Even when the meaning of the root does not appear at all, the grouping of the derivations may still be very instructive. Thus, humus, ground; humilis, low (on the ground); homo (homin-), man (creature of earth); hūmānus, gentle, as belonging to man in distinction from brutes; hūmānitās, gentleness or refinement. The chief advantage, however, is in the knowledge of immediate and conscious derivatives. Thus, aedilicius can only mean belonging to an ædile, while aedilis itself must have something to do with public edifices (aedi-ficia); sermunculus must mean a little talk; esurio, desire to eat, hence to be hungry; emāx, eager to buy, and so on. Compare, for illustration, the following words from one root; medeor, medicus, medicīna, medicīnālis, medicor, medicamentum, medicāmentārius, medicābilis, medicamentōsus, meditor (frequentative, with an earlier meaning preserved).' Notice the modes of formation in the foregoing words. Even if no advantage were gained in acquiring or retaining the meaning, yet the words become more interesting and lively, and the knowledge of them more intelligent and fruitful. Thus in redintegrātio we have the prefix red-, back again (to its former state); the ending -tio (verbal abstract); the verb is integro (āre), denominative from integer, whole or sound (in, not; TAG, root of tango, touch; ra, participial tus or nus): hence the meaning restoration (making uninjured again). = In such derivatives as amputo, computo, the meanings seem absurdly inconsistent. But the verb is a denominative from the adjective putus, a collateral form of purus, clean. The corresponding verb (which would be puo) is lost; but its original sense appears in puto, to clean up (as by trimming off a diseased branch), and also to clear up (as an account), and so to reckon, then to think, which meanings are divided between the above compounds. 2. Form words with the following meanings from their primitives, comparing the Vocabulary : 1. A reckoning (reor,2 reckon); 2. An assembly (convenio, come together); 3. Arrangement (dispōno,3 distribute); 4. A change (mūto,1 alter); 5. A joining (jungo3); 6. A breaking (frango3); 7. Length (longus); 8. Breadth (lātus); 9. Power of holding (capāx from capio3, take); 10. Means of teaching (doceo2); II. Means of support (colo3); 12. Means of covering (tego3); 13. Brightness (clārus); 14. Softness (mollis, soft); 15. Sweetness (suāvis); 16. Means of trying (ex-perior1); 17. A tray (for carrying: fero); 18. A piece broken (frango3); 19. Means of feeding (alo3); 20. A bramble-thicket (dūmus); 21. A rose-garden (rosa); 22. A dove-cote (columba); 23. Lamentable (fleo2); 24. Made of flowers (flōs); 25. Blooming (flōreo2); 26. Sickly (morbus); 27. Commerce (mercor1); 28. A mingling (misceo2); 29. Belonging to a soldier (miles); 30. To grow mild (mītis); 31. A little measure (modus); 32. A little pattern (forma); 33. A little man (homo); 34. A little puppy (catulus); 35. A means of defence (mūnio1); 36. Changeable (mūto); 37. Teachable (doceo); 38. With a large nose (nāsus); 39. With horns (cornū); 40. Bearded (barba); 41. Belonging to a ship (nāvis); 42. Sinewy (nervus); 43. Snowy (nix); 44. A little eye (oculus); 45. Son of Priam (Priamus). 3. Explain the following phrases from the meaning of the Root prefixed, with the significant ending: I. CAD, fall: cado,3 accido, etc. 1. Casus est, cum aliquid cecidit, it is an accident when something befalls. 2. Calamitas accidit, a misfortune has happened. 4. Decidua sidera, falling stars. 5. Solis occasus, sunset. 6. Ab oriente ad occidentem, from east to west. 7. Succidua flamma, a dying flame. 8. Occasio pugnandi, an opportunity for fighting. 9. Pestis in urbem incidit, a plague attacked the city. 10. Post Trojae excidium, after the destruction of Troy. COMPARE the English words case, accident, deciduous, occasion, incidental, casualty. 2. CAP, take: capio,3 incipio, etc. 1. Litteras tuas accepi, I got your letter. 2. Acceptus erat populo, he was a favorite of the people. 3. Auceps multos passeres cepit, the fowler caught a good many sparrows. 4. Captator aurae popularis, one who courts popular favor. 5. Incidere in captionem, to be tricked. 6. Captura magna piscium, a great haul of fish. 7. Populus vult decipi, the people like to be taken in. 8. Inceptio operis, undertaking a task. 9. Manere incepto, to persevere in an undertaking. 10. Multa pericula excepi, I have encountered many a peril. 11. Frugum fructuumque perceptio, the gathering of crops and fruits. 12. Receptui canere, to sound a retreat. ENGLISH: captive, capture, accept, receive, perception, incipient, except. 3. FAC, make: facio, efficio. 1. Dominationem adfectat, he aims at dominion. 2. Gaudium dolorque sunt affectus animi, joy and grief are affections of the mind. 3. Captivum morte adfecit, he put the prisoner to death. 4. Librorum confectio, the composing of books. 5. Confector negotiorum, one who despatches business. 6. Dolore confectus, exhausted with grief. 7. Arma sanguine infecta, arms stained with blood. 8. Re infecta, without success (the thing undone). 9. Officia perficere, to fulfil one's duties. 10. Homo officiosus, an obliging man. II. Facinus atrox hic fecit, this man has done a violent act. 12. Res factu facilis, a thing easy to do. 13. Per vim et factionem, by party violence. 14. Mature facto opus est, there is need of prompt action. 15. Praefectus castrorum (or castris), a quartermaster. 16. Pecunia multarum effectrix est voluptatum, money procures many delights. 17. Pontem reficere conantur, they try to repair the bridge. 18. Filius patri suffectus, a son put in his father's place. 19. Sufficit hoc dicere, it is enough to say this. ENGLISH: -fact, factious, effect, efficacious, refection, confectionery, perfect, sufficient, factitious, facility, difficult, officious, affectionate, benefit, satisfy. 4. JAC, throw: jacio,3 injicio (inicio). 1. Abjectus animo, disheartened. 2. Adjectio caloris, the application of heat. 3. Oculum adjecit hereditati, he cast eyes on the inheritance. 4. Conjectura judicare, to judge by guess (common sense). 5. Conjectus aquae, a puddle of water. 6. Conjicere verba, to bandy words. 7. Omni spe dejectus, hopeless and downcast. 10. Objectus invidiae, exposed to jealousy. 11. Projectus in antro, stretched out in a grotto. 12. Arma projecerunt, they surrendered. 13. Libertatem projecerat, he had renounced his freedom. 14. Rejectio judicum, challenging of the jurymen. 15. Rejicula vacca, a worthless cow. 16. Equitatus rejectus est, the cavalry were driven back. ENGLISH: dejected. abject, conjecture, reject, projection, object, subject, 1. Haec causa te non attingit, this motive does not touch you. 2. Versibus rem attingere, to treat a subject in verse. 3. Attactu nullo, with no contact (Æn. ii. 350). 4. Contactu immundo, with unclean touch (id. iii. 227). 5. Contagio sceleris, a sharing in guilt. 6. Contagium morbi, contagion of sickness. 7. Sanguine se contaminare, to stain one's self with blood. 8. Turris contingit vallum, the tower reaches the palisade. 9. Romae nutriri mihi contigit, I had the luck to be brought up at Rome. 10. Exercitus integer intactusque, an army safe and sound. 11. Homo tagax, a knavish fellow (Cic. Att. vi. 3). 12. Simul ac tetigit provinciam, as soon as he reached the province. ENGLISH: - tact, tangible, contact, contingency, integrity, con tagion. sentence. Ir may now be taken for granted that the learner has become acquainted with the meaning of many words, and has learned to distinguish the case, person, tense, &c., by their inflections, so as to connect them readily in a simple He will have noticed that, while in English words almost always follow the order of Subject, Verb, and Object or Predicate, in Latin this order is very seldom found; while Latin has an order of its own (see § 76 of the Grammar), though it is much less rigidly followed than in English. The chief difficulty he will now have to meet will be in the long and complicated sentences, which are much more common in Latin than in English. And, before he attempts these, a few points should be carefully observed. As early as possible, let him accustom himself to follow the thought and the words in their Latin order; not to pick out the words here and there, to make a natural (English) order, as if the sentence were a puzzle, to be taken to pieces and put together again. Let him attend carefully to the ideas in the order in which they are expressed, with their relations as denoted by the inflections. After a very little practice reading over the words several times, if necessary the meaning will begin to appear through a kind of broken English, and a habit can soon be formed of reading in the Latin order almost as well as in our own. * - The following special directions will now be of service: 1. Read the Latin carefully, noting familiar words, and single out the Nominative (if there is one) and the Verb. - N. B. All Latin words ending in t (exc. at, sat, et, -met, tot; quot, ut, caput, or their compounds) are verbs in the third person; all in nt are in the third person plural. * It will be noticed that English itself often deviates from the established order in its older forms or in poetry, without presenting any difficulty as in the sentence, "Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you." : |