44

is diem efficeret 47 toto caelo luce diffusa; cum autem terras nox opacasset, tum caelum totum cernerent astris distinctum et ornatum, lunaeque luminum varietatem tum crescentis 2 tum senescentis, eorumque omnium ortus et occasus, atque in omni aeternitate ratos immutabilesque cursus; haec cum viderent, profecto et esse 39 deos et haec tanta opera deorum esse arbitrarentur.' — id. ii. 37.

6. An Active Old Age.

38

1. Nihil necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere, quamquam est id quidem senile, aetatique nostrae conceditur. Videtisne . ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet? 45 Tertiam enim jam aetatem hominum vivebat, nec erat ei verendum ne vera praedicans de se nimis videretur aut insolens aut loquax. Etenim, ut ait Homerus, ex ejus lingua melle dulcior fluebat oratio, quam ad suavitatem nullis egebat corporis viribus.28 Et tamen dux ille Graeciae nusquam optat ut Ajacis similis habeat decem, sed ut Nestoris; quod si sibi acciderit," non dubitat quin brevi sit 4 Troja peritura.

44

2. Sed redeo ad me. Quartum ago annum et octogesimum. Vellem 43 equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus; sed tamen hoc queo dicere: non me quidem iis esse viribus 26 quibus aut miles bello Punico, aut quaestor eodem bello, aut consul in Hispania fuerim, aut quadriennio post, cum tribunus militaris depugnavi apud Thermopylas M'. Glabrione consule; 35 sed tamen, ut vos videtis, non plane me enervavit, non adflixit senectus; non curia viris meas desiderat, non rostra, non amici, non clientes, non hospites. Nec enim umquam sum adsensus veteri illi laudatoque proverbio,18 quod monet mature fieri senem, si diu velis senex esse: ego vero me minus diu senem esse mallem, quam esse senem ante quam essem.48 Itaque nemo adhuc convenire me voluit, cui Occupatus. - De Senect. 10.

fuerim 48

-

47

NOTES.

The preceding Lessons consist of

1. FABLES, taken partly from Æsop, said to gian slave, who lived at Athens about 620 B.C. stories which pass under his name have made European collections of fables since.

have been a PhryThe shrewd, brief the basis of most

II. DIALOGUES written by different authors, some of them by Erasmus (A.D. 1467-1536), a very learned, witty, and indefatigable scholar, sometimes called the most accomplished of all modern writers of Latin. His Colloquia, first published in 1522, are, in part, sharply satirical; in part, like those here given, simply cheerful and amusing.

III. ANECDOTES of celebrated men of antiquity, taken from the miscellaneous writings of Cicero.

IV. THE KINGS OF ROME, chiefly from an epitome written (it is supposed) for the use of schools by Eutropius, secretary of the Emperor Constantine, about the year A.D. 330. The epitome continues the history into the times of the Emperors, and has afforded the staple of many of the popular abridgments. It is given here far enough to serve as an introduction to the narrative of Livy, which follows.

Up to this point, no explanatory notes have been given. There is nothing beyond the ability of any one who has well learned the preceding Lessons; and it is a great loss to the learner to miss the satisfaction of making out the narrative by his own skill and ingenuity. Notes should never be leaned on for help, until the student has done his very best without them; and the habit of doing this should be formed from the very start. A faithful use of the Vocabulary will, it is believed, fully explain every passage that has occurred thus far; and, for the simpler constructions of syntax, reference is made from time to time to the following:

General Rules of Syntax.

1. Nouns meaning the same thing agree in Case.

2. Adjectives agree with nouns in Gender, Number, and Case. 3. Possessive adjectives are used for the Genitive, and in any case may have a genitive in agreement.

4. Relatives agree with their antecedents in Gender and Number; their Case depending on the construction of their clause. 5. A Verb agrees with its subject in Number and Person. 6. Two or more singular subjects - also collective nouns, with quisque and uterque · may take a plural verb.

7. The Subject of a finite verb is in the NOMINATIVE.

8. A Noun used to limit or define another, and not meaning the same thing, is put in the GENITIVE.

9. The Genitive is used to denote the author, owner, source, and (with adjectives) measure or quality.

10. Words denoting a Part are followed by the genitive of the word denoting the Whole.

II. Certain genitives of Quantity―as, magnī, parvī, nihilī, plūris, minoris- are used to express indefinite Value. 12. Many words of memory and feeling, knowledge or ignorance, likeness and nearness, fulness and want - also verbals, and participles used as adjectives take the genitive.

13. Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, and admonishing take the genitive of the Charge or Penalty.

14. The DATIVE is the case of the Indirect Object."

15. Words of likeness, fitness, nearness, service, and help, are followed by the dative.

16. Verbs meaning to favor, help, please, serve, trust, and their contraries; also to believe, persuade, command, obey, envy, resist, threaten, pardon, and spare, take the dative.

17. The dative is used with esse to denote the Owner; also with the participle in dus to denote the Agent.

18. Most verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, super, take the dative.

19. Verbs of giving, telling, sending, and the like

sometimes of

comparing and taking away- take the accusative and dative 20. The dative is used to denote the Purpose or End; often with another dative of the person or thing affected.

21. The ACCUSATIVE is the case of the Direct Object.

22. The Subject of the Infinitive mood is in the accusative.

23. Duration of time and extent of space are in the accusative. 24. The accusative is used adverbially, or for specification.

25. Verbs of asking and teaching take two accusatives.

26. The ABLATIVE is used of cause, manner, means, instrument, quality, specification, and price.

27. The Voluntary Agent after a passive verb is in the ablative

with ab.

- also opus

28. Words denoting separation, and plenty or want, and usus, signifying need, govern the ablative. 29. Participles denoting birth or origin take the ablative. 30. The adjectives dignus, indignus, with many verbals, as contentus, laetus, praeditus, take the ablative."

31. The deponents ūtor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds, take the ablative.

32. The comparative degree may be followed by the ablative. 33. Degree of difference is put in the ablative.

34. Time at or within which is put in the ablative.

35. A subject and predicate in the ablative are used to define the time or circumstances of an action (Ablative Absolute). 36. The name of the town WHERE is in form like the genitive of singular names in us, a, um, otherwise dative or ablative; of that WHITHER in the accusative, and WHENCE in the ablative. 37. With other words (including names of countries) Prepositions must be used to denote where, whither, or whence.

38. The INFINITIVE is used like a neuter noun, as the Subject or Object, or to complete the action of a verb.

39. The Infinitive is used, with subject-accusative, after expressions of knowing, thinking, telling, or perceiving.

40. The Infinitive is often used for the tenses of the indicative in narration (Historical Infinitive).

41. The GERUND, governing the case of its verb, or the Gerundive

in agreement with a noun, is construed as a verbal noun.

42. The SUPINE in um is used after verbs of motion, to express the purpose of the motion; the Supine in ū with adjectives.

43. The SUBJUNCTIVE is used independently to denote a wish, command, or concession, also in doubtful questions.

44. Relatives or Conjunctions implying purpose or result-also of relative time or characteristic - require the Subjunctive.

45. Indirect Questions take a verb in the Subjunctive.

46. The Subjunctive present and perfect are used in future conditions; the imperfect and pluperfect, in those contrary to fact. 47. Dependent clauses in Indirect Discourse, or in a subjunctive construction, take the Subjunctive.

48. In the sequence of Tenses, primary tenses are followed in the Subjunctive by primary, and secondary by secondary.

For the government of PREPOSITIONS, see page 41.
For the general meaning and use of CASES, see page 3.
For the rules of SUBJECT and PREDICATE, see Lesson 6.

1. 1. Clusinum: Clusium was an Etruscan town, about eighty miles north of Rome; according to Pliny, the seat of a magnificent court of Porsena.

4. res Clusina, the state of Clusium.

before magnum.

5. suosmet, their own: - met is emphatic. 6. receptis

Understand adeo

acciperet, the kings being taken back, &c., i. e.

should take back the kings and accept peace even with slavery.

8. data for data sunt. The omission of esse is very common adeo . . . ut . . . horrerent: observe the relation of

in Livy.

these words.

Io. nec quisquam

II. bene imperando by good government.

2. Tiberi objecto, the Tiber being cast in their way = by the interposition of the Tiber: observe the force of ob (p. 45).

3. pons sublicius, built, it was said, by Ancus Martius.

5. cum... vidisset, when he saw the Janiculum taken by sudden assault, &c. The Janiculum was a hill on the further side of the Tiber, on which the Romans had a fort.

7. turbam relinquere, depending still on vidisset.

8. deum, the contracted gen. plur. for deorum, very commonly used in such phrases as this.

10. eos fugere. The passage in italics is in what is called indirect discourse (see pp. 112, 113). In direct discourse, we should change to the second person: In vain you desert your post and flee, (lit."that they fled, the defence being in vain deserted ").

10. plus hostium, we should expect the plural: it may be rendered a greater force; plus is subject of fore, there will be.

12. monere, etc., these infinitives have for their subject se understood. Changing to first person : "I warn you," &c.

16. ipso, etc., by the very marvel of his bravery.

3. tumultuosissimum pugnae the stormiest onset.

4. exiguā. . . relictā, while a little part of the bridge was still left (a little part being left ").

(p. 152). 4. alius. . . circumspectant, one looks to another to begin the battle.

4. I. quae cum cuncta, when all of these (see Note, p. 131). – objecto, held out before him.