to try the second process offered by the new law-namely, arbitration. This in itself the Board considers a valuable result. Mr. Lee, President of the Brotherhood of Trainmen, expressed the desire of the union men as good citizens to give the new law "a try out," but declared also that future arbitration would depend largely on the degree of justice received.

Good sportsmanship and sense of fair play should make each party to a voluntary arbitration abide by its result whether it is fully satisfied or not. Naturally, each believes in the justice of its own cause, but when collective bargaining and mediation fail the only road to a settlement is by leaving the question to arbitration, with the full intention of fairly accepting the decision. Such a decision has not the force of a court's decree or of a contract entered into for

mally, but it is the practical way to avoid protracted strikes.

If the arbitration now to be set in motion under the auspices of the Federal Board of Mediation fails, then comes the third application of the new law-publicity. It is not called just that, but the fact-finding commission to be appointed by the President of the United States

would be directed to study the facts and make a full statement directed to Congress and the people, and the moral influence upon public opinion is to be invoked.

In all these efforts for amicable disposal of disputed issues the effort is, not to hear complaints brought by one side and pass upon their justice, but to try to bring both sides into nearer relations and get some basis that may be acceptable to both. In that respect it differs from

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terest in our industry, is to bring THE new Railroad Labor Law passed the law it superseded.

about a conference or series of conferences between the workers and the different types of employers in the

by Congress contemplates three processes to aid (not to enforce) the settlement of differences between railway

The board of arbitration will consist of two members each from the two contesting parties and two members to be

selected by those four as representative

of the public at large. Thus even in this stage there is a possibility of failure to agree.

The new law is evidently intended, not to decide disputes by the majority vote of a board, but to extend the field of conciliation and compromise. When President Coolidge signed this Watson-Parker Law, he said, "I should have preferred some more definite declaration for the possible protection of the people," but he also pointed out that the railways are not relieved of their responsibility to the public at large, but that "rather they have increased their responsibility by virtue of the self-government which this law imposes upon them."

The Puritan Artist

PPRECIATION of the art of the Amer

Aican Puritan is evidently growing.

Of course for many years experts have recognized the beauty of the best handiwork of the early American colonists and have made collections of examples of such handiwork and preserved them in museums. But this is not the appreciation to which we refer, but rather that understanding of what the Puritan has contributed of lasting significance to America in forms of beauty.

Last week we recorded the fact that the interior of a church at Cornwall, Connecticut, had been restored and rededicated. Now another New England church, not quite as old in years but equally representative of the early New England feeling for beauty, has been renovated. The church at Waterford, Maine, was built in 1837, but it belongs to the period that produced the best of the early New England meeting-houses. In consequence of the efforts of almost all in the community, under the wise and indefatigable leadership of Miss Mabel C. Gage, granddaughter of one of the members of the first building committee of the parish, the original severe grace both in color and design of the interior has been restored. Even the

electric-lighting fixtures have with painstaking and affectionate care been made to fit the original conception of the Puritan meeting-house. Such an interior is as truly a testimony to the character of the people who built New England and New England's institutions Gothic architecture is to the spirit of the people of the Middle Ages. Those who

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ing-house was filled with a congregation that was more than the church could seat and lacked but a hundred of equaling the total population of the town.

But it is not only in externals that the New England churches are being renewed.

Instead of scattered parishes, each attempting to do its own work and support its own minister, there is in this region about Waterford a united parish, jointly served by a group of ministers and representing three denominations.

Here, at least, churches are finding from the best in the past an impulse for progress, and in simplicity both in outward form and in inner spirit the secret of beauty and of unity.

Moody and "Ma"

The second primary was necessary because Attorney-General Moody did not quite get a clear majority of votes in the first. Needless to say, in Texas a Democratic nomination for Governor is followed by election, bar death or political revolution. Moody's vote is nearly double that of his opponent.

The reasons for the defeat of Governor Ferguson are clear: The voters had tired of an administration the policy and actions of which most people believed to have been dictated by the Governor's husband; the voters were tired also of the turmoil and personalities that had marred the political history of the Ferguson régime; they resented Mr. Ferguson's charge that a vote against "Ma" was a vote for the Ku Klux Klan, for they knew that Moody had an anti-Klan record; finally, they thought it poor political sportsmanship when, after the first primary, the Fergusons refused to carry out campaign pledges of withdrawal if the result showed that the people wanted Moody as Governor.

Moody says that his platform is simply one of rigid economy and honesty in every State activity. One of the tersest comments on the situation is that "Texas has no hostility for a woman Governor as such, but the Fergusons in combination were intolerable."

Mrs. Ferguson had the opportunity of retiring with dignity from an office that, for her own sake alone, she probably never would have sought. That opportunity she threw away when she entered the run-off primary. Why she thought it worth while to drink the cup of defeat to the dregs will remain one of the mysteries of politics. Those who have always opposed her say that her husband, former Governor James Ferguson, would not permit her to make her pledges good. Even if that is true, it does not solve the mystery. It is not to be expected that a husband will be any more anxious than the wife herself to have her subjected to unnecessary hardships.

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It may be unjust to Mrs. Ferguson to THE "run-off" or secondary primary say that she was unduly influenced by

in Texas resulted in an overwhelm

ing victory for Dan Moody over Ma Ferguson. No disrespect for either candidate is intended by naming them thus familiarly, for advocates and opponents alike have almost universally so dubbed the Governor and would-be Governor.

her husband. It is justice, however, to say in her behalf-though she would doubtless resent this equally with the other-that she was hampered by him. If women are to hold high public office -and they are they should be elected in their own right and upon their own

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records. Perhaps Mrs. Ferguson's unhappy experience has helped to teach America that lesson,

Worrying Over Winchester

MR

R. CHARLES K. TAYLOR, who has for many years been known to Outlook readers as a stimulating commentator upon American education, is now in Europe. The last time Mr. Taylor went abroad, if we remember correctly, he visited the Argonne with a group of hard-fisted young Americans whose chief purpose was to make life as unpleasant as possible for certain Germans who had strayed off their own proper range. On his present trip Mr. Taylor is engaged in making life as pleasant (and as profitable) as possible for a group of American boys who are bicycling with him over the roads of Great Britain and France.

It is quite impossible for Mr. Taylor to free himself from his interest in education, whether on foot, on horseback, or on a bicycle. Naturally enough, he has rejoiced at the opportunity which this trip gave him to visit some of the noted British schools and to discuss the problems of education both with teachers and boys. The first fruit of his observations is published in this week's issue of The Outlook. In this article he gives his impressions of Winchester College. There will be discussions, we expect, of other British schools in later issues. It seems to us that this article on Winchester ought to make parents and teachers think over, perhaps quarrel over, their definitions of education.

What is Mr. Taylor's definition? Why

is he worried at the narrowness of the Winchester standards? How much further would the graduates of Winchester go if they knew more subjects and possibly knew none of them thoroughly? Would they gain more of the durable

If all these questions could be accurately answered, and the reasons for the answers supplied, we might be able to learn more than we know now of the best methods of achieving the twofold

many of the graduates of Harvard and against the Kuominchun armies of GenYale? eral Feng Yu-hsiang. From South China troops of the Kuomingtang faction, supporters of the Canton Government, which is friendly to Feng and the Kuominchun, are advancing against Wu. In the provinces around Shanghai General Sun Chuan-fang maintains an independent military overlordship. Meanwhile the international conferences on customs tariffs and extra-territorial rights of foreigners are held up indefinitely.

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purpose of education. Learning of itself is of no value unless it enables the

learner both to earn a living and to make that living, once earned, a satisCivilization is faction. more than plumbing, and education more than the accumulation of knowledge.

Diplomatic representatives of China have chosen this moment to take another step toward abrogation of what the Chinese call the "unequal treaties" granting special privileges to foreigners. Her spokesmen in Brussels and Geneva have announced that her commercial treaty with Belgium will not be extended after its term ends on October 29. Observers who know China have seen in this move the sign of an active policy of doing away with her treaties with France, Great Britain, Italy, Holland, Japan, Portugal, Spain, and the United States. China possesses-although disorganized politically-a tremendous weapon in the economic boycott. She has used it against Great Britain and Japan, to their great loss. Her representatives threaten to use it against Belgium unless she signs an "equal treaty."

The United States would lose less in such a contest with China than several other Powers for instance, Great Britain with her control of the administration of the customs and salt revenues or Japan with her investments in China. But we would suffer also. China un

doubtedly can make it too expensive to enforce the existing treaties.

The Chinese chaos has led to the suggestion of dealing with the individual tuchuns-the military leaders who control the various sections of the divided country. The tendency of such a policy would be inevitably to emphasize and intensify the process of disintegration in

satisfactions of life if Winchester should Is China Breaking Up? China.

adopt an American curriculum? With such a change, would Winchester mother a greater percentage of well-rounded lovers of scholarship and life, such as Viscount Grey?

There are some other questions too which might be pondered. Is the average Winchester undergraduate as interesting an evening's companion as the average undergraduate of Groton or St. Mark's? Does the average Winchester undergraduate write as illiterately as do

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Temporarily and locally, it would probably get practical results. But in the long run it might be an unsatisfactory expedient, for we never know when one tuchun may fall from power and another appear in his place, and the word of one tuchun does not bind his successor as the contract of a legal government binds a succeeding government. Yet it is an expedient which may be forced upon foreigners in China as the only way of clealing with China at all.

O

Good Manners By LAWRENCE F. ABBOTT Contributing Editor of The Outlook

NE of the most palatable, if not most nutrient, fruits of civilization is good manners. I do not know that politeness or courtesy was in the mind of Moses when he wrote the Ten Commandments. But the man who does not use profane or vulgar language, who does not indulge in mean or slanderous gossip, who honors his parents, who respects his neighbors' privacy and property, has the foundation of good manners. Cornelius Nepos, the Roman biographer who was a friend of that polished gentleman, Cicero, said that the success of a man's career depends upon his manners-mores cuique sui fingunt fortunam. One of the great English champions of courtesy was William of Wykeham, who six hundred years ago founded the famous Public School or College of Winchester. An interesting account of the respect which is paid to custom or manners at Winchester will be found on another page. Every schoolboy-at least every English schoolboyknows that Wykeham's motto was, "Manners makyth man."

It cannot be said that good manners have yet become a marked characteristic of the American people. We are, on the whole, honest, efficient, philanthropic, and willing to help in a crisis; but we are inclined to ignore the value of finenesses of behavior. We seem to think that nicety of manners is a superficial quality almost indicative of weakness. Consider some of the phrases that are current in our daily life. There are "road hogs" among our automobilists and "end-seat hogs" in the open cars of our trolley systems. Botanists tell us that our wild

flowers are being irretrievably destroyed

by greedy picnickers and landscapists that our scenery is being ruined by greedy advertisers.

The trouble that some American tourists have been making in France is due, not to contempt for the French, but to contempt for good manners. An American will sacrifice his life for the French, but he will not sacrifice the amusement he gets from making clownish fun of their depreciated franc. The other day a clubmate of mine, in protesting against a piece of thoughtless gaucherie on the part of a fellow-member, said he really thought the first qualification for membership in a club of gentlemen is that a candidate should be house-broken. If

American travelers in France could be house-broken of their habits of "joshing,” it would save some international irritations. Every "100 per cent" American who is insistent that we ought to have no foreign entangling alliances, either judicial or financial, because Washington warned us against them, ought to be equally insistent upon the observance of international good manners, because Washington urged their importance. Mr. Charles Moore, of the Library of Congress, has just published through the Houghton Mifflin Company a charming facsimile and variorum edition of Wash

ington's "Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior." The sixty-fourth rule is this:

Break not a Jest where none take pleasure in mirth. Laugh not aloud, nor at all without Occasion, deride no mans Misfortune, tho' there seem to be Some cause.

American tourists might profitably commit this rule to memory.

All that can be said in defense of American bad manners is that we are no more vulgar abroad than we are at home. A moving-picture actor dies whose claim to popular admiration is that he was extremely handsome and made several hundred thousand dollars a year out of his supposed beauty, and a mob of curiosity seekers riot over his coffin, in their pushing and struggling for a place of vantage, so that the police have to be called in. There is nothing immoral in this. It is the simple result of bad man

ners.

Among the rights of man is not in

cluded the right to elbow and shove other

people and step on their toes. Thomas Jefferson is the patron saint of democratic equality. But, while he bitterly fought against aristocratic despotism, he never advocated the abolition of good manners. He was a democrat in politics, but an aristocrat in personal relations. One of the most instructive paragraphs in the recently published "Life and Letters of Thomas Jefferson," by the Englishman, Francis W. Hirst, is the following:

His manners, wrote his grandson, were of the polished school of the Colonial government-courteous and considerate to all, never violating any of those minor conventional observances which constitute the well-bred gentleman. When Randolph [Jeffer

son's grandson] as a lad was out riding with Jefferson, they met a negro, who bowed. Jefferson returned the bow. Randolph did not. "Turning to me, he asked: 'Do you permit a negro to be more of a gentleman than yourself?" " Once during his Presidency he was returning on horseback from Charlottesville with a company of friends whom he had invited to dinner. Most of them were ahead of him. When Jefferson reached a stream over which there was no bridge, a man standing there asked to be taken up behind and carried over. After they had crossed Jefferson's companion asked the man why he had allowed the other horsemen to go by without asking them for this favor. He replied: "From their looks I did not like to ask them. The old gentleman looked as if he would do it and I asked him." He was much surprised to learn that he had ridden behind the President of the United States.

These observations on the value of good manners have been suggested by thinking upon the life and death of another great American democrat and great American gentleman-President Eliot, of Harvard. Much has been said about the profound influence he exercised upon American education. No doubt his place in history will be that of one of the foremost educators of his time. He made many valuable and original contributions to the science and art of teaching. But so far as I am concerned his greatest influence was in the field of manners. I knew him only slightly, I met him in his own home only once, and I heard him speak not more than half a dozen times.

But it seems to me that the most significant tribute to his character is that of an educational colleague, Dr. Hunt, Professor Emeritus of English at Princeton: "Never have I seen a more signal example of what Matthew Arnold would call 'urbanity,' a more courtly and gracious illustration of the gentleman and scholar."

But Dr. Eliot's high learning and high bearing did not destroy his human sympathy. He was an uncondescending friend of the fishermen of the Maine coast where he had his summer home. His life and works show that a man may be a reformer without self-righteousness, a scholar without pedantry, may be dignified without being pompous, and may possess a sense of humor without being farcical. He was, in a word, an exemplar of good manners. Those who despair of good breeding in this country may take hope when they consider that Charles William Eliot was an American through and through.

I

The Meaning of the Y. M. C. A. Conference at Helsingfors Special Correspondence by FRANK B. LENZ

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WATCHED them arrive. They
They

came from nearly every country under heaven. They came by air, by rail, and by land to Helsingfors, the beautiful capital of Finland. The whiteturbaned Christian leader from India, Mr. K. T. Paul, created a sensation by flying from Stockholm. Delegates from Constantinople flew over from Reval, the near-by capital of Estonia. The Chinese delegation came by way of Russia. A special ship carried the American delegates from New York. Twenty American boys came in from Lapland, where they had been vacationing.

The Scotch came in their kilts and bare knees, the Chinese in flowing silk gowns, the Indians in turbans, the Egyptians in red fezes, and the Negroes from America and Africa with shining black faces. Never before had the people of Finland seen such color exhibited in human form. They marveled. They stared. They followed with open mouths. They lined up in front of the

meeting-places and waited for hours to catch glimpses of these strangers.

As I write these lines more than fifteen hundred young men and boys from fiftytwo nations are in session at the most remarkable international gathering of the whole summer. The oldest and largest Christian international organization, the World's Alliance of the Y. M. C. A., is holding its nineteenth World Conference here August 1-6. The first World Conference was held in 1855. Eighteen Conferences in all have been held. The nineteenth was planned for Helsingfors in 1913, but was forbidden by the Czar of Russia. This is the first World Conference since the war, and it is being held in a free country that has a republican form of government, prohibition, woman suffrage, and the world's greatest runners!

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HE delegates have come from all

THE

parts of the globe to discuss and take action on the leading problems facing the youth of to-day. Youth is in revolt. Youth is bewildered, and the Y. M. C. A. is learning why. For two years serious studies have been carried on in Asia, North America, Europe, South America, and parts of Africa to determine what young men and boys are thinking in regard to the problems of nationality, race, sex, home, vocation, and sports. The general subject of the Conference is "Youth Facing the Christian Way of Life in a Changing World." The dominant and unique idea and plan is that youth is actually speaking for itself on a world scale.

Six cultures are represented at the Conference: Conference: the Teutonic, the AngloSaxon, the Scandinavian, the Slavic, the Oriental, and the Negroid. More than thirty languages are spoken, yet I found three languages only being used as the official means of communication-English, French, and German.

A strong group of well-known leaders are in attendance. Among these are Lord Radstock, of England; Prince Oscar Bernadotte, brother of King Gustav of Sweden; the Metropolitan of the Greek Orthodox Church, of Corfu, Greece; General Chiekel, of the Polish army; Judge Adrian Lyon and Mr. Fred W. Ramsey, of the United States; Judge Fahani, of Cairo; Canon E. S. Woods, of Cambridge; Dr. John R. Mott, newly elected Chairman of the

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