118. ad usus: for the common in usum, e.g. Hor. C. 1, 27, 1 f. natis in usum laetitiae scyphis pugnare Thracum est.

122. unguenta atque rosae: cf. 15, 50. sustinet orbes grande ebur: Mart. II, 43, 9 Indis suspendis dentibus orbes; see § 26 and note on 1, 75. 123. sublimis pardus: 'a panther rampant'; this defines grande ebur. 124. porta Syenes: i.e. Syene on the Nile, called porta because on the confines of the empire. It was a centre of the trade in ivory. The chief homes of the elephant were Ethiopia, Mauretania, and India, which are mentioned in connection by Plin. N. H. VIII, 32 elephantos fert Africa ultra Syrticas solitudines et in Mauretania,...sed maximos India. See note on 10, 150.

126. Nabataeo... saltu: the territory of the Nabataei had become the Roman province of Arabia. Juvenal was probably mistaken in his belief that elephants were found there. belua: see note on 10, 158.

127. hinc i.e. because of the costly tables.

orexis: cf. 6, 428;

the word 'anorexia' is still used for want of appetite.'

129. anulus... ferreus: the right to wear a gold ring was denied to all

of lower than equestrian rank; see note on 1. 43.

132. tessellae: ‘dice,' usually tesserae; see § 41, 1, d. one of the counters with which various games were played.

calculus :

133. ipsa... cultellorum: on caesura and cadence, see §§ 147, c and 152. 136. structor: see note on 5, 120. omnis: see § 59, b. 137. pergula: usually nothing but a roof projecting from the wall of a house. Such booths were used as shops, studios, and for other purposes; here it is the quarters of the carving school (notes on l. 141 and 5, 121), in 6A, 29 (p. 41) a place for punishing slaves.

139. Scythicae volucres: pheasants,' supposed to have come originally from Colchis, where the Phasis flows into the Euxine; cf. Petron. 119, 36 f. Phasidos unda orbata est avibus. Hence it was called Phasidis ales, ales Phasiacis petita Colchis, Phasiana avis, or phasiana.1

141. ulmea cena: wooden models were used for illustration and practice in the school of carving (note on 1. 137). Subura see note on 3, 5.

142. subducere: the prefix shows the sneak-thief; cf. 13, 152 ducat and see § 44.2 Afrae... avis: 'guinea-hen,' a dainty often associated with the pheasant, e.g. Petron. 93 ales Phasiacis petita Colchis atque Afrae volucres placent palato.

143. noster sc. puer, i.e. the waiter.

144. ofellae: Mart. XII, 48, 17 me meus ad subitas invitet amicus ofel

las (pot-luck); id. x, 48, 15 quae non egeant ferro structoris ofellae.

1 Stat. Silv. IV, 6, 8; Petron. 93; Plin. N. H. x, 132; ib. xi, 114.

2 Cf. schol. subtrahens and see note on 1, 15.

145. assibus emptos: cf. 5, 60; Mart. IX, 59, 22 asse duos calices emit. 146. incultus: Sen. Dial. IX, 1, 7 minister incultus et rudis vernula. 147. Phryx aut Lycius: the expensive waiter in 5, 56 is flos Asiae. a mangone: 6B, 1 (p. 41) mangonum pueros. Mango is probably borrowed from a Germanic word for 'slave-trader'; see § 46, c.1

148. et magno: see § 94 and note on 5, 56.2 cum posces: see § 109. Latine unlike the fashionable Asiatic, this slave does not speak Greek. 149. tonsi: Mart. x, 98, 9 f. tonsos, horridulos, rudes, pusillos hircosi mihi filios subulci (of waiters); see notes on 3, 186; 8, 128; 15, 137. 152. longo...tempore: the same as diu; see note on 7, 41.

154. vultus: expression'; facies would have been ablative; see G.-L. § 400, R. 1.

155. ardens purpura: i.e. toga praetexta; so purpura in Hor. Epod. 5, 7 and Pers. 5, 30. Cf. Mrs. Browning, Victoria's Tears, 'She saw no purple shine' and see notes on 1, 78 and 10, 27. Quos... vestit means the really ingenui; for uses of ingenuus, cf. 3, 131 with 2, 16. 157. alas: Sen. Ep. 114, 14 ne alas quidem vellit; see note on 10, 178. 159. hic... dabit: same words in Mart. XIV, 112. diffusa: see notes on 5, 30, 34. The wine may be vile Sabinum; see note on 7, 121. 161. patria: on order of words, see § 124, a and on elision, § 155, end. 162. Gaditana: sc. carmina. Dancing girls from Gades, here accompanied by a band of singers, often furnished for banquets entertainment which was more popular than respectable; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 15, 2 (to a friend who had not accepted his invitation to dinner) audisses comoedos vel lectorem vel lyristen vel, quae mea liberalitas, omnes. at tu apud nescio quem ostrea,... Gaditanas (sc. puellas) maluisti.

168. urticae literally 'nettles'; cf. 2, 128 and our metaphorical use. 171. non capit: see note on ro, 148.

172. testarum: 'castanets,' with which Gaditanae accompanied their movements. stans see note on 1, 47.

173. fornice: see note on 3, 156. quibus: on the order, see § 125, b. 175. Lacedaemonium . . . orbem: the floor is a mosaic with circular pieces of the highly esteemed green Laconian marble; cf. Stat. Silv. 1, 2, 148 f. hic dura Laconum saxa virent and see note on 14, 89.

1 G. Hempl, Am. Jour. Phil., xxII, 1901, p. 431.

2 So read po; P has in magno. Following P, Buecheler in 1893 and Owen in 1902 read erit: in magno (sc. poculo), a doubtful construction for Juvenal; cf. 2, 95; 6, 304; 10, 25 f.; 12, 47; Cic. Verr. 1, 66 poscunt maioribus poculis; ib. III, 105; id. Phil. 11, 63. Moreover, the mention of large cups, which marked the drinking bout, is inappropriate in a connection where temperance and frugality are the prevailing features. See also Polstorff, 1. 1. pp. 19 f. For the construction with in, cf. Seneca, quoted in note on 10, 26, and French je bois dans mon verre' (A. de Musset).

pytismate: the disgusting practice of taking wine into the mouth to taste and then ejecting it on the floor; cf. Ter. Heaut. 457 f. pytissando modo mihi quid vini absumpsit; Hor. C. II, 14, 26 f.

74.

176. ibi: i.e. in eo; see note on 8, 64.

alea: see note on 1, 88.

fortunae : rank,' as in 8,

177. mediocribus: in contrast with illi, the rich and noble ; see note on 5, 108. haec eadem: see § 61, a.

179. convivia: see § 48.

ludos: some form of entertainment such

as music, dancing, recitation, or even dramatic performance was a common accompaniment of a Roman dinner ; cf. 5, 157; Varro, Menipp. 340 (Buecheler) in convivio legi nec omnia debent et ea potissimum quae simul sint pipeλn et delectent. See note on 1. 162.

181. altisoni: with reference to the elevated style of the epic; no other instance of this transferred use is cited. dubiam... palmam : the blue-stocking in 6, 436 f. discusses the comparative merits of Homer and Vergil; cf. Quintil. x, 1, 85 (Vergilius) omnium eius generis poetarum...haud dubie (Homero) proximus.

182. qua voce: Encolpius at the table of Trimalchio thought otherwise; cf. Petron. 68 servus...proclamavit subito canora voce : 'interea medium Aeneas iam classe tenebat.' nullus sonus unquam acidior percussit aures meas...ut tunc primum me etiam Vergilius offenderit. legantur : cf. 1. 180 cantabitur; 4, 35 cantandum.

184. licebat: was permissible'; see § 72, a, (1) and note on 4, 85. 185. non see § 77 and on ellipsis of sit, § 138, a.

188. multicia: cf. 2, 66 and 76. Such references to the wife of a friend seem scarcely polite, to say the least; but Persicus may not be a real person or may have been unmarried (Weidner) or Juvenal may in this way be giving a side-thrust at women of high degree. See § 22.1 191. pone: i.e. depone; see § 44.

192. perit: see note on 1, 18 periturae.

illis: see G.-L. § 354, N. 1.

193. Megalesiacae... mappae: see note on 3, 138. The festival of the Meɣáλŋ Mýtŋp, hence called Megalesia (6, 69) or ludi Megalenses, lasted from April 4 to 10, and concluded with races. Mappa stands for circenses (note on 3, 223), since the signal for starting was the dropping of a mappa. See also note on 14, 262. spectacula: 'spectators'; see note on 8, 205.

1 J. Jessen, Philologus, LIX, 1900, pp. 519 f. calls attention to the mutitationes cenarum which were usual among the nobility on the occasion of the Megalesia; cf. Fast, Praen. for April 4 (C.I.L. 12, p. 235); Ovid, Fast. iv, 353 ff. If Juvenal has in mind the high-born lady who spent the days of the festival in this kind of revelry, his words could give no offence to one of lower rank,

194. similisque triumpho: quasi triumphans (gloss p). The bold use of triumphus is due to excessive condensation; see note on 12, 40.

195. praeda: because the races cost him so much. On the pompa circensis, see notes on 10, 36 ff. caballorum: see note on 3, 118.

197. hodie: i.e. April 10; see note on 1. 193.

notes on 3, 223 and 10, 148. fragor concussit Caesaris aures.

circus capit: see

fragor aurem percutit: cf. Luc. vi, 163

198. viridis: the green party is usually factio prasina; see note on 5, 143. The distinctive colors of the other factiones in the races were red (russata: note on 7, 114), white (alba), and blue (veneta), each of which had its supporters. At this time the green seems to have been the favorite.1 panni: i.e. the jockey's tunic; cf. Plin. Ep. 1x, 6, 2.

199. maestam: Cassiod. Var. III, 51 transit prasinus, pars populi maeret: praecedit venetus et ocius turba civitatis affligitur.

cul

200. pulvere: Liv. XXII, 46, 9 says that clouds of dust were driven by the wind in the faces of the Romans at Cannae ; see note on 10, 165. 202. sponsio: 'bet,'' wager'; cf. 6a, 27 (p. 41) sponsio fiat. tae: cf. the preparations of Ogulnia in 6, 352 f. there was no segregation of the sexes in the circus; cf. Ovid, Trist. II, 283 f. non tuta licentia circi est; hic sedet ignoto iuncta puella viro.

adsedisse puellae:

con

203. bibat...solem: Mart. x, 12, 7 totos avida cute combibe soles; Pers. 4, 18 adsiduo curata cuticula sole. The Romans had great faith in the efficacy of the sunbath (apricatio), especially for old people. tracta: senio rugosa (gloss p); cf. 14, 325 rugam trahit. 204. togam: see notes on 1, 96 and 3, 172.

205. fronte: see notes on 8, 189; 13, 242.

supersit: see § 113, a.

206. sextam: sc. horam; this was about noon in April, growing later as summer advanced, since the solar day was divided into twelve equal parts. See note on 10, 216. The bath is here taken much earlier than usual; for public baths, as a rule, were not opened till about the eighth, i.e. one hour before the regular cena. See note on 3, 263. quinque diebus continuis: steadily for any length of time'; five days stand for any short time, e.g. Hor. Sat. 1, 3, 16 and Epist. 1, 7, 1.

207. talis quoque taedia vitae: cf. Iliad, x1, 636 távтwv μèv kóρOS ÉσTÌ καὶ ὕπνου καὶ φιλότητος and Pind. Nem. 7, 53 κόρον δ' ἔχει καὶ μέλι καὶ τὰ τέρπν' ἄνθε' ̓Αφροδίσια.

1 On their quarters in Rome, see R. Wünsch, Sethian, Verfluchungstafeln aus Rom p. 67; Hülsen, Nomen. Topog., 8. v. stabula.

SATIRE XII

A MARVELLOUS ESCAPE

In this satire Juvenal must be found guilty on charges of weakness, ambiguity, and obscurity, especially in the description of the storm (11. 18-82). Some have objected to his inconsistency in bringing together subjects so dissimilar as thanksgiving for a friend's escape from shipwreck (11. 1-92) and a bitter attack on legacy-hunters (11. 93–130), and the objection is not without force. Still, these subjects are not entirely unconnected. The satirist expresses genuine joy at the safe return of Catullus and then defends himself from the imputation of sinister motives. When once captatio is mentioned, his tendency to digress carries him into the subject; see § 141 and notes on 11. 82 and 104.

1. natali... dulcior: Hor. C. IV, II, 17 f. (the birthday of Maecenas) iure sollemnis mihi sanctiorque paene natali proprio. Corvine: the persons addressed in Sat. 11-16 are unknown.

2. caespes: Ovid, Trist. v, 5, 9 araque gramineo viridis de caespite fiat; Hor. C. II, 8, 4. Altars of turf are erected on the Capitol before the shrines of the deities to be mentioned; see notes on 11. 84 ff.

3. niveam reginae: cf. 6, 48 and see note on 10, 65. Victims must be offered to the Capitoline divinities, Juno Regina, Minerva, and Jupiter. agnam: Ovid, Trist. 1, 10, 43 meritae cadet agna Minervae.

4. vellus i.e. agna or hostia; cf. l. 112 ebur = elephant. Gorgone: Minerva's aegis, in the centre of which is the head of Medusa, the Gorgon of Libya (hence Maura).1 See § 142 and note on II, 106. 5. procul extensum: 'taut.'

6. coruscat: usually intransitive, as in 3, 254, but with objects like hastam, telam, etc., especially in epic, e.g. Verg. Aen. XII, 431.

7. templis maturus et arae: see §§ 83, b, (4) and 124, d.

8. spargendusque mero: preliminary to the sacrifice; cf. Verg. Aen. IV, 61 candentis vaccae media inter cornua fundit.

9. vexat... robora cornu: Verg. Geo. 111, 232 f. irasci in cornua discit arboris obnixus trunco.

10. res ampla domi: see note on 3, 165.

adfectibus: 'feelings,' in

this period usually for tender feelings of love or sympathy; so 6, 214 and 15, 150. On the case, see § 83, a.

11. Hispulla: the name occurs also in 6, 74; see § 24.

1 The origin of this conception may have been the primitive garb of goat-skin with the skull hanging in front; see C. A. Hutton, Jour. Hell. Stud., xvii, 1897, pp. 314 f.