seminary. This is merely the common experience that technical Commission, but the machinery for carrying them into effect was seminaries give more length than breadth to the subjects which derived from the working of the Medical Act, which constitutes a they profess to teach. Medical men, trained in purely medical council of administration and supervision of the medical profession schools, rarely succeed in life so well as those trained in universities, and its schools. A similar council was devised for the teaching because the latter attach equal importance to the sciences as to the profession; its members were to be partly nominated by the Govtechnics of the profession. They therefore make broader men, by ernment, and partly by the English universities. The bill was well infusing culture and science into the professional faculties. In conceived, and went as far as could have been expected in 1869, Scotland, the old parochial teachers were university-trained men, when it was brought forward. It received a very favourable supand now there is a strong public opinion to join together the normal port from the leading teachers throughout the kingdom; but it was schools and the universities in the future training even of elemen- dropped in Parliament from want of time, and has not again been tary teachers in that country. It has been found that an elemen- brought forward. Since its introduction, the country has made tary teacher thus educated is more efficient even for primary in- large advances in educational organisation, the question of certificatstruction. About ten years ago the Education Department thus ing teachers according to their qualifications is now ripe for legisgave their opinion of university-trained teachers in elementary lation. The very fact of a large progress having been made implies schools:-"They are the best teachers of all-best because most as a necessity the introduction of a better system into educational intelligent, most independent of routine, and ablest to take a broad work. The bill of 1869 would scarcely be wide enough for a bill comprehensive view of their position and their work." Of course in 1877. Formerly it was limited to England, but now it is required in Scotland this is more easy than in England; still in this country for the whole kingdom. It was limited to teachers of schools anaexcellent colleges like University College, King's College, and Owen's logous to endowed schools, but now it is required for the teaching College, Manchester, might be combined with equal advantage profession at large. The Council of Education, which was its main along with normal school teaching. No doubt, notwithstanding the feature, would have been in itself an enormous gain to the teaching obvious advantages of universities for higher teachers, normal profession, and would have been equally valuable to the Education schools for them may arise in the provinces, just as a promising Department of the State, as a source for counsel, advice, and techone has been connected with the Cathedral school at Bristol, and nical experience. The Council of the bill was limited to twelve they would correspond with the provincial medical schools. But I persons, six being nominated by the English universities, and six attach a very high importance to training the secondary school-by the crown. This constitution did not give a sufficiently direct masters in our universities, and to trusting the latter with the issue representation to the teachers, though no doubt that is a difficulty of certificates of efficiency. Were no higher motive involved, one not easy of solution, when a profession does not exist, but has to has some weight: that hitherto the status of the secondary teacher be organized. The bill of 1869 very wisely did not attempt to force has been largely upheld by his connection with the clerical profes- all teachers through the single portal of an examination by the sion, and when that becomes severed, it is well to compensate the Council of Education. The latter was indeed to be an examining loss by a university position. Of course a mere B. A. degree would and licensing body, but it was also empowered to accept and regisbe no worthy certificate for a secondary teacher. That is not much ter well-attested qualifications for other bodies. A single portal of more than the Maturitatszeugniss got at the leaving examination of entrance into a profession necessarily produces a dead level of una German gymnasium. But a B. A. degree, with honours in par-iformity. Differentiation is as necessary in learning as it is in ticular subjects, might give a facultas docendi for them, if other se- nature. It is not difficult to attain uniformity in a profession by curities were given that the teacher had acquired a knowledge and forcing it through one portal, as wire-drawers pull wires through a practice in pedagogic method. The universities will quickly put single hole. The Chinese do this with their teachers, and have themselves in the position of Edinburgh and St. Andrews, by estab-mannaged to restrict their learning to the maxims of Confucius and lishing special chairs of education, when teaching becomes a recog- Mencius. In medicine there is even now an effort to establish a nised profession requiring attestations of efficiency on the part of single portal system, but the good sense of the profession has its members. When such an organised system of training exists, hitherto defeated it, though undoubtedly the nineteen licensing the universities will doubtless revert to their ancient practice of bodies are too numerous. The General Medical Council, however, giving special degrees for teaching, for it should be borne in mind has exercised a salutary influence in upholding the standard of exthat the original M.A. was not only a qualified teacher, but he was amination in the different licensing bodies. A Council of Education bound to regent, or act as a tutor for two years after graduation. would exercise a similar influence in regard to teachers. Such a But will the universities undertake the training of female teachers? Council would represent the highest interests of the profession, and I see no reason why they should not. The subjects of classical and while it might be in itself an examining and licensing body, it scientific prelection are unobjectionable to mixed audiences. But, should be empowered and even instructed to register all well-attested even should the universities hesitate, the extra academical teaching qualifications from the universities and other bodies which prove for women now in connection with most of them might be adapted their right to public confidence. Perhaps there may be various to training female teachers. Doubtless, when there is a demand, teachers' associations in this condition, but I allude to one only special training schools for higher female teachers may be formed. because I have some personal knowledge of its working: that is At present there is no such demand. Mr. Jodrell has established the College of Preceptors, which has now forty-eight fellows, one six scholarships for female teachers in connection with Girton Col- hundred and twenty-four licentiates, and one hundred and fifty aslege, but they are not filled up. The fault lies less with female sociates. If the State Council of Education which future legisteachers than with the public. The demand in ladies' schools is lation may institute, find, after full investigation, that the diplomas for a trivial instead of a solid education. At present mere accom- of the College of Preceptors represent real and solid acquirements, plishments are substituted for mental culture. Women are taught they doubtless would receive registration. I confess that I should to use these, as birds employ their brilliant plumage or sweet notes, see with dismay any measure which tried to force the teaching proin order to attract the opposite sex, while the demand for a true fession through a single examining board. It is absolutely essential cultivation of the mind in female education, though growing, is far to a healthy professional life that there should be few trammels to from active. its growth, and with this view there should be varied systems of Let us now pass to the practical part of the subject, and enquire training, while the attestations of qualifications should be rigid, how far we have reason to expect that the State may help in organ- but certainly not uniform. ising teachers into a recognised profession. In the first place, it I venture to urge that teachers should try to resuscitate Mr. must be borne in mind that a former Government proposed to legis- Forster's No. 2 Bill, with such amplifications as may now be relate on this subject, and actually introduced into Parliament a mea-quired. It was obligatory on endowed school teachers, but permissure for the purpose. This certainly brings it within the region of sive for private teachers. Has the time arrived when all new practical politics. The Bill was known as Mr. Forster's No. 2 Endowed teachers, perhaps after 1882, should be brought under an obligatory Schools Bill. Its main purpose was to secure a supply of well-qualified provision to obtain certificates of their qualifications? The answer teachers for endowed schools; but it went beyond this object, and to that question must soon be made by the teachers themselves, for offered to all private schoolmasters the opportunity of registering it is clear that speedy legislation is inevitable. About three huntheir qualifications, if these were satisfactory to a central authority, dred decayed grammar schools have been reorganized in England which was empowered to hold examinations and grant certificates under the Endowed School Acts. But Parliament has not yet proto teachers generally. The bill had compulsory provisions for en-vided that these schools shall not again fall into decay. Their dowed school teachers, but only voluntary provisions for private teachers have no attested qualifications, and these schools are not teachers. It also provided for a compulsory inspection and exami- inspected and examined by competent authority. All this was pronation of endowed schools, permitting private schools to enjoy the vided by the dropped No. 2 Bill, and it must undoubtedly be resame advantage on the payment of a fee. These provisions were vived, either in a cramped or in an enlarged form. If the teachers only to be prospective in regard to new teachers, those already in of the nation desire to be organized into a profession representing possession of schools having acquired prescriptive rights. Most of the supreme importance of their art, they will soon have an opporThe these provisions were founded on the report of the School Enquiry tunity of forcing Government to recognise their claims. A manner of doing this rests with the different teachers' associations a distant view of the wants of the people, whose interests are throughout the country; for they are quite powerful enough to bound up with the educational administration of the country. achieve this end if they earnestly desire it. The public certainly noble lord presides over the Education Department, charged with have a strong wish at present to improve the state of secondary the education of the people, and cannot explain his views in the education both in England and Scotland. They feel very much, in House which votes the supplies. His subordinate does sit in the the words of Wilhelm von Humboldt, when he took up the same House, and sometimes forces himself into the cabinet, but that is subject in Prussia, that "the thing is not to let schools and univer- inconsistent with his irresponsible position. When any school sities go on in a drowsy and impotent routine; the thing is to raise managers go on business to the Education Department, the Vicethe culture of the nation ever higher and higher." How nobly President, or irresponsible subordinate, alone is visible. It is like Germany has effected this purpose, during the last generation, by a the old Government of Japan, when the invisible Mikado issued his good system of graded schools, and by a thorough attestation of orders through the visible Tycoon. But even in Japan this is the qualifications of teachers, I need not describe. The German altered, and the Mikado does his own business directly. So I hope universities have improved quite as much as the schools, because before long this country may have a single responsible minister of as the students come in better prepared, the instruction of the education, charged with bringing into harmonious relations and cocolleges expands itself. The organization of a true teaching pro- operation our numerous public educational agencies. I tried, in fession in Germany quickened the intellectual life of each of its 1874, to convince the House of Commons that the time had come nations. For a profession differs from an empirical art by trying for this administrative organisation. But, though I received the to base all its practice on science, instead of on a dull and mon- powerful support of Mr. Forster, my motion was not entertained, otonous routine. Medicine itself has only become highly honoured for Mr. Disraeli, now Lord Beaconsfield, whose Government had since it became scientific. Even in my early days there was brought in a bill, in 1868, to make a sixth Secretary of State for scarcely a play or a farce in which a doctor, with his pompous man- the purpose of acting as an education minister, averred that in 1874 ner and clouded cane, was not held up to ridicule. This would not my proposal was altogether premature. Other countries have not be understood now, for the medical profession, in its dependence thought so. It is a familiar fact that the existence of a ministry on science, has secured for its members confidence and honour from of education is considered essential to most countries in Europe. the public. Even in China it has existed from time immemorial. In all counIn spite of our disorganized education, England has experienced tries there are family names, such as Stewart, Chamberlain, Falless retardation than might have been anticipated. I believe that coner, Hunter, &c., denoting that, in remote antiquity, those this result is largely due to our free political life and liberal insti- families exercised functions at court. Now there happens to be tutions, which have had an important educative effect on the whole an ancient record of one hundred noble families in China, dating nation. But late events have given this political advantage to fourteen hundred years before Christ, and one of the most honoured other nations also, and their recent rapid advance in material in- of these is, when interpreted, "Minister of Public Education.” terests is being felt in the industrial competition of the world, and Surely what China has had for some thousands of years, it is, peris largely due to the education of their people having been organized haps, not so absurdly premature that this kingdom should obtain and fitted to their life-work. All competent observers tell us that now. I cannot see how Government can profess to reform the there is danger for England in the bad education of her middle schools of this country, and to bring them into a graded connection, classes. We are educating the working classes-our future masters unless it first begins by an organization of its own most disordered -but surely it is time for the middle classes to look to their own educational system. If the schoolmasters of England are ready to education by an adequate organisation of their schools. Improved organize themselves into a profession, with the view of improving methods of education, secured by a competent training of future national education, surely the State which has initiated the reforms teachers, will be a great gain to the productive classes of this coun- of the endowed schools and universities, should begin to substitute try, for time saved in learning is time saved for earning. a system for disorder in its own educational institutions supported by public money. But how can the State expect to introduce order into the education of this country, when its own educational administrative The future of teachers is in their own hands, and must be determachinery is in itself a type of disorder and incoherence? The mined by themselves, at all events in great part. Government will amount of money annually voted by the State for educational pur- no doubt insist in the case of endowed schools, as it has already poses exceeds four millions. But the departments, or trustees, re- for primary schools, that teachers in the future shall be trained and sponsible for the administration of educational votes, have no certificated. But the great body of private teachers might continue connection among themselves, and so the schools or colleges sup- for some time at least outside the system, and remain without trainported by the State are carried on disjointedly and without system. ing or attested qualifications of their capacity. Naturally, however, There is no Minister of Education in this country. The Duke of they would sink lower and lower in public estimation, for there Richmond, in 1874, speaking as President of the Council, said, "I would then be a comparison between attested public qualifications am the minister of education." At the best, he is a mere Minis- and the mere assertion of a self-constituted fitness. If private teaterial manager of primary schools in Great Britain, and the Minister chers shun certificates of capacity as well as competent examinain charge of the Science and Art Department. The latter and tions of their teaching, the public will soon learn to shun the the Education Department for primary schools are indeed under one teachers. In the interests of both, therefore, it is desirable to proMinister, but in no other way are they connected. They run on mote the organization of a teaching profession, not only because parallel rails, with few crossings, lest they should come into violent such an incorporation would greatly add to the security of the collision. But the President of the Council, who says he is the tenures of teachers, and to the adequate remuneration of a labornational Minister of Education, is totally unconnected both with the ious vocation, but, from the higher motive, that it would immensely elementary schools and with those for higher education in Ireland. In promote the cause of education. Surely no profession ought to be England he once had, but has now parted with, reformatory and in- able to claim a higher place than that which aims at the systematic dustrial schools, which are managed by the Home Secretary, just as development of the physical and mental powers of man. And for the military and naval schools are under the Secretary at War and the dignity and elevation of such a profession, Parliament, in the the First Lord of the Admiralty. The public secondary endowed interests of society, may well be called upon to provide an adequate schools of England are under the Charity Commissioners, while organization, because, as Zeller puts it in a few words, "Society those in Scotland and Ireland are under nobody. The educational alone can form the institutions and provide for the means which all museums and galleries supported by public funds are managed by higher instruction requires, all the more the further science adirresponsible trustees loosely connected with the Treasury. The vances and spreads out into a multiplicity of single departments. whole strength of our institutions for art and science is dissipated From it alone can a suitable connected organization and direction by disassociation. And yet with this chaos of educational adminis- proceed. The State is bound, in looking after her own tration, the President of the Council deceives himself by believing future, to secure her permanence and prosperity by an adequate that he is a Minister of Education. The very object of such a high organization of instruction and education.' functionary is to produce order out of disorder. The building materials already cumber the ground, but the architect is wanting to use them on a plan. The castle is truly in the air, for since 1839 no large conception of educational administration has prevailed. The President of the Council, even as ministerial manager of primary schools for the people, is, with such a rare exception as proves the rule, invariably a member of the House of Lords. The Commons, who are elected by the people, have only an educational minister of the rank of an Under-Secretary of State to represent the Education Department. This has retarded educational organisation. The Lords, "looking down as from a balloon," have only LYON PLAYFAIR. SCHOOL HOUSE ARCHITECTURE. Just Published, the Second Edition (revised and greatly improved) of 47 Front Street, Toronto. COPP, CLARK & CO. PRINTED FOR THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, BY HUNTER, ROSE & Co. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. RELIGIO.SCIENTIA LIBERTAS EDUCATION, TORONTO, MAY, 1877. PROCEEDINGS OF THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. (1) Non-receipt of Circulars; (2) Additional Regulation to apply to the examination of Public School Teachers for the year 1877; (3) Apportionment to Counties for 1877; (4) Apportionment to Roman Catholic Separate School Sections; (5) Apportionment to Cities, Towns and Villages; (6) Borrowing Money by School Trustees; (7) State of Education in Ontario in 1876 II. PROCEEDINGS OF TEACHERS' CONVENTIONS.-(1) Lecture and Presentation; (2) Lennox and Addington Teachers' Association; (3) Grenville Teachers' Association PAGE. III. EXTRACTS FROM PERIODICALS. (1) Errors of Youthful and other Teachers; (2) IV. DEPARTMENTAL NOTICE.-(1) The Education Department of the International VI. ADVERTISEMENT I. Proceedings of the Education Department. 65 71 79 80 Ontario. No. 5. 2. ADDITIONAL REGULATION TO APPLY TO THE EXAMINATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS FOR THE YEAR 1877. Any teacher who has taught successfully for one year, may be examined on the subjects of Examination prescribed for Second-class certificates, omitting School Law, Education, Music, and Drawing; and, if he pass such Examination, he shall then be eligible for admission to a Normal School, as a 73 Teacher in training with a view to his obtaining a Second-class certificate; and any person who has passed the Intermediate 79 Examination, or who shall pass either of the Intermediate Examinations to be held during the year 1877, may, on producing proof of having taught successfully for one year, be allowed to attend a Normal School as a Teacher in training, with a view to his obtaining a Second-class Certificate. Also, any Candidates who at present hold Third-class Certificates, and who have proved their ability to teach, but who may fail to may, on the recommendation of the Central Committee, having pass the prescribed Examination for Second-class Certificates, regard to the character of their answers at such Examination, receive from the Minister authority to teach on their present Certificate for such time as he may deem fit. 1. NON-RECEIPT OF CIRCULARS. Much inconvenience has been caused to Public School Inspectors by the miscarriage of a number of circulars mailed at the Toronto Post Office, on the 17th May, giving intimation of the times and the regulations respecting the Midsummer Examinations, and containing forms for returns of names of candidates. By an accident in the Post Office, all these circulars, which were sent up to Magannetawan, were detained there nearly a month, being at last returned to this office on the 13th June. This notice is given as an ex- Education Deparment, Ontario, planation. ADAM CROOKS, Toronto, 23rd May, 1877. Municipalities. Apportionment. Charlottenburgh $934 00 Total for County. $2049 00 Total for County. .$2643 00 Kenyon 730 00 Lancaster 593 00 Lochiel 2. COUNTY OF STORMONT. Cumberland Crosby, South 273 00 431 00 Elizabethtown 793 00 345 00 Elmsley, South. 183 00 Cornwall... $724 00 Finch 362 00 Escott, Front 205 00 414 00 Osnabruck 854 00 Leeds and Lansdowne, Front. 555 00 Roxborough Leeds and Lansdowne, Rear 349 00 Total for County. $2435 00 Fitzroy $505 00 Yonge, Front 246 00 Gloucester 644 00 Yonge and Escott, Rear 264 00 Goulbourn 477 00 3. COUNTY OF DUNDAS. Gower, North 373 00 Matilda $703 00 Huntley 388 00 $241 00 481 00 March 697 00 Marlborough 603 00 Nepean Osgoode $2484 00 Torbolton Total for County... 7. COUNTY OF GRENVILLE. $762 00 Montague 768 00 Pakenham Lanark 335 00 Lavant 37 00 470 00 358 00 475 00 ་ |