This

a. Notice that the first word is an accusative, mātrem. must probably be either the object of a verb, or the subject of an infinitive it can remain in suspense till the verb appears. Its meaning, mother, naturally suggests a genitive: This we find in

b. Phalaridis, which has the genitive ending of the third declension; its nominative must be Phalaris, obviously a proper name. We may learn elsewhere that it is that of a Sicilian tyrant.

c. The verb scribit, writes, from its meaning naturally suggests an object-clause, accusative with infinitive. Such clauses are often

best rendered by direct discourse in English. Thus we may translate as if mātrem were nominative: the mother of Phalaris, writes Ponticus Heraclides (obviously a proper name, and subject of scribit).

d. The next words, being nominative, are probably in apposition with the name doctus (participle of doceo) is taught, but as an adjective must be learned; auditor (noun of agency from audio) is hearer; discipulus (connected with disco) is clearly the same as our disciple; Platonis (as Phalaridis, above) explains itself.

e. As we have been expecting an infinitive for an object-clause, vīsam esse (having its participle in the feminine) is the natural verb for matrem; and as we have learned that the passive of video means seem, we may translate (in direct discourse, as above) with vidēre, seemed to see.

f. In the phrase in somnīs, the noun is probably ablative, since the connection requires in rather than into, and comes from somnus, or -a, or -um. Some English derivative will probably suggest the meaning sleep; and the plural form, though odd, will give no trouble.

The ter

g. The next is a new word, but may be analyzed. mination -crum, denoting means, is appended to a verb-stem simula-: hence the verb is simulo, āre, suggesting the English verb simulate or perhaps the adjective similar. Its meaning will be something to represent; and we may render the phrase simulācra deorum, images of the gods.

h. The relative quae naturally refers to a noun just preceding: this cannot be deōrum, which is masculine, and must be simulācra; ipsa might agree with quae, but will be more easily taken with the verb next following.

i. This verb, consecravisset, at once suggests the English consecrate. It is evidently a compound with con; and if we remember the common change of vowel in compound verbs, and connect its meaning with sacer, sacred (already given), this mean

ing will be confirmed. The subjunctive form (see above, 37) does not affect the translation, which is by the simple indicative, because our idiom does not require any other mood.

k. The ablative iis will refer to the last or most important plural noun, either deorum or simulacra, it will not matter which. The phrase may be rendered one of these.

7. Mercurium may be assumed to continue the same construction as matrem, and will take the infinitive visum esse, below.

m. Patera may be left as not important for the meaning of the whole we may, for the present, call it "something" which he held in his right hand (the relative clause here explaining itself): in fact, a shallow bowl.

n. The infinitive fundere must be guessed at from the context or given by the teacher, unless its meaning is known, to pour.

o. The verb attigisset, as a glance shows, contains the root TAG found in tango, touch; the subjunctive is required by cum, and does not affect the translation; its subject is qui, referring to the masculine sanguinem. But as two relatives cannot come together in English, we translate, and when this had touched the ground.

p. The verb refervescere should be seen to be derivative, and compounded from ferveo, which associates it with fervent, fervid; and its meaning, to boil up, is seen from our word effervescent.

q. The meaning of redundaret (overflowed) may perhaps require to be given, though a tolerably close idea may be gained by conjecture. Following ut, it is subjunctive expressing a result.

r. The phrase quod somnium may be either nominative or accusative; but, as the verb is directly preceded by the nominative crudelitas, these words must be accusative, and the object of comprobavit. The meaning of somnium (dream), if not known, may be easily inferred from somnus, above.

s. The adjective immanis may be either genitive with filii or nominative with crudelitas: consider which needs an epithet. Its meaning (monstrous) will require to be given, as also that of comprobavit (proved), which should, however, be explained through the adjective probus, and kindred English words.

The above analysis is given in much greater detail than will often be required in practice. When the habit has once been formed, it is followed rapidly and almost unconsciously; in fact, it is impossible, when once the mind has been trained to it, to read a single sentence without deriving help from it. In succeeding passages, only a few hints will be given.

2. Hoc item in Sileni Graeca historia est: Hannibalem, cum cepisset Saguntum, visum esse in somnis a Jove in deorum concilium vocari; quo cum venisset, Jovem imperavisse ut Italiae bellum inferret; ducemque ei unum e concilio datum, quo illum utentem cum exercitu progredi coepisse. Tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respiceret; illum autem id diutius facere non potuisse, elatumque cupiditate respexisse. Tum visam beluam vastam et immanem, circumplicatam serpentibus, quacumque incederet omnia arbusta, virgulta, tesca pervertere; et eum admiratum quaesisse de deo, quodnam illud esset tale monstrum. Et deum respondisse Vastitatem esse Italiae, praecepisseque ut pergeret protinus: quid retro atque a tergo fieret ne laboraret. id. i. 24.

This passage may be somewhat harder than the foregoing, but a little attention will show that it is in the same general construction, "Hannibalem . . . visum esse" like "matrem . . . visam esse," - and that it contains several of the words and phrases already explained. It will greatly simplify the rendering of a passage like this, to drop the form of indirect discourse, beginning with the leading subject: Hannibal, having taken Saguntum, seemed in his sleep to be summoned, &c. : all the infinitives being translated by indicatives, and the subjunctive laboraret as an infinitive, not to trouble himself. A number of words must of course be suggested.

3. L. Paulus, consul iterum, cum ei bellum" ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset, ut ea ipsa die domum ad vesperum rediit,' filiolam suam Tertiam, quae tum erat admodum parva, osculans animum advertit tristiculam. Quid est,' inquit, 'mea Tertia? quid tristis es?' 'Mi pater,' inquit, 'Persa periit.' Tum ille artius puellam complexus, Accipio,' inquit, 'mea filia, omen.' Erat autem mortuus catellus eo nomine. id. i. 46.

a. In this passage, —as we find it hard, with our habit of speech, to carry so many words in the mind undisposed of, — it may be

necessary after bellum to look for the verb to which it belongs. As ut is a relative word, the nearest verb will belong to that; so that we must take the next following, obtigisset, the meaning of which must be given (in connection with the root TAG); the object of gereret must be supplied from bellum; and it will read, when the war had fallen to his lot to wage with king Perses. This is not a good translation; but, having seen the Latin idea in this way, you can easily find a corresponding English expression: It had fallen, &c.

b. To translate ut, notice at once the mood of its verb; because the two uses of ut have meanings very far apart in English, though the Romans did not probably feel the difference. As the verb is here indicative, ut means as or when: rediit (red, back; eo, go) signifies returned.

c. The word fīliolam, diminutive of fīlia, explains itself; while animum advertit, turned his mind, is to be rendered as a single transitive verb, observed; and its subject is L. Paulus.

4. Scipio Nasica cum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio quaerentia Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse; Nasica sensit, illam domini jussu dixisse et illum intus esse. Paucis post diebus, cum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius, et cum a janua quaereret, exclamat Nasica, se domi non esse. Tum Ennius, Quid,' inquit, ego non cognosco vocem tuam?' Hic Nasica, Homo es impudens; ego cum quaererem, ancillae tuae credidi, te domi non esse; tu mihi non credis ipsi.'

6

6

a. To him inquiring, &c. can only mean when he inquired for Ennius.

b. The subject of the infinitive is here wanting, a rare usage in Latin; but it is obviously Ennius, to be supplied from the preceding.

c. The clause te domi non esse is evidently a secondary object of credidi; but, as believe does not take two objects in English, some word like saying must be supplied.

PART FOURTH.

NOTE.

-The small figures in the following Lessons refer to the

Brief Rules of Syntax, pp. 162, 163.

I. FABLES.

1. The Wolf and the Goat.

39

44

Lupus capram2 conspicatus est, quae in rupe pascebatur. Cum ad eam accedere non posset, praedicabat apud se mollia prata ac varias herbas esse, et eam hortabatur ut de rupe descenderet. Ei autem capra respondit: "Mi amice, non me ad pascua vocas, sed ipse cibi12 indiges!"

2. The Fox and the Grapes.

Vulpes, extrema fame26 coacta, uvam adpetebat, quae ex alta vite dependebat; sed summis viribus saliens eam attingere non poterat. Tandem discessit, et, "Nondum matura est," inquit; "nolo acerbam sumere." Şic saepe homines, quae facere non possunt, verbis elevant.

33

3. The Farmer and his Dog.

Rusticus in agros exiit ad opus suum. Filiolum, qui in cunis jacebat, reliquit cani1 fideli atque valido custodiendum. Adrepsit anguis immanis, qui puerulum exstincturus erat. Sed custos fidelis corripit eum dentibus26 acutis, et, dum eum necare studet, cunas simul evertit super exstinctum anguem. Paulo post ex arvo rediit agricola; cum cunas eversas cruentumque canis rictum videret, irā accenditur. Temere igitur custodem filioli interficit ligone, quem manibus tenebat. Sed ubi cunas restituit, super anguem occisum reperit puerum vivum et incolumem. Paenitentia facinoris temere patrati tum sera fuit.