afflictus, dicat, sibi ipsi imus, imus præcipites, et infelix palleat intus ob id quod proxima uxor nesciat.-Siculi ara juvenci: the brazen bull of Phalaris.-By Metonymy for the men enclosed in the bull by way of punishment.

40. Ensis: the sword of the tyrant Dionysius.

41. Purpureas subtèr cervices: i. e. supra Damoclis, purpurâ regia induti, cervicem.-Imus ... dicat: the meaning is, that when he sees himself overwhelmed with guilt, desperate with vice, he gives up all for lost.

42. Intus palleat: 'is filled with internal dread :'-' is stung by conscience.'

43. Quod: having for its antecedent id understood; or, without supplying this word, it may be taken in the sense of quamvis.

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44. Oculos tangebam olivo: i. e. that my eyes might seem weak, that I might be kept by my parents from my studies. 46. Non sano: 'not in his senses,' when he praised such puerile themes.

47. Sudans: 'anxious' about my success.

48. Dexter senio ferret: the lucky dice (the highest number on the die) would add to my winnings.'

50. Angusta... orca: the play of pitching nuts into a jar with a narrow neck: those which they pitched in were their own, and those which missed the mouth of the jar they lost.

51. Buxum: 'a top,' which was made of the buxus, or boxtree.

52. Haud... mores: i. e. when I did these things I was a mere child, but you, who are older, and know by experience the difference between right and wrong, ought not to invent excuses to avoid your studies.-Curvos: i. e. pravos.

53. Quæque... polentâ : i. e. the doctrines of the Stoic philosophers. The Stoics were called from stou, a portico in Athens, on the walls of which were painted (illita) the battles of the Medes and Persians with the Athenians; here they used to meet and dispute.-Braccatis: the bracca were a kind of loose trowsers worn by the Medes.-Sapiens porticus: put by Metonymy for the philosophers who met in the portico.

54. Insomnis... invigilat: the young men, who follow the strict discipline of the Stoics, and allow themselves but little sleep, watching over their studies night and day

55. Siliquis: used here for any kind of pulse, or for the simplest fare.--Polenta: a pudding, made of barley meal and water used for the simplest food.

56. Littera: the letter Y; the two branches of which were used by Pythagoras of Samos (hence Samios ramos) to show the two different paths of virtue and vice. The right hand path is narrow and difficult, leading to virtue; the left, broad and easy of ascent, leading to vice.

58. Laxum: the muscles, which support the head, are relaxea in sleep.

59. Oscitat hesternum: yawn forth yesterday's debauch.' Lissutis... malis: i. e. aperto rictu.

61. An passim... lutoque: i. e. or have you no fixed purpose in view?

62. Securus: 'careless.'

63. Helleborum: hellebore was administered in dropsical cases. -It is here used for any antidote, and the dropsy for any dangerous disease.

65. Cratero: the physician of Augustus, used here for any skilful physician.

67. Quidnam victuri gignimur: this can be taken in two senses; how short a time we shall live;-or, to what end we are born.-Ordo quis datus: i. e. in what rank of life we are placed.

68. Meta... flexus: a metaphor applied to the end of life, which the poet calls metæ, taken from chariot racing, in which t was important to know how to turn round the goal, so as to Avoid touching it too nearly. Merely to touch it with the inward wheel of the car, was the mark of a skilful driver.-Metæ mollis flexus: i. e. mors lenis.—Unde: sc. mollis flexus sit.

69. Quis.

...

argento: i. e. what limit we should fix to the acquisition of wealth.-Asper nummus: coin fresh from the mint, with the figures standing out.

72. Humanâ in re: 'in human life.'

73. Nec invideas ... penu: the sense is, envy not the rich lawyer, who receives from his client so many jars of provisions, that they become stale before he can use them.

74. In locuplete penu: 'in the store-house of a rich lawyer.'— Pinguibus: i. e. divitibus.

75. Monumenta: i. e. dona pro defensione.

79. Arcesilas: an Eolian philosopher, who came to Athens. -Solones: philosophers, like Solon, the lawgiver of Athens. 80. Figentes lumine terram: by hypallage for figentes lumina in

terram.

85. Hoc est, quod (sc propter) palles: spoken in derision by the centurion.

:

86. His sc. in philosophos dictis.-Populus: the people, who are supposed to be present, hearing the sneers of the centurion. -Ridet: for arridet; by laughing, express their approbation.— Multùm qualifies ingeminat.

87. Crispante: i. e. in rugas tracto;-in laughter the nose is drawn up in wrinkles.

...

88. Inspice. Quirites: the philosopher, in answer to the ridicule of the centurion, relates a story of a sick man, who, refusing to obey the commands of his physician, perished.

89. Gravis: 'fœtid.'

90. Qui: sc. ægrotus.-Postquam rogavit: i. e. finding the symptoms gone, after observing for three days the directions

of his physician, he forgets his danger and takes to his former habits.

92. De majore... rogavit: the construction is, rogavit sibi loturo lenia Surrentina lagenâ modicè sitiente de majore domo.— Loturo: bathing, after much eating and drinking, was considered unhealthy.

94. Heus... palles: the words of a friend, warning the sick man to beware, and not of the physician (as most understand it), as appears by the answer.

95. Surgit... pellis: 'a pale hue is gradually spreading over you.'

96. At tu...restas: the angry reply of the sick man.

98. Albo when the liver or spleen is distempered, as in the dropsy, the body assumes a white or pallid appearance.

100. Calidum triental: a cup of warm wine.'

101. Dentes... retecti: i. e. his lips are drawn asunder and disclose his teeth, which gnash, as is the case in convulsion fits. 103. Hinc: then.'-Tuba, candela: the funerals of the rich were attended with trumpets and lights; the poor had only tibiæ, small pipes, which were played upon, on this occasion.

104. Crassis ... amomis: dead bodies were anointed with rich perfumed ointments, of which the amomum, an aromatic shrub of Armenia, furnished the principal ingredient.

106. Hesterni Quirites: Romans of yesterday; who had recently received freedom from slavery.-Capite induto: slaves, who received their freedom, had their heads shaved and assumed the pileus, which was the mark of their freedom.

107. Tange...frigent: the reply of the centurion.

109. Visa... salit: i. e. you are sound in body, says the philosopher, but are you equally so in mind?

110. Molle for molliter.

111. Positum... farina: i. e. what would you think of a dish of hard, half-boiled cabbage, and coarse bread, such as is used by the common people?-Populi... farina: meal (by Metonymy bread) shaken through the sieve of the people, i. e. of the poorer sort, who used coarse sieves to let more of the bran through.

113. Tentemus fauces: to see if they can chew such miserable food.

:

114. Betâ: some coarse herb, used here for any mean food. 115. Alges in this and the next line reference is made to verses 108, 109.-Excussit: for erexit.-Aristas: a metaphor from bearded corn, to express the hair erect through horror.

116. Face suppositâ: i. e. datâ aliquâ occasione, quæ iram accendere possit.

SATIRE IV.

1. Rem... tractas: i. e. do you take upon yourself the management of state affairs?-Barbatum... cicuta: i. e. Socrates. 3. Quo fretus: öтw tιotεvwv of Plato.-Pericli: contracted gen. of Pericleus, ei,-î; the father of Alcibiades left him under the care and guardianship of Pericles.

5. Ante pilos: ante barbam.

6. Bile: anger.'

7. Fert animus: 'you desire.'-Calida: 'excited.'

8. Majestate manus: by waving your hand.'-Quirites hoc putà... illud: the supposed words of Alcibiades, i. e. young Nero, addressing the people.

13. Theta: an old commentator upon Persius says, The judges were accustomed to put this letter before the names of those whom they condemned to death, Javaros.

14. Summá... decorus : i. e. qui nequicquam externâ specie decorâ es-or nequicquam honestatem simulas.

15. Ante diem: similar to ante pilos in verse 5.

16. Anticyras meracas: i. e. helleborum merum; Anticyra (the name of the place where it grew) is often used for hellebore, which was usually given in cases of madness.-Melior sorbere : i. e. dignior, qui sorbeas.

17. Quæ... est: 'what do you consider the summum bonum, the chief good ?'—Unctâ patellâ: i. e. cibis delicatissimis.—Et ... sole: this alludes to the custom of anointing their bodies with oil and exposing themselves to the sun, to imbibe the oil, that their bodies might appear smooth and delicate.

19. Exspecta... anus: i. e. ask that old woman what she esteems the summum bonum,-her answer would not be unlike yours you therefore differ in no respect from her, miserable and low as she is.-I nunc ... sum: 'go now and boast, &c.'-Dinomaches: Dinomache was the mother of Alcibiades.-Suffla: sc. buccas; i. e. say in a boasting manner.

22. Quum bene... verna: this line is explained in several ways: one is, since ragged Baucis is as wise as you respecting the chief good, when she has well cried herbs to a slovenly slaveocima being put for all sorts of herbs, which were cried and sold by old women about the streets of Rome.

Koenig says it cannot be known for a certainty what herb ocimum means, much less what the signification of ocima cantare is. He, however, as Pliny had said respecting the herb ocimum, "Venerem stimulat," &c. thinks ocima cantare may be put for ea cantare, quæ venerem seu libidinem stimulant, or more simply for libidinem excitare. He would then consider the sense of the whole passage to be, Dum ne deteriùs, i. e. dummodo æquè bene sapiat pannucca Baucis, quando vernæ dissoluto, ubi ejus libidinem

excitârit, blanditur, ac tu, quando popello in adulationem prono pulchritudine tui corporis moto orationis lenocinio velificaris.

et

23. In sese descendere: to inquire into his own character,''to examine himself.'

24. Sed... tergo: alluding to the well known fable of Phadrus, IV, 9.-Præcedenti: for præcedentis.

25. Quæsieris: i. e. si quærat fortè aliquis.—Cujus : 'whose, do you say, as if he did not know who was meant.

26. Dives arat: as if it was divitis illius, qui arat.—Curibus . i. e. in agro Curensi seu Sabino.

27. Hunc ... sinistro: sc. natum.

28. Qui...figit: alluding to the Competalia, feasts instituted in honor of the Lares, at which the rustics hung up the yokes of oxen in little open temples, erected for the purpose at the cross

ways.

32. Pannosam facem: the mothery dregs.'-Morientis : i. e. vapidi.

33. Inque... sagittis: 'and in turn expose ourselves to the attacks of others;' a metaphor from soldiers, whose bodies are protected by shields from attack, while their legs are left unpro tected.

34. Sic novimus: thus we have learned to live.'

35. Cæcum: i. e. which your adversary does not perceive. A metaphor taken from the custom of gladiators, who, that the courage of their adversaries might not be increased, endeavored to conceal the wounds, which they might have received, by covering them with the broad belts which they wore.

36. Decipe nervos: i. e. pretend you are without wounds. 37. Egregium... credam: the words of Alcibiades (Nero). 39. Si... flagellas: many interpretations have been given of this passage: one is that it alludes to the nightly frolics of Nero, who in disguise was accustomed to go about the city, knocking down and abusing all he met.-When lightning fell in any place, the Romans covered the place over like a public well, and such a place was called puteal: there was one near the forum, which was probably the scene of many of Nero's frolics.-The word cautus is used, as Nero always had soldiers at hand to assist him, if any resistance were offered.

40. Bibulas: i. e. laudis cupidas.

41. Respue quod non es: i. e. lay aside the feigned character, which does not belong to you :-lay no claim to praises, which are not your due.-Tollat sua munera: i. e. abeat cum suis laudibus.

42. Tecum habita: retire into thyself-examine your true character.-Et... supellex: i. e. and you will discover how little there is in you, which really deserves praise.