identified by Mr. Parker with the Porta Querquetulana. (16) Under the east wall of the church the Quattro Incoronate, on the Cælian. (17) Under the Villa Mattei, now Hoffmann. (19) In the lower grounds of the convent of S. Gregorio, where the remains of Porta Capena were discovered by Mr. Parker in 1868. Its site has been by late excavations proved to have been immediately at the foot of the Cælian Hill. The first milestone on the Appian Way was found at exactly one mile from this spot, the distance from Rome being measured from the gates. The Marcian Aqueduct passed over this gate. It was allowed to fall into decay, and became leaky; hence it was termed by Juvenal 'madida Capena,' the dripping Capena. (20) A portion is also to be seen by the side of the Via di Porta S. Sebastiano. (21) In front of S. Balbina on the Aventine. (22) In the Vigna Cardoni, near the church of S. Saba. (23) In the Vigna Torlonia is one of the finest examples of the remains of this wall. It is in the regular horizontal style of masonry, built of rectangular blocks of tufa, many of the lower blocks of which are rusticated and sometimes bevelled. The blocks are most carefully fitted together. At present there remain 23 courses of this wall. In the upper part of the wall an arch has been inserted at a later period, but still of an earlier character; the arch is attributed to the time of Hannibal, when he rode up to the walls of Rome and threw his javelin over them in defiance. It is supposed to have served as an embrasure for a catapult. Behind it is a mass of concrete, on

which a catapult might very well have been fixed. (24) In the gardens below the church of S. Sabina, on the declivity of the Aventine overlooking the Tiber.

The style of masonry in which these walls were built was the regular horizontal (usually termed opus quadratum), and was composed of rectangular blocks of tufa (headers and stretchers) fitted together without cement, and retained in their places by their weight only. It bears an undoubted Etruscan character, being probably introduced by Tarquinius Priscus The earliest example of this style of masonry is the portion of wall on the north-west side of the Palatine Hill (wrongly called the 'Wall of Romulus'). In this the vertical joints in the courses frequently occur immediately over each other, so that an open fissure sometimes appears in the wall. This is most probably the wall built by Tarquinius Priscus, of which Dionysius speaks: Each stone,' he says, ' was a load for a cart, and squared by rule.' The second stage of this style of masonry is that which occurs in the wall of Servius. It is built of blocks of yellow tufa, from the Cælian, closely fitted together. The courses of the wall are of long and short stones; the long are generally about 4 feet long and 2 feet high; the short about 2 feet by 16 inches. Iron clamps were used to hold the stones together, which have rusted and fallen out, and left only the holes near the edges of the stones. The wall was 12 feet thick and 50 feet high. There were towers 12 feet long and 6 feet thick outside the wall, at a distance of about 100 feet

apart. Some of these can be seen at that part of the wall near the railway station. The whole circuit of the wall of Servius Tullius was about five miles and a half.

THE Palatine Hill was the cradle of Rome. Here the infant city grew, here was born that giant which extended its arms over the then known world. Here, from the humblest beginnings, from a tribe of shepherds and herdsmen, arose that people which ruled and governed not only all Italy, but also the rich and luxurious plains of Asia, the palatial cities of Egypt, the art-enriched towns of intellectual Greece, the savage nations of Gaul and Germany, even to the remotest shores of Britain.

All the incidents connected with the infancy, the maturity, and the decline of the imperial city are centred in this hill. From the records of history we can trace the gradual increase of the city from the time when Romulus had his hut on this hill to the latest imperial times.

According to tradition, we have two distinct stages in the early history of this hill. First, a city named Pallantium, and an arx, or hill fastness, founded by Evander. Secondly, a town called Roma, on the hill then named Palatine, from the god Pales, the god of shepherds, and which was encircled by

Romulus with a wall or earthen rampart, which included the town and arx.

In historic times, the history of the Palatine is the history of the great and leading men of Rome. Here, according to tradition, Romulus, the founder of the city, had his thatched hut; overlooking the Forum on the slope of the hill was the palace of Tarquinius Priscus, from the windows of which Tanaquil addressed the people after the assassination of Tarquinius by the sons of Ancus.

The Palatine Hill was essentially a patrician hill. Here was the chosen site of the mansions of the highest nobility. As Mr. Merivale says, it was the coveted resort of the highest aristocracy. Clodius, Crassus, Scaurus, Cicero, had their houses on this hill.

The price Claudius paid for his house-14,800,000 sesterces = £130,000-Pliny looked upon as no less astonishing than the monstrous follies that have been displayed by kings. The patrician mansion of Æmilius Scaurus stood at the north-eastern angle of the hill. It was famous for the size and splendour of its columns, of the costly marble afterwards distinguished by the name of Lucullan, from Lucullus, who first introduced it into Rome. They were placed in the atrium of the house and were thirty-eight feet high. This marble was entirely black, and came from the island of Melos. On this same hill was the house of the orator Crassus, who was the first to introduce columns of foreign marble in the decoration of his house. They were of Hymettian marble, six in number, and about twelve feet high. This house