aurum; 3, 12 nocturnae Numa constituebat amicae; 4, 108 matutino amomo; 8, 86 Cosmi toto mergatur aeno.1

56. Prolepsis. In common with Vergil and other poets, Juvenal occasionally uses an adjective to represent as existent, not the actual conditions, but those which are being produced e.g. 1, 83 anima caluerunt mollia saxa; 5, 27 rubra deterges vulnera mappa; 6, 144 se cutis arida laxet; 8, 120 tenuis Afros.

57. Comparison. a. Magis is used to make the comparative in several adjectives which have the ordinary form : e.g. 1, 7 nota magis (cf. 9, 25 notior); 6, 188 turpe magis; 6, 413 magis intolerabile (cf. 6, 460 intolerabilius); 14, 113 certa magis.'

b. In two instances the comparative is strengthened by multum; 10, 197 multum robustior; 12, 66 multum fortior. Cf. 6, 210 longe minus; Stat. Sil. III, 4, 12 multum felicior; id. Theb. IX, 559 multum iactantior. In the classical period the ablative of difference is regularly employed, the adverbial accusative being allowed only with verbs which involve comparison, e.g. Cic. Mur. 29 multum antecellit."

c. Participles are sometimes compared: e.g. 3, 74 torrentior; 9, 25 notior; 3, 58 acceptissima; cf. Plaut. Capt. 714 acceptissumus; Petron. 137 acceptissimum; Suet. Aug. 67 acceptissimis.*

d. The elliptical form of comparison (comparatio compendiaria) is not rare: e.g. 3, 73 f. sermo promptus et Isaeo (= Isaei sermone) torrentior; 4, 71 dis aequa potestas; cf. 7, 72; 9, 6; 10, 98, 247, 313. This, of course, is not rare in any period.

e. The comparative of disproportion is sometimes defined by an ablative: e.g. 3, 203 lectus Procula minor (too small

1 Rahn, 7. l. pp. 31 f.; Langen on Val. Fl. III, 115.

2 E. Wölfflin, Lat. u. Rom. Comparation, pp. 30 ff.; R. Heinze on Lucr. I, 192. G.-L. § 301; Schmalz, p. 250, § 88; cf. Wölfflin, l. 7. and E. B. Lease, Am. Jour. Phil., XXI, 1900, p. 449. ▲ Cf. Wölfflin, A.L.L. VIII, 1893, pp. 124 ff.

for P.); 4, 66 privatis maiora focis; 13, 12; 14, 165; 15, 140. This use of the comparative is found in Horace (e.g. Epist. 1, 10, 43) and in later writers.'

f. Nisi is used for quam after a comparative in 6, 580 f. capiendo nulla videtur aptior hora cibo nisi quam dederit Petosiris. This vulgarism is here admitted to avoid the repetition of quam; similar instances are C.I.L. VIII, 212, 36; Hist. Apoll. Reg. Tyr., pp. 26, 2; 106, 3.'

58. An adjective is occasionally used to denote, not a quality, but an effect produced: e.g. 7, 206 gelidas cicutas; 13, 229 vigili cum febre; cf. Hor. Sat. 1, 9, 32 tarda podagra. 59. One adjective is often used for another of similar meaning:

a. Omnis for ullus: e.g. 8, 209 f. ignominiam graviorem pertulit omni vulnere; 10, 232; 14, 68. This is colloquial and frequent in comedy, e.g. Ter. And. 391 sine omni periclo.

b. Omnis for totus: e.g. 1, 59 f. caret omni maiorum censu; 3, 55; 6, 438, 606; 11, 136.

c. Totus for omnis: e.g. 6, 61 cuneis totis; 8,255 pro totis legionibus; 10, 115. This also is doubtless colloquial and vulgar in its origin.'

The Pronoun

60. Personal. Tu is often expressed in commands and prohibitions, though no especial emphasis is intended e.g. 61 tu nube et tace; 8, 228 tu pone; 9, 134; 10, 342; 14, 48 nec tu contempseris.

2,

61. Demonstrative. a. Juvenal is fond of the combination hic idem, which occurs frequently in the satires: 3, 92; 6, 112, 402; 7, 152, 198; 10, 256, 331; 11, 21, 25, 177.

b. Iste for hic. By the second century iste had largely lost its distinctive connection with the second person. The

Lane, § 1461; Friedl. on 3, 230. 2 Cf. C. F. W. Müller in Friedl. on 6, 580 f. • Çf. Wölflin, A.L.L. III, p. 470.

weakening of its original force may be detected in Vergil, and in prose from Valerius Maximus. In Juvenal the older meaning cannot be clearly discerned in half of the occurrences, and in several instances it is certainly absent: e.g. 4, 66 f. genialis agatur iste dies; 6, 295 f. hinc fluxit ad istos et Sybaris collis (the hills of Rome, in 9, 131 his collibus); cf. 1, 139; 3, 187; 3, 29 istic (in Rome), and Ital. stanotte, 'to-night' (= ista nocte).1

62. Interrogative. a. Quis for qui. Juvenal always uses quis for qui in questions both direct and indirect e.g. 6, 571 quis mensis; 7, 63 quis locus; 14, 178 quis metus; 15, 119 quis casus. This is true also of Horace and Persius.'

b. Qui for quis. In one instance, doubtless for the sake of euphony, qui is used for quis: 11, 33 te consule qui sis; cf. Plaut. Capt. 560 neque scit qui siet; id. Cist. 164 nescit qui siet.

c. Quis for uter. In two instances quis is loosely used where only two alternatives are suggested: 8, 196 quid satius? 10, 338 quid placeat dic. This is not common, but it occurs in Cicero (e.g. Att. XVI, 14, 1), in Vergil (e.g. Aen. XII, 727), and in other authors. Cf. § 64 a.'

d. Two interrogative pronouns are occasionally found in one question e.g. 5, 80 f. aspice...quibus undique saepta asparagis qua despiciat convivia cauda; 10, 69 f. quisnam delator quibus indicibus? 12, 48 qua mundi parte quis audet.* 63. Relative. Quicumque is often used as an indefinite pronoun (= quilibet), especially in prepositional phrases: e.g. 6, 412 quocumque in trivio...narrat; 3, 156, 230; 6 A, 1; 8, 27; 14, 42, etc. This is very rare in Cicero, but becomes common in the Silver Age: cf. § 66.'

64. Indefinite. a. Quisque for uterque. As quis for uter

1 Cf. Wölfflin-Meader, A.L.L. XII, pp. 382 ff.; Heitland in Haskin's Lucan, p. cviii (n). L. O. Kiaer, De Sermone D. Iunii Iuvenalis, Hauniae, 1875, pp. 171 f.

⚫O. Riemann, Synt. Lat., 1900, p. 31; cf. Am. Jour. Phil,, XXII, 1901, p. 271.

(§ 62 c), so quisque is found for uterque in 1, 41 partes quisque suas ad mensuram inguinis heres. This may be seen in Cicero and Vergil, but is more common in Silver Latin.'

b. Alius for alter. The confusion of alius and alter, though avoided in the best style, is seen where the speech of daily life made itself felt in the literature; e.g. in Vitruvius, Curtius Rufus, Suetonius, and Apuleius. Examples in Juvenal are: 4, 138 aliamque famem ; 6, 437; 8, 245; 10, 150.2

The Adverb

65. As adjective. An adverb is occasionally used to modify a noun: e.g. 3, 204 f. parvulus infra cantharus; 7, 41 haec longe ferrata domus. This is less natural than in Greek on account of the absence of an article. Examples are rare in the literature of the Republic, but numerous in Livy, Tacitus, and the post-Augustan poets.

66. Utcumque and quandoque, which during the earlier period were relative adverbs introducing clauses, are used as indefinite adverbs: 10, 271 exitus ille utcumque hominis; 2, 82 foedius hoc aliquid quandoque audebis amictu; 5, 171 f. pulsandum...praebebis quandoque caput; 14, 51.*

67. Olim is used in various ways in Juvenal: a. = interdum: 10, 142 f. patriam tamen obruit olim gloria paucorum. This is oftenest found in early Latin and in poetry, e.g. Verg. Aen. v, 125.

b.

9, 17.

c.

iamdudum: e.g. 3, 163; 4, 96; 6, 42, 90, 281, 346; This is characteristic of the Silver Age.'

quondam e.g. 5, 110; 6, 157; 8, 98; 10, 78, 163, 173; 11, 77; 14, 180; 15, 93.

1 Cf. Munro on Lucr. III, 333, and Heinze on the same passage.

2 G.-L. § 319, N. 1; Langen on Val. Fl. 1, 140.

• Rahn, l. l. p. 33; Riemann, Études sur la Langue et la Grammaire de Tite-Live2, 1884, pp. 242 ff.; A. Draeger, Ueber Syntax u. Stil des Tacitus3, 1882, § 23.

♦ Riemann, Études, pp. 178 ff.

6 Cf. Mayor on 4, 96.

68. Magis is used for potius in 1, 52 sed quid magis? 8, 222 quid...debuit ulcisci magis? Lucr. 1, 612; Prop. I, 4, 4; Sall. Iug. 85, 49.'

The Verb

69. Foret(nt) is used for esset (nt) either alone or with the gerundive or with the perfect participle:

a. In the unreal condition: 2, 158 si foret umida laurus; 10, 75 si oppressa foret; 10, 263 si foret extinctus.

b. In the indirect question: 4, 140 f. Circeis nata forent an Lucrinum ad saxum; 10, 103 quid optandum foret, ignorasse.

c. After cum: 12, 30 cum plenus fluctu medius foret alveus. Foret is frequently found in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, Livy, and Nepos, though never in Caesar and but rarely in Cicero (e.g. Att. VII, 21, 2).*

70. Colloquialisms. The following may be mentioned: a. Quid do (das) ut...: 3, 184 quid das, ut Cossum aliquando salutes? 7, 165 f. quid do, ut totiens illum pater audiat. Cf. Seneca, Contr. XXVI, 11 f. quid do, ne indicaverim...quid do, ne liberos meos recipiam."

b. The reflexive use of habere: 10, 72 bene habet ( καλῶς xa), where stricter literary form would demand se habet. This is common in Plautus and occurs in Cicero, Livy, and other authors, as well as in inscriptions; e.g. C.I.L. II, 1162, 4315.*

71. Moods. a. The present indicative is found instead of the subjunctive in deliberative questions: e.g. 3, 296 in qua te quaero proseucha? 4, 130 conciditur? This indicative, usually in the first person, is common in early Latin, and occurs not rarely in later works, especially in those which contain a marked colloquial element."

1 Many examples are given by Langen on Val. Fl. v, 563.

2 G.-L. § 250, N. 2; id. § 251, N. 2; Riemann, Études, pp. 226 ff.

3 O. Rebling, Versuch einer Char. d. röm. Umgangssprache2, pp. 47 f.

4 Rebling, l. 7. pp. 40 f., gives many examples; Wölfflin, A.L.L. x, p. 7; E. Hauler on Ter. Phorm. 429.

5 G.-L. § 254, N. 2; Langen on Val. Fl. v, 285; cf. Postgate, Class. Rev., xv, 1901, pp. 451-2.