this class belongs also the well-known AFYTO, properly ȧFró, in the Delian inscription. Now as loos, ovλai, yupos, have come from Fiofos, Fai, yupfos, so similar long vowels and diphthongs appear to be of similar origin, as ουλαμός, ὀρούω from ὀρόδω, τιμή from τίξω, τιμή. So όμιλος, πέδιλον, πίδαξ, φῦλον, ψύχω, ψυχή, πτύω.

3. The digamma stands also between vowels: avarus, äaros (aFaros) dros; Achivi, 'AxaFoi; avum, aiFúv; avernus, &Fopvos; Argivi, ApyeiFor; bos bovis, Bófs BoFós; Davus, AaFós, according to Priscian; Bios compare vivus; Biów, vivo; clavis, Kλaís; divus, δῖος ; levis, λεῖος (λέος); Ιαυο, λούω (λόξω); Μavors, Mars, μάζω; novus, véƑos; IIIFN, bibo; rivus, póƑos; probus, πроús, Æol. πραFús. Add rafús, AaFós (Villois. Proleg. Hom. II. p. iv.); dáƑiov Alcman (καὶ χεῖμα πῦρ τε δάξιον Priscian. p. 547.) : EFΑΟΙΟΙΣ in the Elean inscription, AIFI on the Olympic helmet, and ΣIΓΕΥΕΥΣΙ, i. e. ΣΙΓΕΓΕΥΣΙ, in the Sigean inscription.

4. To this head belong in Hesychius Αιβετός, ἀετός, (Περγαῖοι). — Αβηδόνα, ἀηδόνα.—Ακροβᾶσθαι, ὑπακούειν. — Ἔβασον, ἔασον, (Zupakovσio), thus ẻáw, ¿Fáw, éßáw, compare what Gregor. Corinth. quotes as Doric τὸ ἔα εὔα, τὸ ἔασον εὔασον.-Δαβελός, δαλός, (Λάκωνες).—Θαβακόν, θακόν, thus θα ακόν, θαβακόν, θαακόν, θακόν. From the Pamphylian dialect, in Eustath. ad Hom. Od. p. 1654. φάβος, βαβέλιος, δρούβω, or, since ou arises from the change of the digamma, more properly opóßw.-To this head appertains also what Priscian says p. 547. and more fully at p. 710, viz. that the Æolians placed the digamma between two vowels; "this is proved," he says, "by very ancient inscriptions, written in the oldest characters, which I have seen on many tripods." He cites, p. 547, AnμopáFor, which, at p. 710, he calls AnpopóFor, and, at p. 547, Λαδοκάρων, which, at p. 710, becomes Λαοκόρων. Δημοφάδων, AaFokáFwv are right; the other forms in -ówv must have arisen, after the neglect of the digamma, from the contraction of -άwv to -wy, and the insertion of o.

From all this it seems already clear that, in the old language, the digamma appeared very commonly in words between the open vowels.

5. It has already been stated that, before a vowel, the digamma often passed into u, in Greek into v. Priscian quotes from Latin the nunc mare nunc silüæ of Horace, and the zonam solüit diu ligatam of Catullus. As aves gives auceps and auğur, faveo fautor, and lavo lautus, so from aïw, i. e. åƑíw, came avio, and with the insertion of d, avdio, audio, from yaiw, i. e. yafiw, came gavio (hence gavisus), and gaudeo, gaudium. The Etym. Mag. has Eolic avws, hús; Hesychius has avws, uépa; Eustathius, p. 548, has αὔρηκτος for ἄῤῥηκτος from ἄρηκτος infractus; and Heracleides has as #olic δαυλός, δαλός (Spartan δαβελός), so that it was δαξελός, δαβελός, δαυλός, δαλός. Observe also ἰαύχεν, άχεν, (in German jauchen, jauchzen).

X.

Of the digamma in the middle of words in Homer.

1. The digamma appears connected with a consonant, in Homer, in μέμβλετο, μέμβλωκε, παρμέμβλωκε. The verb was μέλω, μέβλω, as, in Hesychius, we find ßeßλew μéλλew (or, as it should be written, μέλειν). Thus μέλομαι, μεμέβλετο, μέμβλετο, aud so forth. So we may explain ἄδδην, ἀδδηκότες, ἔδδεισεν, ὑποδδείσαντες, as haying been ἄδρην, ἀδηκότες, ἔδεισεν, ὑποδείσαντες, compared with ἶσος, ἄμμορος, ἄῤῥηκτος, from ἴστος, ἄμπορος, ἄΓρηκτος, compared also with duellum, which was dvellum, dbellum, and hence bellum (perhaps connected with dueλλa), as Duillius, Duellius, were called likewise Billius, Bellius. "A&Fŋv is found also as adŋy, without the digamma; and thus it augments the list of words, which retain, or drop this letter according to the demands of metre.

2. We may conclude, from preceding remarks, that the digamma appeared also between open vowels, in Homeric Greek. 'Atw, åïoow, öïs, kλŋïs, 'Apýjïov, &c. since they are never found contracted into αἴω, ᾄσσω, οἷς, κλῇς, 'Αρῇον, were evidently pronounced ἀξίω, ἀξίσσω, ὄξις, κληθίς, 'Αρήδιον, as ἀέκων, ἄεργος, &c. were ἀδέκων, ἄΓεργος, &c. Thus likewise θαλακός, θαράσσειν, ἔξασον, ἄεθλον, ἀFεί (αἰεί), ἀFείδω, ἀξείρω, ἀξέστιος (not ἀνέστιος), 'Αξίδης, ἀξίδηλος, ἀλοξά, (ἀλωά), ἀολλής, ἀόλξ (ὦλξ), ἄξορ, ἀορτήρ, ἄFos (αὖος), Γαλέος (αναλέος), ἀκτή αϋτή), ατμή (αϋτμή) German ath men, yepaFós (yepaιós) or ypaƑós German grau, anciently grav, δαξήρ, δάξω (δαίω), δήξιος, ἐξανός, κραδαίνω κραιαίνω), from KPA, ΚΡΑΩ, ΚΡΑΤΩ, German, kraf-t, λαβάς (λᾶας), λάδιγξ, Λαέρτης, Xéfov (German Leu, anciently Lev, whence Lowe), ofas (ous) gen. ὄματος (οὔατος), ὀξίω, πνέξω (πνείω), φανεννός (φαεινός), χέρω, χράξω, XpéFos, together with all substantives and verbs of the same kind having a vowel before the final vowel. In case of contraction the digamma disappears, thus 'Ατρείδαο, 'Ατρείδαο, 'Ατρείδεω.

3. The Homeric language is full of traces of the digamma changed into v. It appears in the termination evs, as Bariλeus, Οδυσσεύς, Ατρεύς, Αχιλλεύς, Τυδεύς, words of which the roots βασιλεύς, are seen more clearly in the Latin forms Ulysses, Achilles, and are perfectly revealed in the forms AXLE, TVTE, ATPE, on old Italian works of art. But like BaoiλéƑs, so must there have been βασιλῆθος, βασιλέξω (βασιλεύω), βασιληίς, (τιμῆς βασιληΐδος, II. Z. 193.) BaoiλiFios (yévos Bariλnior), Od. II. 401. The digamma remained in the vocative Baσideu, not to leave the root open and ending in the feeble e, and in the dat. plur. Baotλevot, combined with σ, as in the nominative singular.

4. In like manner, the digamma remained in future and aorist tenses, supported by σ, though it disappeared where it stood unsupported between vowels; since éμπνevon, Il. T. 159, &c. Oeúσεαι, Il. Ψ. 623. θεύσεσθαι, ΙΙ. Λ. 700. κλαύσομαι, ΙΙ. Χ. 87. κλαϋ

σε, Od. Ω. 292. πλεύσεσθαι, Od. M. 25. χραύσῃ, II. Ε. 138. demonstrate that their verbs, θέω, κλάω, πνέω, χράω, were once θέλω, kλáfw, пvéƑw, xpáƑw (German graben); and, further, the parts and derivatives of ἀλεείνω, κάω, κλέω, ῥέω, χέω, as ἀλεύασθαι, καῦ μα, κλυτός, ῥυτός, χυτός, point to ἀλέξω, κάτω, κλέξω, properly to make a noise, so the German kleffen, applied to dogs-as the German gaffen, Eng. gape, may be compared with xáFw (xáw, χαίνω), &c. .

5. In some verbs, the digamma is either retained or dropped in the present, as δέω or δεύω, or is not at all thrown away, as βασιλεύω, ἱερεύω. In some the o is suppressed instead of it, as χεύω (not χεύσω), Od. B. 222. and so χεῦον, Od. B. 544. χευάντων, Od. Δ. 214. χεῦαν, χεῦαι, &c.

6. In the aorist of aλeeive from ảλéfw, the digamma not only suppresses σ, ἄλευα, ἄλεναι, ἀλεύασθαι, &c. but it is also lost itself, as in ἀλέασθαι, 11. Ν. 436. and so ἀλέασθε, ἀλέαιτο, in other places, which were undoubtedly ἀλέξασθαι, ἀλέξαιτο. Exactly_in the same manner we find εὔκηλος and the common ἕκηλος, εὔαδεν instead of ἔαδεν, αὐΐαχος, ἀϋσταλέος, and the strange form ανέρνσαν, which may be explained ἀἱέρυσαν, viz. Γέρυσαν with the intensive a prefixed. From all this, and the preceding remarks, it seems evident that the diphthongs av, ev, arose from the attenuation of af and F.

I

XI.

History of the digamma in Homeric criticism.

1. Bentley was the first who clearly recognised the traces of the digamma in the Homeric poems, and the necessity of attending to it in the treatment of the Homeric text. On the margin of Stephanus's edition of Homer in Poet. principp. Her. he marked the lections of several manuscripts, prefixed the digamma to the proper words, and endeavored to alter the adverse passages according to its demands, often improving on himself, as he proceeded, and amassing or examining a great variety of matter. From these notes he drew up a full and elaborate treatise, in which he goes through the digammated words in alphabetical order, and overthrows all apparent objections to his doctrine. The notes alluded to (called the codex Bentleianus) were sent to Heyne, but not the treatise, and thus the dispersed observations, and somewhat crude views of the great critic have become known, but the larger work remains, still unpublished, in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, where it was shown to me, in manuscript, together with the above-mentioned codex, in the year 1815.2

1 See Heyne Obss. ad Il. A. 459.—D. K. S.

* The treatise here referred to, as I am informed by Professor Scholefield, hardly

2. After the labors of Dawes1 and of Payne Knight2 on the subject of the digamma, this letter found in Heyne3 an eminent protector, who, after his fashion, gave many useful hints, but wavered in his observations, and brought the question to no decision. Both on this account, and because, following the example of his predecessors, he was too prone to change, or to throw suspicion on every passage that seemed to oppose the digamma, and thus to mangle the works of Homer, he gave ample grounds for contradiction, and even severe censure. Soon after the outbreaking of this literary war Hermann3 took the field, dividing the truth from error with singular sagacity, and endeavoring with great pains to destroy the arguments against the reception of the digamma into the Homeric poems, but, at the same time, to prescribe proper limits to its use in Homeric criticism. The neglect of the digamma, in solitary instances, he admitted as a proof of the later origin of those passages, in which such instances occurred. The doctrine immediately acquired fresh partisans in Germany, as, for example, Buttmanu in his Greek Grammar, and Boeckh.o Recently a new opponent to the digamma has appeared in the person of Spitzner, who, however, without combating the other proofs of its existence, rests his hostility to the letter on this single circumstance --that hiatus cannot be, by its aid, entirely removed from the poetry of Homer; expellas furcâ, tamen usque recurrit.

CANONS AND REMARKS

In the Hippolytus and Alcestis of PROFESSOR MONK.

1. Kéxλnuaι is frequently used by the tragic [and other] writers in the sense of siui. Hipp. 2.

2. Πρεσβεύω sometimes signifies προτιμάω, to honor or respect. So Choëph. 486. Tóvde πgeoßeúow Tápov. Hipp. 5.

answers to the description given by Thiersch-" full and elaborate." The document consists of, 1. an alphabetical list of digammated words; and, 2. notes on the first five books of the Iliad. Professor Scholefield has, however, no doubt that, if published, these Bentleian papers would be considered of value, and gives some hopes of their publication.—D. K. S.

In the Misc. Critica.

* Iu his Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet, and his edition of the Homeric poems.

In his ed. of the Iliad, and, particularly, the three Excursus at Il. T. 384. vol. vii. pp. 708-772.

See the review of his Homer in the Allg. Lit. 1803. p. 285.

In a review of Heyne's Homer in the Leips. Lit. 1803. July.

See Boeckh on the versification of Pindar, Berlin 1809; and, in his edition

of Pindar, de metris Pindaricis, cap. xvii.

3. Θησέως παῖς, ̓Αμάζονος τόκος: this pleonasm, where in prose we should have said, Θησέως καὶ ̓Αμάζονος παῖς οι τόκος, See Dr. Blomfield's note P. V. 140.

is not uncommon.

Hipp. 10.

4. Παίδευμα, as also λόχευμα, μίσημα, and other words of the same class, are used for persons. Moreover, the plural form Taideúμaтa denotes only one individual, sc. Hippolytus, as in Soph. Philoct. 86. Texvýpara of one cup, Hec. 269. #goσpáуπροσφάγ para of one victim. Hipp. 11.

5. Πάλαι προκόψασ', οὐ πόνου πολλοῦ με δεῖ. Προκόψασ' is here a nominativus pendens; of which soloecism, or archaism, instauces occur in Esch. Suppl. 455. Choëph. 518. P. V. 209. E. C. 1120. Phoen. 290. See Kuster. Aristoph. Plut. 277. and Gregor. Corinth. p. 33. Hipp. 23.

6. Пgoxonτw signifies to advance; and is taken metaphorically from those who cut down wood and other obstacles in a road. Hipp. 23.

7. The future of aivéw is divýow in Homer, and aivéow in the Tragic writers. Hipp. 37.

8. "Αρτεμιν τιμῶν θεαν] Νοι θεον, as Aldus edited and Valckenaer preferred: beds occurs frequently in the Tragic writers in the sense of a goddess, but never when joined with the name of the goddess, as here. Hipp. 55.

9. Atów sometimes occurs in the sense of audeo, to dare, as in Heracl. 950. Pers. 335, and elsewhere. Hipp. 74.

10. "OσTIs in the singular is frequently followed by and referred to a plural. See Antig. 718. 720. Androm. 180. Ran. 714. Hec. 359, 360. II. г. 279. Hipp. 78.

11. Oavμála signifies to pay homage to, or honor. Hipp.

105.

12. Пoλλà xaigen páras denotes, to bid good bye to, to quit, to reject, to discard. See Agam. 583. Acharn. 200. Hipp. 112.

13. Zvyyváμnv xew signifies, (1) to grant pardon, and (2) to receive pardon or excuse. The former sense is the more frequent. (1) See Eur. Suppl. 252. Orest. 653. Soph. Electr. 400. (2) Phoen. 1009. Soph. Trach. 328. Hipp. 116.

14. The penult of papos is generally short in the Tragic writers, but always long in Homer. Eschylus has it long, Choëph. 9. Papea is a dactyl in Iph. T. 1157. and Orest. 1434. Hipp. 125.

15. ̓Απλακεῖν, ἀπλακία, and ἁπλάκημα, should be always written in tragic verse without μ, as is manifest from the fact,