possession of the image was counted a sufficient pledge of the help of Minerva and the safety of Rome.

141. quot pascit servos ?] The slaves in some households at this time, if the statements on record are to be believed, were counted by thousands. There must have been many masters who had slaves by hundreds in their 'familia urbana' and 'rustica' together. Pliny complains of the extent of the lands held by single owners, and says it is ruining the cultivation of Italy, and that the same mischief was extending to the provinces. Possidet' means the owner, as in i. 108. 142. paropside] This is one of the many names the Romans had for their dishes, borrowed from the Greek.

143. Quantum quisque sua] So the world says, according to Horace, "tanti quantum habeas sis" (S. i. 1. 62). We say that a man is 'worth' what he owns.

144. Jures licet et Samothracum] The most secret mysteries known to the ancients were connected with the worship of the Cabiri, deities of whose nature little is known. They were worshipped in more than one island of the Aegaean, but in none so solemnly as in Samothrace, which lies in the north part of that sea.

147. calceus] This was a walking shoe, and all these remarks bear on the appearance of the poor man out of doors, where he is obliged to show his poverty among well-dressed upstarts who sneer at him.

154. de pulvino surgat equestri] The speaker is the 'designator.' He bids the poor man leave the seats of the equites, the fourteen front rows of the theatre, which had cushions and were reserved for that order by a law proposed by the tribune L. Roscius Otho. Any one who had the equestrian census of 400,000 sesterces might take his place there. Here might come then the pander or the fat auctioneer, or the gladiator and the trainer. The senators sat in the orchestra. This law of Otho's fell into disuse, but it was revived by Domitian. 'Praecones' were criers of various sorts. The 'pinnirapus' was one of the many sorts of gladiators. He may be supposed to have been so called because it was his business to snatch a feather from the head of his adversary. 'Lanistae' were the persons who trained the gladiators in their 'ludi,' training-schools, either on their own account to let them out, or for private persons. Vano' means 'idle.'

160. censu minor] Less than the equestrian above mentioned, or it may be taken generally for a man of small means. 'Sarcinulis' may refer to the wife's fortune; or it may only mean such things as a woman required, or thought she required, after her marriage, and 'impar' means that the man's property was unequal to provide his wife with such things. 'Placuit' is aorist; see on verse 40.

162. Quando in consilio est Aedilibus?] The Aediles were at this time and had been for many years the lowest of the magistrates. In consilio' is equivalent to 'assessor,' and that means a legal adviser to a magistrate, such as our own magistrates have. The assessor to an Aedile need be but a humble person, but even to this a poor man was not eligible, according to this speaker.

163. Debuerant olim] Debuerant olim migrasse' means 'it is long

since they owed it (to themselves) to emigrate.' See A. 60, 2, c and Rem.; H. 512, 2, 1; A. & S. 259, R. 3, and (b); M. 348, c, obs.; B. 1274. He means to say that the poor ought not to have waited at Rome to be brought to this contemptible condition, but long ago to have migrated in a body, as he and his family were doing.

164. Haud facile emergunt] "Slow rises worth by poverty depress'd," is Johnson's version, and he wrote from experience.

166. magno hospitium miserabile,] Hospitium' is here put for a lodging, 'coenaculum,' an upper story room, such as those in which most poor men lived. Even for such a miserable lodging the speaker says they had to pay a high rent, and they could not do without a certain number of slaves, whose bellies must be filled, and their frugal family meal cost a good deal. The customary number of slaves in every household had grown enormously even since the days of Horace.

168. Fictilibus coenare pudet,] Men are ashamed to dine off earthenware, though they are not so when they leave Rome and suddenly find themselves in the country, with plain fare before them. This seems to be the meaning, and 'negavit,' the reading of all the MSS., will bear it, if understood in an aoristic sense. The Marsi were of Sabine origin, and all who were so were included under the name Sabelli.

170. veneto duroque cucullo.] Venetus' is 'sea-green.' 'Cucullus' was a hood attached to the 'lacerna,' Ruperti approves of 'culullus,' a sort of cup, as a substitute for 'cucullus,' because Umbricius is talking about dining.

171. si verum admittimus,] This is a sort of phrase like 'ne nobis blandiar' (verse 126). He says that no one wears the toga in a large part of Italy till he is dead, when the body of a free person was always clad in a toga such as accorded with his rank. In the country towns dress was still very simple; at Rome it was different.

174. tandemque redit ad pulpita] Tandem' means after a long interval. It happened rarely; that is, when the annual feast came round the same old well-known play came with it. Pulpitum' (λoyɛìov) was the front part of the stage, where the actors spoke. 'Exodia' were merry interludes, introduced after each of the Atellanae,' whence the name; though it is doubtful whether, as acted in these rustic theatres, the exodium' was strictly of the nature here described.

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175. personae pallentis hiatum] The masks used in these 'exodia' were of a grotesque kind, such as those used by the Greeks in the satyric drama. These masks had the mouth wide open, representing broad laughter or grinning.

178. Orchestram et populum:] The form of a Roman theatre was much like the Greek. The seats for the spectators formed a semicircle, and rose by steps from the floor; the semicircular portion of which between the seats and the stage was called the orchestra. Here the chorus performed their part in the Greek theatres; in the Roman theatre that space was occupied with seats for the magistrates and

foreign ambassadors. 'Clari velamen honoris,' the dress of a noble magistrate, is meant in a jocular way; for if the aediles at Rome were reduced so low, those of the country towns were small enough. But they were great in their own little sphere. Yet all alike wore tunics.

184. Quid das] What sums do you give the servants that you may have the privilege of attending sometimes the "salutatio " of Cossus? which was the cognomen of a branch of the Cornelia gens. Compare Horace, Sat. i. 9. 56.

185. Ut te respiciat] Fabricius Veiento was sent into banishment in the reign of Nero, but returned in Domitian's, and distinguished himself as an informer and a flatterer of the emperor. He also had the

favor of Nerva.

186. lile metit barbam,] When a youth first shaved it was a holiday, and the young down was sometimes offered to some god, with the long hair, worn in boyhood, but cut off when the 'toga virilis' was put on. This ceremony was observed by certain masters with their favorite slaves. Umbricius supposes such a case, and says the house was immediately full of cakes offered to the slave, as if he were a son of the family. 'Libis venalibus' means, as Britannicus says, cakes which the slave would sell to make money by, which money would go to increase his 'peculium.'

187. Accipe et istud Fermentum] Take this home to stir your bile.' The words are addressed by Umbricius to his friend; istud' being the fact that follows, of which what goes before is an illustration. The 'peculium' of a slave was the property he was able to acquire for himself by such means as his master might allow, and which would arise in various ways, direct and indirect. It was virtually his own, but strictly no slave could hold property. Slaves often accumulated large sums, purchased their freedom, and made themselves comfortable for life.

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190. gelida Praeneste ruinam,] Praeneste (Palestrina) was twentythree miles east of Rome, on the edge of the Apennines. Virgil and Horace, and all other writers, use Praeneste in the neuter gender; but in Aen. viii. 361 Virgil has "Praeneste sub ipsa," where, as here, it is feminine. Gabii is repeatedly mentioned by Horace as a deserted town. It lay on the Via Praenestina, midway between Rome and Praeneste. Juvenal here calls it 'simplices,' unsophisticated;' but this was compared with Rome. Volsinii, which retains its name under the form of Bolsena, was an important city of Etruria, situated at the foot of the hills above the lake that was called after it. It stood on the Via Cassia, seventy-two miles from Rome. Tibur (Tivoli), which was sixteen miles from Rome, on the banks of the Anio, is here called 'pronum,' and by Horace 'supinum,' because it was situated on the slope of a hill. 'Arx' was commonly used for a town so built, though the citadel was gone or had never existed, or for a hill on which no town was built at all.

193. tenui tibicine fultam] 'Tibicen' is a buttress. Festus says it is so called because it supports houses as the fluteplayer sustains the singer, which Forcellini quotes, or it would not be worth noticing.

194. sic labentibus obstat Villicus] Sic' is used dƐIKTIKOS, and means in this crazy way.' Villicus,' which properly signified the steward of a farm, was applied to the superintendent of any other works. Here it means the agent of the owner. Labentibus' means 'the falling inmates' or 'the falling walls.'

198. jam frivola transfert] Juvenal calls the man Ucalegon, having in mind Aeneas's description of the burning of Troy (Aen. ii. 310). 'Jam' is only introduced to make the scene more present. Poscit aquam,' 'cries Fire!' 'Tabulatum' is that which is laid down with boards, 'tabulae,' and so is used for a story of a house. Three stories were found in lodging-houses only; and the 'tertia tabulata' were the 'coenacula' referred to above (verse 166, n.). For tibi,' see A. 51, 7, d; H. 389; B. 838. Trepidare,' which means running to and fro, contains the root 'trep-' which appears in трέw.

203. Lectus erat Codro] He puts the case as if it was true. Procula was probably a well-known dwarf. For the case, see M. 308, obs. 1. 'Marmore' refers to the abacus.' The use of 'nec non simply for 'et' is later than Cicero. He uses the phrase only when 'non' is closely joined with some other word in the sentence.

206. Jamque vetus Graecos] He had some old Greek volumes in an old chest, which the mice were gnawing. The Opici, as the Greeks called them, or Osci, as the Romans, were among the earliest inhabitants of Italy, from whom appear to have been descended the Latini and other nations on the west coast of Italy to the southern extremity of Campania, the Sabellian raees of central Italy, and the Apulians and others on the eastern coast. Their name here is taken as synonymous with 'barbari,' which would be natural, as the only trace of that people to be found in Juvenal's time was in their language, as it appeared in the Atellane plays, which were unintelligible to the multitude.

208. quis enim] This is used like rís yáp; see Hadley's Greek Grammar, 870, b.

212. Si magna Asturici] This name appears in a great variety of shapes in the MSS. None of them are known names.

215. Ardet adhuc] Ardet,' as Heinrich observes, is used impersonally: While the flames are raging, already friends come bustling up.' Accurrit qui donet' is 'one runs up to give.' 'Nuda' implies that the statues were of Greek workmanship. There were two sculptors named Polycletus, of whom the more famous is conjectured to have been a native of Sicyon, and afterwards a citizen of Argos. He lived during the Peloponnesian war, and Euphranor at Athens about a century later.

218. Haec Asianorum] The MSS. vary here, and the verse seems corrupt. Some texts have the word 'Phaecasianorum,' which means 'wearing the shoe called phaecasia.' Whether haec' should be taken for the neuter plural or the feminine singular is doubted.

219. forulos mediamque Minervam,] Book-cases and a bust of Minerva.' A 'modius' was equal very nearly to two gallons.

220. meliora et plura reponit Persicus] He replaces his losses with

much better things than the fire has destroyed; people do the same thing now by defrauding the insurance companies. Tamquam' is very frequently used by Tacitus and other writers of this period after such verbs as suspicio,' to denote that of which one is suspected, etc., without implying any doubt as to the justice of the opinion. name is changed from Asturicus to Persicus; whether the same person is meant is immaterial.

The

223. Si potes avelli Circensibus,] The Ludi Circenses, or Magni, took place annually, and were of the highest antiquity, having been first celebrated by Romulus, as the tradition went, on the occasion of the rape of the Sabine women, under the name of Consualia. They consisted of horse, chariot, and foot races, sham fights, both land and water, wrestling, boxing, and fighting with beasts, as well as feats of horsemanship such as are witnessed in modern circuses. These were performed in the Circus Maximus, the vast building erected, according to tradition, by Tarquinius Priscus between the Aventine and l'alatine hills. The passion of the Romans for these exhibitions was very strong. Juvenal has many allusions to this. 'Avelli' is in the middle voice.

optima Sorae Aut Fabrateriae] Paratur' is opposed to 'conducis;' one is to buy,' the other to hire.' The three towns here mentioned were in Latium; Sora was on the Liris, and still retains its name; part of the walls also are still in existence. Fabrateria was a town also on the banks of the Liris, but about twelve miles lower down, by the junction of that river and the Trerus. Frusino was situated halfway between Fabrateria and Ferentinum, also on the Via Latina, and on the right bank of the Cosa, a tributary of the Trerus. Cicero had a farm there.

228. culti villicus horti,] As to villicus,' see above, verse 195. Here the man is his own gardener. Pythagoras, as is well known, forbade his disciples to eat animal food, on account of his belief in the transmigration of souls.

231. dominum fecisse lacertae.] This probably means as much ground as a lizard would run over, which, as they seldom go far, would not be much.

232. sed illum] This is a sort of parenthesis, and meant for another stroke at town living, where people eat all manner of food and go to bed with it undigested. Sed' is commonly so used. Compare M. 437, a. 'Nam' takes up the sentence from 'vigilando,' and explains the reason of that general assertion. 'Imperfectus' is undigested and indigestible. Ardenti stomacho' is a feverish stomach. Indigestion brings on the illness, and want of sleep kills the patient. 'Plurimus' does not strictly agree with 'aeger,' which is an adjective. It is used absolutely; many a man, being sick.' The last syllable in vigilando' is short by exception. M. 19, 4, obs. ; A. & S. 297, R. 2. 'Peperit' is aorist.

234. Nam quae meritoria] Meritoria' are lodgings, and here are equivalent to the 'coenacula' mentioned above (verse 166).

237. stantis convicia mandrae] This means the abuse heaped upon the