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48. Inde, on one side, i. e. among the Ombites. -51. Hinc, on the other side, i. e. with the Tentyrites.

52. Haec tuba rixae, this was the trumpet of the fray. Cf. i. 169. 53-56. Dein.... integer. The two clauses connected by a conjunction (et) represent the action; the two added without any conjunction represent the effect of the action.

64. Domestica seditioni tela, the familiar weapons of sedition. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 148-150.

=

65 sq. Hunc talem. — Qualis, accusative plural. - Turnus et Ajax, sc. torquebant. On the proper names, cf. Verg. Aen. xii. 896 sqq.; Hom. Il. vii. 268 sqq.; v. 302 sqq.

69. Genus hoc, this race of ours.

73. Aucti. Plural, appositive to the noun of multitude pars. — Pars altera, i. e. the Ombites.

76. There were groves of palm in the neighborhood of Tentyra. 77. Hinc = ex hac parte, on the side of the Tentyrites.

86. Te perhaps does not refer to Volusius, but is a bold address to fire itself.

88. Sustinuit, had the heart to.

90. Prima gula qui primus gustavit hanc carnem.

93. The Vascones were a people of Spain on the upper Ebro. They had a town Calagurris (now Calahorra', of the man-eating of the inhabitants of which, when oppressed by siege A. U. C. 682, we read in Valerius Maximus vii. 6: qui quo perseverantius interempti Sertorii cineribus, obsidionem Cn. Pompei frustrantes, fidem praestarent, quia nullum jam aliud in urbe eorum supererat animal, uxores suas natosque ad usum nefariae dapis verterunt: quoque diutius armata juventus viscera sua visceribus suis aleret, infelices cadaverum reliquias sallire non dubitavit.

95. Ultima, sc. discrimina.

97. Miserabile debet esse, ought to excite our compassion. 102 sq. Esse, from edo. - Et sua. Cf. Ov. Met. viii. 877 sq.:

ipse suos artus lacero divellere morsu

coepit et infelix minuendo corpus alebat.

109. Q. Metellus Pius conducted the Sertorian war together with Cn. Pompeius.

110. Graias nostrasque Athenas, the Grecian Athens and our own, i. e. the Grecian culture and our own. — Athens is the worthiest metonym for intellectual and ethical culture, the city unde humanitas, doctrina, religio, fruges, jura, leges ortae atque in omnes terras

distributae putantur (Cic. pro Flac. 62); the raidevois rñs “Eddádos (Thuc. ii. 41), the koidy maidcuтýplov návтwv åvěpúnwv (Diodor.).

114. For the siege of Saguntum (Saguntus, Zagynthos, Zákʊvous), see Liv. xxi. 7-15. Augustin (Civ. Dei iii. 20) says that it is believed that some of the besieged citizens ate the corpses of their friends.

115. Tale quid excusat, had excuse for any such conduct. — The Maeotic altar is the altar of the Tauric goddess, called by the Greeks Artemis, on which all strangers who came to the country were sacrificed. Cf. Eurip. Iph. in Taur.

117. Ut jam, supposing only.

On modo in the sense

119. Quis modo casus, what mischance even. of even, at all, cf. Cic. Tusc. v. 66: quis est omnium, qui modo cum Musis habeat aliquod commercium?

120. Hos, the Ombites. - Vallo, their ramparts.

122 sq. Anne.... Nilo? could they, if the land of Memphis were dried up, do anything worse to spite the Nile because he would not rise? Cf. Ov. Met. iv. 547: invidiam fecere deae. Others (as Mayor, Weidner), translate aliam invidiam facerent Nilo, bring any greater infamy (or odium) upon the Nile. Drought would cause famine.

124. By Britones Juvenal seems to mean the Britons, whose human sacrifices were well known. As Juvenal in all other places calls them Britanni, some suppose that the reference here is to some German tribe.

133. Quae dedit, in that she has given.

134 sq. She bids us, then, weep for the squalid plight of a friend when he pleads his cause and is accused; or as we should say, who is accused and pleads his cause. Some inferior MSS. give casum lugentis instead of causam dicentis. Kiær would emend by reading squalorem atque insteat of squaloremque.

137. Incerta is explained by some as meaning hard to be distinguished from a girl's, by others hard to be recognized (i. e. so that it is not easy to tell who he is).

140. Minor igne rogi, too young for the fire of the funeral-pile. Children who died before they had a tooth were buried, not burned.

140 sq. Face arcana. On the fifth day of the Eleusinian mysteries the initiated carried torches to the temple of Demeter (Ceres), led by a priest. Of every neophyte the hierophant demanded moral purity. - Qualem esse, sc. hominem.

142. Ulla aliena sibi credit mala. Every one will remember the noble verse of Terence (Heaut. i. 1, 29):

homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto.

143. Macleane takes venerabile as having an active meaning, reverential, or capable of reverence, which suits the context better than the passive sense. Forcellini cites two examples of the active

use of this verbal from Valerius Maximus.

147. Prona et terram spectantia, sc. animalia. Cf. Ov. Met. i.

84-86:

pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram,

os homini sublime dedit, caelumque tueri

jussit et erectos ad sidera tollere voltus.

Dryden adds a magnificent epithet in his translation of Ovid:

"Man looks aloft, and with erected eyes

Surveys his own hereditary skies."

149. "Animus est quo sapimus, anima qua vivimus."

151. In populum, into one people.

157. Defendier. Notice this archaic form of the present infinitive passive.

160. Cognatis maculis, kindred spots, i. e. animals of the same species; the leopard recognizes the leopard and spares him.

166. Produxisse, to have beaten out, i. e. to have forged. "Producere " like "extendere" (168). — Cum, although.

67. Coquere, to forge.

68. Extendere excudere. 170 sq. Sed crediderint

sed qui crediderint, the qui being suggested by quorum (169). Subjunctive, because qui tales ut ii. Kiær makes crediderint a "dubitative" subjunctive,

disse probabile est."

quos credi

174. The story that Pythagoras abstained from beans is probably a fable; but Juvenal follows the common tradition.

SATIRE XVI.

ARGUMENT.

1-6. O GALLIUS, who can tell the advantages of lucky service? Give me a crack regiment, and I'll enlist and think my stars have favored Of course a fortunate hour avails one more than if he had a letter of recommendation to Mars from his wife Venus or his mother Juno.

me.

7-34. First, the advantages that all soldiers enjoy. The greatest is that no civilian dares to strike you, nay more, if you strike him, he holds his tongue, and dares not show his grievance to the praetor. If he would have revenge he has his judge, a stout centurion in the camp, for soldiers may not go beyond for trial. Most just, no doubt, is the centurion's judgment, and if I've right upon my side he'll give me satisfaction. But all the camp will see that my revenge shall prove a greater trouble than the wrong. And he's a bold man who would dare offend so many boots and hobnails. And who would come so far to give his evidence? Let's dry our tears, nor trouble friends who will not fail to excuse themselves. The man who dares to witness to the assault is worthy of the good olden times: a lying witness may be easier got against a townsman than a true against a soldier's fortunes and his honor.

35-50. And if a scoundrel neighbor moves my landmark, or debtor will not give me back my own, then I must wait and go through all the law's delays; but soldiers are allowed their own time for suing and no drag stops their suit.

51-60. The soldier too may make a will while yet his father lives, for all he gets in service is his own. The old man therefore courts his lucky soldier who by fair favor is rewarded as his gallant deeds deserve. For 't is the general's interest that the brave should also be the lucky and pride themselves upon their trappings and collars.MACLEANE, with modifications.

1. It is idle to ask who is the Gallius (or Gallus, Galli P, Galle w) to whom this unfinished satire is addressed.

2 sqq. Si... sidere, "if a fortunate corps is being entered, may

its gate receive me, a timorous recruit, under a favorable star." Priscian quotes verse 2 twice, with quod si instead of the nam si of the MSS.

6. Samia. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 16.

8. Ne.... audeat follows illud erit (commodum), because "subest notio impediendi vel prohibendi" (Hand. Turs. iv. 42).

9. Immo, nay more.

11. Offam, swelling.

12. Medico nil promittente, of which the doctor gives no hope. 13 sq. "He who would have redress for these injuries has assigned to him for judge a Bardaic shoe, and big legs at big benches." The Bardaici or Vardiaci (called also Vardaei) were an Illyrian tribe. The Bardaicus calceus represents here a centurion. "Judicem dare was properly said of the praetor urbanus, who could appoint, if he pleased, a judex privatus to hear a private case at the instance of the plaintiff. Here the praetor sends the plaintiff to a military court. 14. Grandes dantur magna ad subsellia complenda surae.

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15. More Camilli is not to be taken strictly, but represents generally the ancient military usages of Rome.

18. Cognitio, the jurisdiction. - Derit

19. Justae querelae. Genitive of quality.

deerit.

20. Each cohort was divided into six centuries or three maniples. 23. Corde, understanding. — Who Vagellius was we know not. 26. Tam Pylades, i. e. so devoted a friend. — Molem aggeris ultra, beyond the mole of the rampart, i. e. within the rampart of the camp. Agger is the rampart of Servius Tullius, which overlooked the praetorian camp. A friend must be ready to give his life, as was Pylades, or he must live so remote from the city as to have no cause to dread the wrath of the praetorians, to be willing to give testimony in your behalf against a soldier.

31. I will deem him such a man as the noblest worthies of the good old times. The Romans wore their hair long and their beards uncut until 300 B. C., when barbers were introduced from Sicily.

33. Paganum, a civilian. Properly, a rustic, a countryman. 34. Fortunam, the interests.-Pudorem, honor; good name. 36. Sacramentorum, of military life. Literally, of the soldier's oath. 38 sq. Medio, intervening; which separates our estates. At the Terminalia, every February, the owners of adjacent property made offerings of cakes of meal and honey, etc., to the god Terminus. Sometimes a lamb, or a sucking pig, was slaughtered. - Patulo, 18- Juv.

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