116. And Concord, who clatters when her nest is hailed. The temple of Concord (perhaps the one in the Carinae which was built by Camillus after the expulsion of the Gauls) had become inhabited by storks. The noise of the birds clapping their bills is attributed to the goddess.

117. Summus honor. Another instance of the use of the abstract for the concrete.

118. "Juvenal is alone in representing the rich and noble of both sexes as actually receiving the dole. Martial speaks only (xii. 26) of their going the round of morning visits."

119. Comites, his followers, the poor clients.

120 sq. Densissima lectica, a great crowd of litters. Cf. multo delatore (iv. 47), plurimus aeger (iii. 232), and the use of σuxvós in Greek.

122. Praegnas = praegnans.

123. Petit, sc. sportulam. Absenti, sc. uxori.

Nota jam callidus arte, by this time an adept in the profession which he has mastered. See the Lexicons s. v. callidus. Mayor.

126. Quiescet, she'll be asleep; you'll find that she's asleep. K. Fr. Hermann, cited by Mayor, compares Terent. Phorm. 801-2: CH. cognatam comperi esse nobis. DE. quid? deliras. CH. sic erit; non temere dico. Many editors, however, give quiescit, although P has the future.

127. Rerum, of engagements.

128. Juris peritus Apollo. In the forum of Augustus, where courts were held daily, there was a statue of Apollo. Having stood there so long listening to lawsuits, Juvenal calls him learned in the law.

129. Triumphales, sc. statuas. The forum of Augustus formed two semicircles, one on each side of the temple of Mars Ultor, and in these two porticus Augustus set up statues "triumphali effigie" of all the great Roman conquerors.

130. Nescio quis. Contemptuous. "Un je ne sais quoi."

Arabarches. As eastern Egypt from the Nile to the Red Sea bore the name of Arabia, the governor of Thebais (one of the three presidencies into which Egypt was divided) was also called Arabarches on the analogy of Asiarch. The Egyptian upstart and Arabarch here meant is probably Tiberius Alexander (son of Alexander Lysimachus), an Egyptian Jew turned pagan, who was made procurator of Judaea circa 46 A. D., prefect of Egypt 66 or 67 A. D., was the first to proclaim Vespasian emperor, 1 July, 69, and was general-inchief under Titus at the siege of Jerusalem.

131. Non tantum (not only), etc. One may, without sacrilege, commit more than one kind of nuisance. Lewis. Non tantum fas est you may do more than

=

132 sq. The vestibulum was an empty space before the door of the house, through which there was an approach from the street (Aul. Gell. xvi. 5). Although they had received their dole in the morning, the clients, after following their patron about during the whole day and escorting him home, still hoped for an invitation to a recta

cena.

136. Rex, the great man, their patron. — Tantum, all alone.

137 sq. In these lines the selfish luxury is satirized of men who, while having many large round tables, of costly wood and antique workmanship, which would serve for many guests, set out but one, from which they eat alone, and yet with the most lavish expense. 139. Jam, soon.

141. Ponit, serves up.

141. Con-vivia. Cic. Cat. Maj. 45: bene enim majores accubitionem epularem amicorum, quia vitae conjunctionem haberet, convivium nominaverunt.

143. P. reads crudus. -144. Intestata. The friends would receive no legacy, and hence be angry.

145. Another reading (pw), is it nova, etc. The best recent editors read et with P.

149. In praecipiti stetit, stands at its highest point, has reached the highest pitch. The perfect emphasizes the fact that this highest point has already been reached.

Utere. The poet addresses himself.

151. Materiae unde. Observe the hiatus, a liberty not uncommon in Juvenal's hexameters. Cf. iii. 70, v. 158, viii. 105.

Priorum, of our forefathers.

153. Simplicitas. Independence, frankness, openness, bold freedom; παῤῥησία.

Cujus

an non? The quotation is from Lucilius (supra note on verse 20); but with some modification, inasmuch as Lucilius could not have used audeo as a dactyl, its final syllable being in his age always long (L. Müller de re metr. 336 sq.).

154. Quid refert, what matters it? what difference does it make? Dictis, jests, sarcasms.

Mucius is the great jurist, P. Mucius Scaevola, cos. B. C. 133. He was an enemy to Scipio Nasica and Scipio Africanus the younger, the friends of Lucilius.

155. Pone, portray; attempt to sketch.

Tigellinus. The cruel and wanton favorite of Nero, and his accomplice in the burning of Rome.

Pone lucebis, etc. (Satirize Tigellinus, and you'll fare as the Christians did.) This is an elegant construction, equivalent to si pones, lucebis. "In such cases Cicero never inserts et before the apodosis. Later writers insert or omit it indifferently."

Taeda - harena, you will shine in those pine-fagots, in which standing victims burn and smoke with their breasts fastened to a stake, and you draw a wide furrow (after you) in the midst of the sand. Various translations have been given of this doubtful passage. Next to the above, I should prefer that which translates taeda in illa "in that torch" or "those torches; " reference being made to Nero's execution of the Christians (whom he falsely charged with setting fire to Rome, to avert the odium of the crime from himself and his favorite), by covering their bodies with tar and setting fire to them, "that they might serve for torches and give light to the spectators, they being so fastened that they could not bend their bodies." A similar meaning has been brought out by translating taeda “ a pitched shirt," tunica molesta (viii. 235); but it would be hard to find authority for the use of the word taeda in that sense.

In deducis we have the lively use of the present for the future, picturing the scene as if now going on. The allusion is to the dragging away of bodies through the arena, either living, for execution, or after death. The MSS. vary between this reading and deducit and diducit. In P. the last letter is erased or illegible. Deducis is adopted by Heinrich, Jahn, Hermann, Ribbeck, Macleane; Mayor and Madvig (opusc. ii. 177) read deducit, supplying in thought the relative quae referring to taeda. Various emendations have been proposed, the neatest of which (offered in the Porson tracts) is quae ducit.

158. Ergo, etc. What, then, is an infamous poisoner to be borne aloft in luxury and look down on honest men?

Vehatur. An indignant question of appeal.

159. Despiciat. So Heinrich, Ribbeck, Macleane, Mayor, after some MSS. Jahn and Hermann, with P., despiciet.

Pensilibus plumis means a lectica with soft feather-bed and cushions, raised aloft on men's shoulders. Macleane.

160. "Cum with the future, future perfect, or universal present, is often almost equivalent to si." G. 584.

Veniet contra, he shall meet you. Contra

obviam.

Compesce, etc., padlock your lip with your finger. Gildersleeve. 161. Even to say the single word "That's he!" would be dangerHis guilty conscience would see in you an accuser, and contrive severe punishment for you.

ous.

162-4. Write of the dead and gone, if you would be safe.

Licet committas, you may match, set fighting together, pit together.

Rutulum. I. e. Turnus.

Hylas was the armor-bearer of Hercules; "drawing water at a well he was dragged in by the nymphs, and Hercules sought him long, sorrowing and calling upon his name, and set the people of the country (Mysia) to seek him."

165. Lucilius. See note on verse 20. Cf. Horat. Sat. ii. 1, 62 sqq.; Pers. Sat. i. 114 sq.

Infremuit, has growled, or has roared.

Frigida is used of the chill which the sense of guilt sends to the heart.

167. Tacita culpa, "with concealed guilt." A cold sweat coming over the heart through the power of conscience and the fear of exposure is a forcible description.

169. Animo. Another reading is anime. But the vocative seems the less likely in so masculine and unsentimental a writer as Juvenal.

Ante tubas. Before the battle is begun. The trumpets give the signal both for the charge and the retreat.

Galeatum. The man who has once put on his helmet. On the march, the helmet hung on the left breast, being suspended by a strap over the right shoulder. Soldiers are so represented on Trajan's pillar.

Duelli. In the old form duellum for bellum the derivation from duo is evident.

171. Flaminia atque Latina, sc. via. "The chief roads leading out from Rome were lined for several miles with the tombs of the wealthier citizens, burial within the walls of the city being forbidden by the twelve tables."

M 2

SATIRE III.

ARGUMENT.

1-9. ALTHOUGH I am distressed at the departure of my old friend Umbricius, I commend him for preferring a quiet home in Campania to the fires and falling buildings and the thousand perils and the reciting poets of Rome.

10-20. While his family and goods were all being packed into a single cart, Umbricius halted at the Capenian gate. Here we stepped down into Egeria's vale and grottoes-how all unlike the true! How far more manifest were the divinity of the stream, if grass edged its waves with green, and no marble profaned the native tufa! 21-57. "Since," says my friend, "there is no room for honest industry at Rome, I will find a home elsewhere, while I have yet vigor to go. They who can make black white, and are willing to stoop to the meanest and most dishonest occupations, may stay here and thrive. Such men can give the people shows, and then go back to their low trades. And why should they not thus shift about, since they only imitate Fortune, who has raised them? What is there for me to do at Rome? I cannot flatter, nor be an instrument of crime, nor privy to the crimes of the great. Not for all the gold of the Tagus should you be willing to forego your peace of mind by harboring a guilty secret.

58-80. "I'll tell you in whom our rich men most delight, and whom I most avoid: 'tis Greeks, and worse, 't is Syrians: for Syria has poured her refuse into Rome, -- her language, customs, harps, and drums, and harlots. From every town the Greeks swarm and creep into rich houses Jacks of all trades, clever, abandoned, impudent, prompt, fluent. All arts, all sciences, are familiar to the starveling Greek; and bid him fly to the skies, he 'll do it; for Daedalus was a Greek, and born at Athens. 81-108. Shall I not avoid their purple robes? Shall that man, blown to Rome by the same wind as figs and damsons, rank before me, whose infancy breathed the air of Rome? They can flatter most grossly, and yet be believed. What player on the stage can surpass them? Not even Antiochus or Haemus would seem wonderful among the Greeks, for the whole nation are actors in daily life. 114-125. Pass on to a graver crime.