him at the gate under the Capitoline Hill. The wall then crossed the valley between the Capitoline and the Quirinal, on the slope of which was the Porta Fontinalis. It then followed the edge of the Quirinal to its most northern limit, near the Porta Collina; in this portion of the wall were two gates, the Porta Sanqualis, which derived its name from the temple of Sancus, which was near it, and the Porta Salutaris, so named from the temple of Salus, which Junius Rubulcus built here more than two hundred years after the time of Servius. At the Porta Collina, whence the road to Nomentum and the Sabine territory issued, the wall turned suddenly to the south-east, where it was continued in the shape of an enormous rampart, which was called the agger. Dionysius has given a description of this rampart. He says the ditch outside was more than a hundred feet broad at the narrowest part, and thirty feet deep, and that upon the edge of the ditch stood a wall, supported by the agger, of such massive strength, that it could not be shaken down by battering-rams, or breached by undermining the foundations. From the present remains we find it consisted of a facing of a stone wall of large square stones of tufa, which supported behind a great mound of earth. On the inner side of the agger a backing wall has been discovered. It is built of peperino, and has a sloping front. In front of this agger the fosse was discovered 10 metres and 80 centimetres deep, and 30 metres wide. Dionysius mentions the length of the agger as seven stadia, which, taking the stadium at 200 yards, nearly

corresponds with its present length, which is about 1,400 yards; the breadth was 100 feet. The final completion of the agger is ascribed to Tarquinius Superbus, who deepened the ditch, raised the wall, and added new towers about half way in the agger, near the Porta Viminalis. At the southern end of the agger was the Porta Esquilina. The line of the wall then continued almost directly south. In the valley between the Esquiline and the Cælian was the

Porta Querquetulana.

On the rise of the Cælian hill was the Porta Celimontana. Thence it circled the Cælian, till it reached the next gate, the Porta Capena, which was in that portion of the wall which crossed the valley between the Cælian and the Aventine. From this the wall doubtless followed the line of the slopes of the Aventine. Varro notices three gates in this portion of the circuit of the wallthe Nævia, the Randuscula, and the Lavernalis. But

nothing has been discovered to lead to their identification.

The wall continued along the slopes of the Aventine until it reached the gate which terminates the circuit of the wall, the Porta Trigemina. Its situation has been fixed at the north-west corner of the Aventine, near the river. Frontinus mentions the Porta Trigemina as being close to some salt stores; now these salt stores have been identified with a cave at the north-west angle of the Aventine.

Portions of the masonry of the wall of Servius Tullius have been traced nearly along the whole circuit. We may notice the following: (1) In front of the Caffarelli palace; in the corner of a courtyard. (2) On the left side of the ascent to the Capitol, where an inscription has been placed to record its discovery. (3) A portion of the wall is preserved in an enclosure on the Piazza, opposite S. Caterina da Siena, upon which an inscription has been placed terming it a part of the 'Wall of the Kings.' Near this, a gateway has been discovered in the Palazzo Antonelli, with an arch consisting of nine voussoirs of lapis albanus, or peperino. connection with a portion of a wall of tufa.

It is in

By some

this has been supposed to be the Porta Fontinalis, and to have belonged originally to the Servian wall. But Mr. Parker objects to this view, on the ground that the gate and wall are built upon concrete foundations, whereas the most ancient walls of Rome were always founded on the native rock. This opinion is also supported by the fact that the wall is

not more than three feet in thickness.

The earlier

walls are undoubtedly much more massive. On these grounds Mr. Burn thinks it more probable that we have in this gateway an imitation of the old method of construction in the erection of entrances to the Thermæ of Constantine. (4) In the Colonna gardens. (5) In the gardens of the Quirinal. (6) In the Via delle Quattro Fontane. The site is marked by an inscription between Nos. 15 and 16. (7) A portion was discovered in the Villa Spithöver, in January, 1882. It was destroyed on the 27th of the same month.* (8) The site of Porta Collina was under the present Ministero delle Finanze. The gate was discovered in excavating the foundations of the Ministero. It was seen by Signor Lanciani, who has been kind enough to give me a plan of it. (9) The front and back wall of the agger may be distinctly seen at the portion remaining near the Baths of Diocletian. A café is between the two. (10) The site of the Porta Viminalis has been discovered in the Servian wall near the railway station. (11) A large portion of the front wall of the agger has been laid bare near

* On Tuesday, the 24th of January, 1882, I went to see the recently discovered portion of the Servian wall in the Villa Spithöver, but thought it better not to make a sketch of it until more of the earth was removed. On Friday the 27th, when I went to make the sketch, I found one half of the wall had been destroyed, and the workmen in the act of breaking up the remaining portion. I got one of the workmen to bring to my hotel a portion of one of the stones, which bore a mason's mark. It is now in the room of the Archæological Society. Another portion of the wall was afterwards discovered near this: it is enclosed within a mass of brickwork, faced with opus reticulatum.

the railway station. It is built of large blocks of very friable tufa of a dirty creamy colour.† A number of the stones of this wall bear masons' marks; on one portion of the wall, in particular, a mark like our broad-arrow frequently appears. (12) Further remains of the wall have been found along the Esquiline Hill, in the Viale Principessa Margherita. (13) A fine example occurs in the Piazza Manfredo Fanti.

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Mason's Marks.

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And another (14) by the side of the Auditorium of Mæcenas. (15) The remains of a gate, the masonry of which is in the same style as the portion of the wall of Servius at the railway station, which was discovered under the church of S. Clemente, has been

† In front of this wall is a curious small turret, composed of alternate courses of tufa and travertine. It is about ten feet high, by nine feet broad. It is filled up halfway by a calcareous deposit, and is supposed to have been connected with an aqueduct.