109. Pallante et Licinis: Pallas, a freedman of Antonia, mother of Claudius, became imperial treasurer under that emperor and amassed a fortune of 300 million sesterces. Licinus, originally a Gallic captive (Dio, LIV, 21) or brought in boyhood from Germany (schol.), was first the slave and then the freedman of Julius Caesar. By Augustus he was highly honored and placed in charge of the collection of taxes in Gaul, where he acquired immense wealth. As a type of the very rich he is mentioned in 14, 306; Pers. 2, 36; Sen. Ep. 119, 9; ib. 120, 19 (quoted in note on 1. 24); in Sid. Apoll. Ep. v, 7, 3 Pallas and Licinus are named together. See § 50 and note on 1. 102. Gradually working up to a climax in this verse, Juvenal has developed with a few bold strokes (ll. 102–109) a clear-cut type. The point of the satire lies in the fact that one so rich presses after a dole of twenty-five asses (centum quadrantes, 11. 120 f.), worth a little more than thirty cents of our money. 110. sacro... honori: the abstract for the concrete, as summus honor (117); see § 129, a and note on 10, 100. The reference is to the tribunus plebis, whose person was traditionally inviolable (sacrosanctus), though the word sacer is applied also to the senate (11, 29) and to higher magistrates; cf. Mart. VIII, 66, 10 sacros honores (of the consulship). 111. pedibus...albis: Pliny (N. H. xxxv, 201) says cretatis pedibus, Tibullus (II, 3, 60) gypsatos pedes. Imported slaves were exposed for sale with their feet whitened to indicate their foreign origin. See § 125, b. 113. pecunia: a dea Pecunia is mentioned by Augustine (C. D. iv, 21) and Arnobius (IV, 9), but in the time of Juvenal had no temple or regular cult; cf. vit. Saturn. 8, 7 illis deus nummus est. templo: see § 91. 114. habitat: this reading of Buecheler now has manuscript authority in the codex Bodleianus (§ 33).1 115. colitur: observe the influence of this passage in Claud. Eutrop. 1, 324 f. Tritonia, Phoebe, Terra, Ceres, Cybele, Iuno, Latona coluntur: Eunuchi quae templa dei, quas vidimus aras ? 116. salutato cf. Stat. Silv. v, 3, 243 tumulos ortuque obituque salutat (visits)." crepitat of the creaking of doors or wooden furniture; cf. Sidon. Apoll., who often betrays the influence of Juvenal, quo recitante crepitantis Athenaei subsellia cuneata quaterentur (Ep. IX, 14, 2); at all events, it must have suggested a sound well known in the time of Juvenal. Concordia for the position, see § 123. nido: saturice salutato nido, non templo (schol.). The high location of the temple is indicated; cf. Hor. C. III, 4, 14 celsae nidum Acherontiae; 1 In Pthe last letter cannot be read; pw have habitas. See R. Beer, Spicil. Iuv., p. 60; S. G. Owen, Class. Rev., XVI, 1902, pp. 406 f. 2 See Vollmer's note on the passage. Cic. De Or. 1, 196 Ithacam illam in asperrimis saxulis tanquam nidulum affixam. Which of the temples of Concord is meant can now scarcely be determined, though the suggestions of this verse probably made it quite clear to Juvenal's first audience.1 117. summus honor: see note on 1. 110. 118. sportula: see note on 1. 95. side of his accounts. rationibus: income,' the credit 119. comites: the clients (note on 1. 46), who must provide clothing, food, and fuel (fumus) from the sportula, their only wage; cf. l. 134 below and Mart. III, 30, 1-3. toga: see note on 1. 96. densissima...lectica: 13, 215 densissima 120. fumus: see § 129, b. ruga; Ovid, Trist. v, 10, 19 densissimus hostis; see § 49, b. The possession of a lectica indicated wealth and high position; it was most commonly used by wives of senators. Cf. 6, 351 and Dio, LVII, 15, 4. 121. quadrantes: see notes on 11. 95 (sportula) and 109 (at end). sellam: here loosely used as a synonym for lectica; the original difference between the two is shown by the etymology. 126. quiescet: on this use of the future tense, see § 72, b. 127-146. After receiving the sportula and acting as escort on the daily round of business engagements, the poor clients, worn out and hungry, are dismissed by their niggardly patron, who gorges himself in solitude and sometimes dies from the effects. 128. sportula: distributed apparently in connection with the salutatio (note on 1.95). At an earlier period, perhaps about ten years earlier, Martial (x, 27; X, 70, 13) speaks of it as given in the afternoon. For similar accounts of the occupations of a day, cf. Mart. Iv, 8 and x, 70. forum: not the forum Romanum, but the forum of Augustus, which was completed in 2 B.C. in fulfilment of a vow made during the war waged against Brutus and Cassius to avenge the murder of Caesar. The rapid 1 This difficult passage is discussed by J. Jessen (Philologus, LIX, 1900, pp. 506 f.), who thinks that crepitat may refer to the creaking of an old wooden image of the goddess. The old interpretation, 'The goddess hails her nest and clatters' (Mayor), or 'Concord, who clatters, when we hail her nest' (Duff), rests on the assumption that the roof of the temple was a nesting-place for storks. This explanation was suggested by the scholiast, but has satisfied no one; and it seems very unlikely that so remarkable a phenomenon should be referred to nowhere else in the literature. On the shrines erected in Rome to Concordia, see Aust, in Pauly-Wiss., IV, 831-3. 2 H. M. Stephenson, Class Rev., 1, 1887, p. 243, assumed for this satire too early a date and magnified the discrepancy. Customs may change even in so short a period. growth of population and consequent increase of judicial business necessitated the dedication of more space to the courts, which henceforth occupied the new forum.1 Apollo: Plin. N. H. vII, 183 Apollinem eboreum, qui est in foro Augusti. Similarly Martial, 11, 64, 8, speaks of the statue of Marsyas in the forum Romanum, ipse potest fieri Marsya causidicus. 2 129. triumphales: sc. statuae. As a part of the ornamentation of the forum of Augustus statues with honorary inscriptions (tituli; see note on 5, 34) were erected to famous men, especially to generals who had celebrated triumphs (Suet. Aug. 31). Augustus was very careful to admit to this honor only the most worthy, but some of his successors, notably Nero and Domitian, disregarded the earlier restrictions and granted statues by special favor. 130. Aegyptius atque Arabarches: it is usually supposed that Juvenal refers to Tiberius Iulius Alexander, one of the most brilliant soldiers of his time, who, though the son of a Jew of Alexandria, became a Roman eques and later praefectus Aegypti in 66 A.D. If he is meant, the fact that he was the first to proclaim Vespasian emperor and that he was in command with Titus at the siege of Jerusalem might account for the presence of his statue in the forum of Augustus. Arabarches ("Apay— apxe) in two Greek inscriptions is the technical title for a high official in Egypt. Here, however, as in Cicero, Att. II, 17, 3, the word is used ironically. Cf. our use of 'Nabob,' 'Grand Mogul,' etc. 131. non tantum: the ellipsis of sed etiam is suggested; cf. Hor. Sat. I, 8, 38 and see § 138. fas est: see note on 10, 257.4 132. veteres of long standing,' as in 3, 1; 5, 64; 6, 346, etc. For contrast with antiquus, ‘of ancient date,' cf. 6, 21, and 15, 33; as a substitute for antiquus, see note on 14, 189. 133. longissima: Stat. Theb. 11, 321 spes, ubi longa venit, (animum exedit). 134. caulis... atque ignis: see note on 1. 119. 136. rex: the name usually given by clients to their patron, e.g. 5, 14, 130, 137, 161; 7, 45. This reflection of the Greek use of Bariλeús is common as early as Plautus." vacuisque toris: cf. 1. 95 and 5, 17. 1 Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, pp. 302-7. 2 The extant fragments of these inscriptions, some from the originals, but more from the copies which were set up at Arretium, Pompeii, and elsewhere, are edited and discussed in C.I.L. 12, pp. 186-97. 3 C.I.G. 4751, 5075. 4 On the basis of mengere, the reading of P, mingere instead of meiere (w Priscian Eutyches) is advocated by P. Rasi, Rivista di Fil., xxv, 1897, pp. 567-9. See Hauler's note on Ter. Phor. 338; Brix on Plaut. Capt. 92. 137. de... orbibus: connect closely with una, not with comedunt; see § 97, d. On extravagance in this regard, see note on 1. 75. 138. patrimonia: 'whole fortunes,' as in Seneca, Rem. Fort. 16, 7 auriculis utrimque patrimonia bina dependeant. In Juvenal the word commonly means wealth, not necessarily inherited wealth, as 7, 113; 10, 13; 12, 50; 14, 116. 139. parasitus: see intr. to the fifth satire. istas: see §61, b. 140. luxuriae sordes: this is what Pliny meant when he described his host as sordidum simul et sumptuosum (Ep. 11, 6, 1) and said that nothing ought more earnestly to be avoided than istam luxuriae et sordium novam societatem (ib. § 7); cf. ib. IV, 2, 5 ut est in summa avaritia sumptuosus (§ 131). quanta est gula: Mart. v, 70, 5 o quanta est gula centies comesse; see §§ 8, 26. Gula here as in 5, 94; 11, 39; 14, 10 means gluttony, but in 5, 158; 15, 90 it means a glutton. 141. ponit: 'serves up'; Pers. 1, 53 calidum scis ponere sumen; Mart. VIII, 22, 1 ponis mihi, Gallice, porcum. This use of ponere is probably colloquial in its origin. See § 44.1 142. poena praesens: Plin. N. H. XIV, 142 hinc (i.e. from drunkenness) pallor et genae pendulae..., quae sit poena praesens, furiales somni; cf. Plautus' praesens pecunia, 'cash down.' The dangerous custom of taking a hot bath immediately after excessive eating was often practised in Rome, because it was believed to aid digestion. The emperor Elagabalus once gave a dinner of twenty-two courses, after each of which the guests bathed." 143. turgidus: Persius describes in detail the deadly effects of this after-dinner bath, 3, 98–106 turgidus hic epulis atque albo ventre lavatur, etc. crudum: 'undigested,' as in Celsus 1, 2, and Iv, 18; in 3, 233, inperfectus has the same meaning. intestata: 144. hinc: on the omission of the verb, see § 138, b. 'not attested,' 'not witnessed,' from negative in and testatus in its common sense of 'attested,' 'well known,' 'evident.' Martial means the same thing when he says immodicis brevis est aetas et rara senectus (VI, 29, 7); cf. 4, 97 prodigio par est in nobilitate senectus. Others interpret intestata according to its usual meaning 'having made no will,' and re 15, 51, 85, 135, 146 11, 84, 108; 14, 83. 2 Lampridius, vit. Elagab. 30, 3. Crudum, the correction of p, is supported by Phocas, a Roman grammarian of the fifth century, and by the scholiast on Persius (3, 98). J. D. Duff, however, following S. G. Owen (Class Rev., x1, 1897, p. 400) reads with PH crudus, which is often used of persons in the active sense of 'not digesting,' i.e. 'dyspeptic,' 'suffering from indigestion,' e.g. 6, 203; Hor. Sat. 1, 5, 49. This reading derives some support from Hor. Epist. 1, 6, 61 crudi tumidique lavemur; but pavonem needs the qualifying adjective and the position of turgidus seems to connect it with both clauses; see § 124. gard the verse as an example of hendiadys, i.e. subitae mortes senum intestatorum; but this is a very doubtful expedient and, at any rate, senectus thus seems to have no special force.1 145. nec tristis: the clients of this selfish glutton are glad at his sudden death because he had treated them so meanly while he lived (hence 146 iratis); at every table the joyful news goes around. 146. ducitur: funus ducere is one of the regular expressions in connection with funerals; cf. 10, 240 f. 66 147-171. Our descendants can never go lower in the moral scale, so that material for satire is abundant. But," says one, "in these days you Then I shall criticise the vices of dare not attack vice in high places." the past. 147. moribus: cf. 14, 52; Tac. H. III, 72 si per mores nostros liceret. 148. minores: in this sense again 2, 146; 8, 234; 14, 189; cf. the common use of maiores = forefathers. 149. in praecipiti: 'vice always stands on a steep incline,' and hence soon reaches the bottom. For the meaning cf. Sen. Ep. 97, 10 non pronum est tantum ad vitia, sed praeceps, and id. Dial. III, 7, 4 ita animus si in iram, amorem aliosque se proiecit adfectus, non permittitur reprimere impetum. rapiat illum oportet et ad imum agat pondus suum et vitiorum natura proclivis, which forms the best commentary on this passage. On the use of praeceps as a substantive, see § 54. stetit: for the tense, see § 72, c. utere velis ... pande sinus: the metaphor is common, e.g. Cic. Tusc. IV, 5, 9 panderem vela orationis; Plin. Ep. vI, 33, 10 dedimus vela indignationi (§§ 127, 154). 3 150. dicas: the words of the other speaker in the imaginary dialogue are indicated by single quotation marks. On dialogue form, see § 25. 1 The old interpretation, current among commentators from the scholiast to Cesareo (1900), was not satisfactory to Madvig (Adv. Crit., III, 249), who felt the absurdity of saying that old men die without wills because they eat to excess and bathe afterwards; he therefore suggested 'infestata, which met with little favor; see E. Hübner, Woch. f. klass. Phil., VI, 1889, col. 1397 and S. G. Owen, Class. Rev., XI, 1897, p. 400. The above interpretation, which is due to A. E. Housman, Class. Rev., XIII, 1899, pp. 432 f., is supported by Plaut. Mil. 1416, where intestatus means sine testibus, though in quite a different sense. Objections to it are pointed out by R. Nicholson (ib. XIV, 1900, p. 53), who thinks that intestata senectus means, not the delay of old men to make their wills,' but grow old before they have made their wills,' i.e. ‘age prematurely.' ་ 2 H. Richards, Class. Rev., vi, 1892, pp. 124-5. The usual interpretation at its zenith' (Mayor), auf dem Gipfel' (Friedl.) has no support, because in praecipiti always suggests the danger of a sudden descent. 3 See J. D. Duff, Satires of Juvenal, p. 458, and Petron. 55 in praecipiti. • Dicas is the reading of p w, adopted by Buech. and Friedl., while P has dices, which is accepted, among recent editors, by Duff, Wright, and Cesareo. It is true that Juvenal |