intolerabilius nihil est quam femina dives.

si natura negat, facit indignatio versum.'

Juvenal, indeed, never appears to such good advantage as when taken in quotations, and no other Latin author has produced so many expressions which are still in common use.".

FORMS AND VOCABULARY 3

38. Case endings. In the genitive singular of -io-stems both the earlier form in -i and the later form in -ii are found e.g. 10, 123 Antoni; 4, 31 Palati, but 8, 102 Parrhasii; 3, 125 servitii. Propertius was the first poet to make much use of the form in -ii, which was avoided entirely by Manilius, Seneca (Trag.), Persius, and Martial (except in one Greek word, cybii).*

39. The ablative singular of the comparative ends in -i in the following instances: 13, 48 minori; 7, 77 leviori. This form is exceedingly rare in classical prose and not common in poetry, but it is attested for Juvenal by Priscian (G.L.K. II, p. 346).

40. In one instance the nominative plural of a present participle ends in -īs: 14, 300 velantis inguina panni.

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41. Diminutives. A fondness for diminutives is characteristic of the sermo cotidianus, and is, therefore, a prominent feature of satire. In Juvenal, diminutives are used in a number of different ways, as follows:

I. Substantives. a. With real diminutive force: e.g. 3, 102 igniculum; 3, 226 hortulus; 6, 57 agello.

1 14, 139; 2, 83; 7, 145; 6, 460; 1, 79. A large collection of such apothegms may be found in J. Streifinger, Der Stil des Satirikers Juvenalis, Regensburg, 1892, pp. 43-8.

2 For example, take 10, 356 mens sana in corpore sano; 3, 165 res angusta domi; 6, 223 hoc volo, sic iubeo; 7, 154 crambe repetita; 1, 79; 2, 83; 3, 152 f.; 5, 130 f.; 6, 165; 14, 47.

To facilitate reference, the most striking features of Juvenal's style are set down in a more detailed and systematic fashion. Attention is called not only to the special peculiarities of the satires, but also to divergences from the classical norm and to characteristics of the Silver Age. Neue, Formenlehre, 13, pp. 134–54. • Neue, l. l. 113, pp. 60 f.

Neue, l. l. 113, p. 265.

b. To express pity or contempt: e.g. 1, 40 unciolam; 3, 253 servulus; 3, 78, Graeculus; 7, 174 summula.

c. For comic or satiric effect: e.g. 1, 11, pelliculae; 7, 148 nutricula; 10, 334 flammeolo.

d. Without diminutive force: e.g. 1, 160 labellum; 3, 28 bacillo; 6, 401 mamillis; 7, 46 tigillo. In such cases the diminutive may often have been chosen for metrical convenience.

e. With a meaning quite different from that of the primitive e.g. 3, 249 sportula, dole,' from sporta, basket'; 5, 103 anguilla, 'eel,' from anguis; 14, 43 avunculus, ' uncle,' from avus.

II. Adjectives. a. To indicate the existence of the quality in a slight degree e.g. 3, 149 sordidula; 5, 73 inprobulum; 10, 340 parvula.

b. As a rule, however, with a meaning scarcely to be distinguished from that of the primitive: e.g. 11, 110 lividulus; 13, 213, misellus.

NOTE. It is possible that diminutives in Juvenal may express still other ideas, but there is much room for subjective views and for difference of opinion.

42. Archaisms are rare in Juvenal: 1, 169 duelli; 5, 112 face; 4, 29 and 10, 138 induperator; 15, 157 defendier. The first is probably part of an old proverb, and the last two occur in passages which parody the epic.

43. Colloquial words are numerous: e.g. 3, 262 bucca (It. bocca); 9, 140 baculum (It. bacchio); 2, 169 braca (Sp. bragas); 3, 118 caballus (It. caballo, Fr. cheval); 3, 170 cucullus (Sp. cogulla, Fr. coucou); 13, 210 cedo, old imperative of do; 6, 280 sodes (= si audes). See also §§ 41, 44, 45, 46, 70.1

44. Simple verb for compound. In common with most writers of his time, Juvenal freely uses the simple verb for

1 Cf. Gröber, Vulgärlat. Subst. d. roman. Wörter, in A.L.L. I-VI.

the compound. This may sometimes be due to the preservation of the simple verb in this sense from an early period or to fondness for alliteration, but as a rule it marks the influence of poetic diction or of the language of daily life. Examples are 3, 137 testem dare (= edere); 11, 50 cedere foro (= excedere); 1, 141 ponit apros (= apponit); 14, 94 totam hanc turbavit (= conturbavit); 7, 47 posita est (= disposita).'

45. Desiderative verb for simple. The fact that desiderative verbs (in -urio) occur for the most part in Comedy, Satire, Petronius, Martial, and Apuleius, shows clearly their vulgar and colloquial origin. In the Silver Age they are sometimes used without desiderative force: e.g. 6, 309 micturiunt (mingunt); Petron. 64 canturire (= cantare); Schol. on Pers. 1, 112 ne in loco sacro micturiant (= mingant). Elsewhere in Juvenal desiderative verbs have their natural meaning: 3, 78; 7, 7, 87; 13, 99; 14, 127 esurire; 16, 46 micturire."

46. Borrowed words. These, as a rule, came into the literature through the language of daily life; a few, doubtless, through literary channels.

a. Greek. Several hundred Greek words are found in the satires, especially in passages where the spirit of invective or ridicule is most prominent. Many of these occur only in Juvenal e.g. 8, 128 acersecomes; 6, 477 cosmetae; 7, 120 epimenia; 3, 68 niceteria; 7, 46 anabathra. Some words the satirist seems himself to have coined: e.g. 3, 68 ceromaticus (kńpwμa); 7, 119 petasunculus (tetaσóv); 2, 65 stoicidae (στωικός).

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b. Gallic (Celtic). Juvenal uses several words of Gallic origin which were probably common in the sermo cotidianus: e.g. 8, 147 and 9, 132 carpentum; 3, 10, 236 and 4, 118

1 For further detail see H. L. Wilson, The Simple for the Compound Verb in Juvenal, in Trans. Am. Phil. Assoc., xxxI, 1900, pp. 202-22.

2 Cf. E. Wölfflin, Die Verba Desiderativa, in A.L.L. 1, pp. 408-14.

A complete and excellent treatment of all Greek words in Juvenal is A. Thiel, Iuvenalis graecissans sive de vocibus Graecis apud Iuvenalem, Breslau, 1901.

raeda; 8, 66 epiraedia (a hybrid with the Greek); 8, 157 Epona (goddess of horsemanship).

c. Germanic. Examples are not numerous: 13, 79 fra6 B and II, 147 mango. See notes on the passages.

mea;

DICTION AND SYNTAX

The Substantive

47. As adjective. Aside from verbal nouns in -tor and -trix, the employment of substantives as adjectives is poetic and colloquial. In Juvenal we find :

a. Verbals in -tor and -trix: e.g. 1, 50 victrix provincia; 4, 62 miratrix turba; 13, 195 animo tortore. Such nouns are not rarely used in classical prose to denote permanent characteristics: in the first century, however, this restriction is gradually removed, and momentary actions and conditions are thus indicated.'

b. Other substantives, including proper names: e.g. 3 110 filia virgo; 7, 107 comites libelli; 8, 149 f. testes oculos; 8, 261 f. tyrannis exulibus; 4, 100 ursos Numidas; 11, 94 Oceano fluctu."

48. Plural for singular. In the poetry of the Silver Age the plural is very commonly used for the singular, especially for metrical convenience: e.g. 1, 23 nuda teneat venabula mamma; 4, 68 tua servatum consume in saecula rhombum; 5, 2; 6, 24; 13, 28. In 6, 383 operas ( = operam) dare is probably colloquial, being found in Plautus, Terence, Petronius, Seneca, etc."

49. Singular for plural. A singular is used for a plural:

1 Schmalz, Lat. Gram., p. 433.

"Examples are given by J. Rahn, Selecta Capita de Syntaxi Iuvenaliana, Halle, 1875, pp. 13-18, and by R. Weise, Vindiciae Iuvenalianae, Halle, 1884, p. 55; cf. Neue, 1. l. 113, pp. 29 f., 35 ff.

Cf. C. F. W. Mueller, in Friedl., p. 328. See also the extended treatment of the sub lect by P. Maas, A.L.L. XII, pp. 479-550.

a. Collectively e.g. 3, 285 aenea lampas; 7, 46 conducto tigillo; 7, 132 longo assere.

b. With an adjective that implies plurality: e.g. 1, 120 f. densissima lectica; 8, 7 multa virga; 8, 58 plurima palma.

50. The use of one or more proper names in singular or plural to designate a class is common in Juvenal: e.g. 1, 108 f. ego possideo plus Pallante et Licinis; 2, 40 tertius e caelo cecidit Cato; 12, 39 teneris Maecenatibus.'

51. Juvenal is very fond of using personal names from mythology as appellatives: e.g. 1, 61 Automedon (= driver); 4, 65 Atrides (= emperor); 16, 26 Pylades (= friend).'

52. Instead of a substantive with an attributive adjective or a genitive of quality, the substantive is sometimes in the genitive dependent on another substantive, which really conveys in a more emphatic way the meaning of the adjective or genitive of quality: e.g. 1, 10 aurum pelliculae (= auream pelliculam); 4, 39 spatium admirabile rhombi (= rhombus spatii admirabilis); 10, 75 f. secura senectus principis.

53. For certain forms of filius which are unsuitable to the metre, the corresponding forms of iuvenis are used e.g. 3, 158 iuvenesque lanistae; 4, 95; 8, 262; 10, 310; 14, 23.

The Adjective

54. As substantive. The substantive use of the adjective is very free in Juvenal, and in many cases a second adjective is added to modify the first: e.g. 1, 149 in praecipiti vitium stetit; 10, 107 inpulsae praeceps inmane ruinae ; 1, 71 rudes propinquas; 6, 548 divitis orbi; 14, 178 properantis avari.3

55. As adverb. Adjectives, especially those which designate time, are often used where the sense would require an adverb or an adverbial phrase: e.g. 1, 28 ventilet aestivum

1 Examples are given by Streifinger, 7.7. pp. 41 f.

2 See Friedl. on 1, 61 for other examples.

Rahn, l. 7. pp. 20-30; Weise, l. 7. pp. 56 f.