88. And future victors, &c.] Thus Virgil; Another Tiphys shall new seas explore, New wars the bleeding nations shall destroy, 92. Where Ilus' tomb] Homer has, maça onpati Ike. Iliad, b. 11. 415. From ancient Ilus' ruin'd monument. Pope. 96. And bend, &c.] Thus Virgil, Pindar seems to make an allusion to this circumstance, in his first Pythian Ode, which I shall give in the excellent translation of the lace Gilbert West, esq. And do thou aid Sicilia's hoary lord, To form and rule his son's obedient mind; And still in gelden days of sweet accord, And mutual peace the friendly people bind, Then grant, O son of Saturn, grant my pray❜r! The bold Phoenician on his shore detain, &c. 98. And on his helmet, &c.] Cristâ hirsutus equinâ. n. 10. 869. High on his head the crested helmi he wore. Pitt. 99. O Jupiter, &c.] Ai yag, Zeu xudi52 TATĒg X. T. X. This verse is an imitation of that of Homer; Αι γαρ, Ζευ τε πατες και Αθηναίη και Απολλον. 100. Proserpine and Ceres] These deities were worshipped by the Syracusians. 102. Lysimelia.] A lake not far from Syracuse. Oh, may the fates, in pity to our wees, Bear Hiero's praise beyond the Scythian main, 130 110. Flocks of thousands, &c.] Thus the Psalmist, That our flocks may bring forth thousands and ten thousands in our streets; that is, in their pastures or walks; or, may they increase so as not only to fill our pastures, but the streets of our villa.es. 114. Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis. Virg. Ec. 2. 115. In foribus laxos suspendit aranea casses. Virg. Geor. 4. 247. 119. Beyond the walls, &c.] Thus Ovid; -Ubi ducitur altam -Where proud Semiramis, for state, Eusden. 125. Ye Graces Eteoclean] By the Graces are meant the Muses: Etrocles was the elder son of Elipus by Jocasta: he is said to have first sacrificed to the Muses at Orchomenos; whence they are called the Eteoclean deities, or Graces. Homer mentions the river Miayas. Iliad, b. 11. Soft Minyas rolls his waters to the main. Pope, 130. O may I ever with the Graces live] Milton seems to allude to this, These deli 'hts if thou canst give, There is a beautiful passage in my friend Mr., William Whitehead's excellent poem called The IDYLLIUM XVII*. PTOLEMY. ARGUMENT. Theocritus rises above his pastoral style when he celebrates the praises of Ptolemy Philadelphus, the son of Ptolemy Lagus and Berenice: he derives his race from Hercules; enumerates his many cities; describes his immense treasures; and though he extols him for his military preparations, he commends his love of peace: but above all he commemorates his royal munificence to the sons of the Muses. WITH Jove begin, ye Nine, and end with Jove, Danger of writing Verse, which I shall beg leave to Consign'd to Phoebus, catch the favour'd name, +Ptolemy Philadelphus. The common title of this Idyllium is The Encomium of Ptolemy. Heinsius makes no doubt but that the inscription should be simply Ptolemy: for Theocritus had written two poems, one was called Ptolemy, the other Berenice; the first celebrated the virtues of that illustrious monarch, the second those of his royal mother, who at that time was enrolled among the gods. For Ptolemy's character, see Idyllium XIV. and the note on verse 82. 1. With Jove begin, &c.] The Greek is Ex Dooç αρχώμεσθα, which are the very words with which Aratus begins his poem called Phænomina: as Theocritus and Aratus were intimate friends, and flourished nearly at the same time, though the Sicilian bard was older, it is hard to say which borrowed from the other: Virgil has, A Jove principium, Musæ. 4. Let Ptolemy be first, and midst, and last] Milton has, Heroes of old, from demigods that sprung, 20 On Earth join all ye creatures to extol end. Milton has greatly improved this by adding, "and without end;" as he is celebrating God, and Theocritus only a man. 8. Hymns, &c.] Carmine Dî superi placantur, carmine manes. Hor. b. 2. Ep. 1. Verse can the gods of Heaven and Hell appease. 16. Lagus] Ptolemy Lagus was one of Alexander's captains, who upon that monarch's death, and the division of his empire, had Egypt, Libya, and that part of Arabia which borders upon Egypt, allotted to his share: but at the time of his death, he held several other countries, which are enumerated below, see ver. 97, &c. 21. Near him, &c.] 2uos inter Augustus recumbens. Hor. b. 3. 0.3. wise, &c.] I would choose to read, ahontas, varium consilium habens, and not αιολομίτρας with Casaubon. 24. Who slew, &c.] Tu Cressia mactas pc 26. His own descendant heirs] The Greek is, Αθανατοι δε καλεύνται θεοι νεποδες γεγαώτες, which is rendered, immortales vero vocantur Dii, sine dum usu facti; and being formed without feet they are called immortal gods. It is amazing how a clear and elegant passage should be corrupted into such nonsense: Heinsius undoubtedly reads right; οι νεποδες γεγαώτες, that is, αυτῳ υιωνοί αντες, those that were his nephews; he rejoices that his ne phews are called (or are become) immortal. 30. Julius, a magno demissum nomen Julo. En. 1. 288. Thence, when the nectar'd bowl his love inspires, 40 How Berenice shone! her parents pride; None shows the features of the father's face. 50 To thee 'twas owing, gentle, kind, and good, Or Charon, the grim ferryman of Hell; Stern Diomed, the thunderbolt of war: 60 31. The nectar'd bowl] Purpureo bibit ore nectar. Hor. b. 3. O. 3. 33. To this his bow, &c.] Thus Ovid. Met. b. 3. 165. Nympharum tradidit uni Armigeræ jaculum, pharetramque arcusque retentos. 45. To his son's care, &c.] Ptolemy made his son Philadelphus partner with him in the empire. 49. Their births are known] The Greek is, Pridial de yoval, which is wrong translated, faciles quidem partus sunt, their births are easy; whereas it should be rendered, as Casaubon rightly observes, their births are easily to be judged of, viz. that they are adulterous; the latter part of the verse explains the former, Phidias de yoval, Texva d'it' #INSTA KATI, their births are easy to be judged, for the children do not resemble their father. The ancients imagined those children not to be legitimate who were unlike their parents; and therefore Hesiod reckons it among the felicities which attend good men, that The wives bear sons resembling their own sires. Ver. 233. 56. Portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servat But Berenice nobler praise hath won, Who bore great Ptolemy as great a son: Who sends, to those that suffer child-bed, aid. 70 As Phoebus Delos:-on fam'd Triops' brow, As the god views with joy Rhenæa's fertile isle." 90 86. Jove loves, &c.] Thus Callimachus, Ex & Aus Barines, kings are from Jupiter; which Virgil has translated. Ab Jove sunt reges: but they all seem to have copied after Hesiod. Theog. ver. 96. Εκ δε Διος βασιληες. Ο δ' οβλιας οντινα Μεσαι Φιμεύνται. Kings are deriv'd from Jove; And blest the mortal whom the Muses love. Unnumber'd nations view their happy plains, 100 94. Genial Nile] The Nile is the greatest wonder of Egypt: as it seldom rains there, this river, which waters the whole country by its regular inundations, supplies that defect, by bringing, as a yearly tribute, the rains of the other countries. To multiply so beneficent a river, Egypt was cut into numberless canals, of a length and breadth proportioned to the different situation and wants of the lands; the Nile brought fertility every where with its salutary streams; it united cities one with another, and the Mediterranean with the Red-sea; maintained trade at home and abroad, and fortified the kingdom against the enemy; so that it was at once the nourisher and protector of Egypt. There cannot be a more delightful prospect than the Nile affords at two seasons of the year; for if you ascend some mountain, or one of the great pyramids of Grand Cairo, about the mouths of July and August, you behold a vast sea, in which a prodigious number of towns, villages, turrets, and spires appear, like the isles in the Ægean sea, with causeys leading from place to place, intermixed with groves and fruit-trecs, whose tops only are visible; this view is terminated by mountains and woods, which, at a distance, form the most agrecable perspective that can be imagined. But in the winter, that is, in the months of January and February, the whole country is like one continued scene of beautiful meadows, enamelled with all kinds of flowers: you see on every side herds and flocks scatter'd over the plain, with infinite numbers of husbandmen and gardeners: the air is then embalmed by the great quantity of blossoms on the orange, lemon, and other trees; and is so pure, that a wholesomer and more agreeable is not to be found in the world: so that nature, which is then as it were dead in so many other climates, seems to revive only for the sake of so delightful an abode. Rollin's Anc. Hist. 97. Three times ten thousand] The original is extremely perplexing, literally translated it would run thus, He has three hundred cities, Add three thousand To thirty thousand, Twice three, And three times eleven, So far his ships their conquering flags display, No king e'er own'd such boundless wealth before. Where'er thy navy spreads her canvass wings, Homage to thee, and peace to all she brings. Which Creech stuck in his translation. Ptolemy intended to engross the whole trade of the east and west to himself, and therefore fitted out two great fleets to protect his trading subjects; one of these he kept in the Red sea, the other in the Mediterranean: the latter was very numerous, and had several ships of an extraordinary size; two of them in particular had thirty oars on a side, one of twenty, four of fourteen, two of twelve, fourteen of el ven, thirty of nine, thirty-seven of seven, five of six, seventeen of five, and besides these, an incredible number of vessels with four and three oars on a side. By this means, the whole trade being fixed at Alexandria, that place became the chief mart of all the traffic that was carried on between the east and the west, and continued to be the greatest emporium in the world above seventeen hundred years, til! another passage was found out by the Cape of Good Hope: but as the road to the Red-sea lay cross the deserts, where no water could be had, nor any convenience of towns or houses for lodging passengers, Ptolemy, to remedy both these evils, opened a canal along the great road, into which he conveyed the water of the Nile, and built on it houses at proper distances; so that passengers found every night convenient lodgings, and necessary refreshments for themselves, and their beasts of burden. Univ. Hist. vol. ix. 8vo. p. 383. 111. His peaceful, &c.] The amiable picture Theocritus here gives us of the happiness the Egyptians enjoyed under the mild administration of Ptolemy, very much resembles that which Paterculus gives us of the happiness of the Romans, in the reign of Augustus, b. 2. ch. 89. Finita vicesimo anno bella civilia, sepulta externa, revocata pax, sopitus ubique armorum furor; restituta vis legibus, judiciis auctoritas, senatui majestas, &c. prisca illa et antiqua reipublicæ forma revocata; rediit cultus agris, sacris honos, securitas hominibus, certa cuique rerum suarum possessio; "In his 300 leges emendatæ utiliter, latæ salubriter. 3000 twentieth year all wars, both civil and foreign, 30000 were happily extinguished; peace returned; the rage of arms ceased; vigour was restored to the 33 laws; authority to the tribunals; majesty to the senate, &c. the ancient and venerable form of the republic revived; the fields were again cultivated; religion honoured, and every one enjoyed his own possessions with the utmost security; the old laws were revised and improved, and excellent new ones added." 6 38339 I have made it the round number of thirty thousand. We meet with an embarrassed method of numeration in the 14th Idyl. ver. 55. 104. Whose fleets, &c.] Waller has a passage resembling this, 113. Guards, &c.] Thus Horace; 120 Like a wise king, the conquests of his sire 130 140 While all the wealth and spoil of plunder'd Troy, court. 131. And poets, &c.] The fame of Ptolemy's munificence drew several celebrated poets to his See the note to verse 82 of Idyl. xiv. 139. Close trode, &c.] The original is a little perplexed, but I follow Heinsius, and take the sense to be this; Ptolemy alone treading close in the footsteps of his forefathers, yet warm in the dust, defaced and rose over them. Theocritus alludes to a contest usual among the ancients, wherein the antagonist used to place his right foot in the left footstep of his competitor, who went before him, and his left foot in the right footstep, which if he could exceed, he would cry aloud, Επιβεβηκε σοι, Υπεράνω ειμι, I have stept over you, I am beyond you. Homer, speaking of Ulysses contending with Ajax in the race, has something very similar. Iliad, b. 23. 763. His hands the thighs for holy flames divide, IDYLLIUM XVIII. THE EPITHALAMIUM OF HELEN*. ARGUMENT. 150 160 158. His sister and his bride] Juno, speaking of herself, says, Ast ego, quæ divûm incedo regina, Jovisque But I, who move supreme in Heav'n's abodes, Pitt. 162. Fair virtue only ask of Jove] Theocritus having already celebrated Ptolemy's riches and power, which were so great, that he could not even wish an increase of them, nobly concludes his poem with this Gne precept Αξεταν γε μεν εκ Διος αιτευ, Ask virtue of Jupiter: as if he could not have too large a share of virtue, though eminently renowned for it: by this the poet proves himself an excellent moralist, and plainly hints at that maxiin of the Stoics, who maintained that virtue was entirely sufficient for a happy life. There were two sorts of epithalamiums, or nuptial songs, among the ancients; the first was sung in the evening, after the bride was introduced into the bride-chamber, it was named Kontixovs and intended to dispose the married couple to sleep; the second wassung in the morning, termed EyeTixo, and designed to awaken them: see the |