151. materiae: on hiatus in Juvenal, see § 156. 153. simplicitas: 2, 18; Liv. XL, 47, 3 veniunt legati ex oppido, quorum sermo antiquae simplicitatis fuit, non dissimulantium bellaturos. 154. Mucius: P. Mucius Scaevola, consul in 133 B.C., who was attacked by Lucilius (§ 4); cf. Pers. 1, 114 f. secuit Lucilius urbem, te Lupe, te Muci. Juvenal has in mind the freedom of speech practised by Lucilius and hence introduces Mucius as a type of the influential persons whose vices he may expose. 155. pone: 'paint,' 'portray,' regularly used of the artist, e.g. Ovid, A. A. III, 401 si Venerem Cous nusquam posuisset Apelles; one might expect proponere in this sense, but the simple verb was the technical word (§ 44). On the use of an imperative as protasis, see § 107. Sophonius Tigellinus was a powerful favorite of Nero, notorious for his wantonness and cruelty. He was compelled by Otho to put an end to his own life (69 A.D.). lucebis: Plaut. Capt. 596 f. te... pix atra agitet apud carnuficem tuoque capiti inluceat. This refers to the tunica molesta, to which the modern coat of tar and feathers is most nearly an equivalent. The Romans, however, set fire to the inflammable materials with which the victim was covered. See note on 8, 235. 157. sulcum deducis: as your body is dragged off with the hook (uncus)1; see note on 10, 66, and for the change of tense, § 136, b. In this passage Juvenal seems to be confounding two different modes of violent death, burning at the stake (fixo pectore) and slaughter in the amphitheatre. 159. plumis: 10, 362 and Mart. XII, 17, 8 dormit et in pluma purpureoque toro; the softness of the lectica (note on 1, 120) is emphasized by the use of this word. On the rhythm, see p. lxix. 160. cum veniet: see § 109. labellum: on the form, see § 41, 1, d. 161. qui: the antecedent is ei understood; an exact parallel is Cic. Dom. 20, 51 poena est (sc. ei) qui receperit.” hic est: Pers. 1, 28 pulchrum est digito monstrari et dicier "hic est," which Juvenal probably remembered. This use of hic est, which is found also in Martial, v, has the future indicative with forsitan (forsan) in 12, 125 and 14, 295, but not in the second person. See Beer, Spicil. luv., p. 60, and § 71, b. 1 This interpretation, which goes back to the scholiast, has been considered open to objection on account of the sudden change of tense. S. G. Owen, Class. Rev., x1, 1897, pp. 400-1, adopting Maguire's suggestion (Hermath., IV, 1883, pp. 422 f.) that sulcum refers to light as in Verg. Aen. 11, 697 and other places, retains deducit with P and several Mss. of the w class, and supplies quae, i.e. taeda, as the subject, comparing 14, 105; 15, 170 and Munro, Lucr. vi, 52. J. D. Duff, however, sees in this passage another form of the proverb for fruitless toil found in 7, 48 f., for which see note there. 2 This seems more to the point as well as in closer harmony with Latin idiom than to take the subject of erit as the antecedent of qui. See Nägelsbach, Lat, Stil.o, p. 361. 13, 3, calls to mind the story of Demosthenes' elation at being pointed out with similar words; cf. Cic. Tusc. v, 103; Plin. Ep. 1x, 23, 5. 162. Rutulum: cf. 7, 68. In the latter half of the Aeneid, Turnus, the leader of the Rutuli, is the rival and bitter foe of Aeneas. Hence Juvenal means that epic poetry gives no offence. 163. gravis: Pliny's reason for refusing to write contemporary history was gravis offensae, levis gratia (Ep. v, 8, 12). 164. Hylas: the favorite of Herakles, who during the expedition of the Argonauts went on shore to draw water and was carried off by nymphs. 165. ense velut stricto: Juvenal doubtless thought of Horace (Sat. II, 1, 39 ff.), who professes himself a follower of Lucilius and then contrasts his own attitude. His pen (stilus) is a sheathed sword, which shall be drawn only in self-defence. On Lucilius as a satirist, see § 4. 166. frigida mens: Lucr. III, 299 (ventosa) cervorum frigida mens est. 167. sudant: a physical effect of fear is here and in 13, 220 transferred to the mental sphere. 168. inde... lacrimae: Ter. Andr. 126 hinc illae lacrumae; see § 138. 169. ante tubas:= ante signum datum: cf. Verg. Aen. XI, 424 ante tubam tremor occupat artus. This expression, drawn from military life, seems to have become a proverb (§ 143).1 galeatum: during the = march the soldier carried his helmet and put it on only when the battle was imminent. Caesar (B. G. II, 21, 5) states that once temporis tanta fuit exiguitas ut ad galeas induendas...tempus defuerit. duelli: an archaic form of belli preserved as a trisyllable in the hexameter (Enn., Lucr., Hor., Ovid), but in Plautus always a dissyllable. A similar form is duonoro ( bonorum) in the oldest of the Scipio epitaphs (C.I.L. vi, 1287); cf. duo with bis ( = duis). On archaisms in Juvenal, see § 42. 171. Flaminia: see note on l. 61. Roads leading from Rome were lined with tombs, for Roman law from the earliest period forbade burial within the city; cf. 8, 146. Latina: this road led from Rome by the porta Capena, diverged to the left from the via Appia, passed through the hilly district of Tusculum (hence 5, 55 clivosae...Latinae), and touched Ferentinum, Frusino, and Juvenal's native town Aquinum, finally rejoining the Appia at Casilinum in Campania. 1 On this use of ante and the similar use of post in short phrases which leave part of the meaning to be inferred, see Langen on Val. Fl. 1, 139 and Vollmer on Stat. Sil. 1, 3, 16. An earlier example is Liv. XXI, 28, 6, id ut tutius consilium ante rem foret, etc. SATIRE III THE POOR IN THE GREAT CITY It is generally admitted that this is the best of Juvenal's satires. The faulty structure, the absurd exaggeration, and the empty rhetoric which disfigure some of his work are not obtrusive here, and his descriptive powers are seen at their best. After giving his piece a dramatic setting by introducing Umbricius as the speaker, Juvenal paints in distinct outline and vivid color scene after scene from Roman life. Nowhere in literature, perhaps, have we more clear and lifelike pictures of the past, —which, once enjoyed, become a priceless and abiding possession. Among modern imitations the most noteworthy is Samuel Johnson's 'London, a Poem in Imitation of the Third Satire of Juvenal,' published in 1738. The translation of Dryden is found in vol. XIII, pp. 135 ff. 1-20. I am quite upset by the departure of my old friend Umbricius, but I think he is wise in seeking a safer and more congenial home. While his effects were being packed into the wagon, he walked with me into Egeria's vale, now the haunt of beggars. 1. veteris see note on 1, 132. confusus: Stat. Silv. II, praef. carmen et a confuso scriptum et dolenti datum; Plin. Ep. v, 5, 1 nuntius me gravi dolore confudit. On quamvis with participle, see § 114, b. 2. vacuis: cf. 10, 102 vacuis... Vlubris and see note on 10, 100. Cumis: the oldest Greek colony in Italy, situated on the coast of Campania near Cape Misenum. In the early days of Rome, Cumae was a populous and important city, but later, through wars, lost both its population and its importance. Cf. Stat. Silv. IV, 3, 65 quieta Cyme.' 3. destinet: see § 116, c. Sibyllae: cf. 8, 126 and Verg. Aen. vi, 1 ff. 4. ianua Baiarum: travellers passed through Cumae on their way to Baiae, which was situated on the peninsula to the south. The hot sulphur springs and mild climate led many Romans to build seaside residences there.' 5. secessus: genitive of specification or definition; see G.-L. § 361, Lane, § 1255. Prochytam now Procida, a small island near Cape Misenum, taken as a type of a desolate abode: cf. Stat. Silv. II, 2, 76 Prochyta aspera. Suburae: the Subura, east of the forum Romanum, was one of the noisiest and most crowded streets in Rome; cf. II, 51 a ferventi migrare Subura; Mart. XII, 18, 2 clamosa in Subura. 1 See § 36. 2 Beloch, Campanien, 18902, p. 152; C.I.L. x, pp. 350 f. 7. incendia: on account of the character of the buildings and the lack of adequate protection, fires were frequent and disastrous: the subject is elaborated in 11. 197-222. lapsus: see the details in 11. 190-6. 8. pericula: some are mentioned in 11. 232-314. cf. 1, 30 f. iniquae tam patiens urbis. saevae: 'pitiless'; 9. recitantes: see note on 1, 1. The climax is absurd; cf. 8, 220. 10. domus: household effects'; cf. ll. 23 f. and see note on 1. 261. The loading takes place at the city gate because for the first ten hours of the day wagons-except in a few special cases (note on 1. 255)—were excluded from the streets by a law of Caesar.1 One of the results of this regulation is mentioned in 11. 235 ff. raeda like other names for vehicles on wheels (carrus, cisium, esseda, petorritum, carpentum), raeda was borrowed from the Gallic (Keltic): see § 46, b and notes on l. 118 and 8, 157. It was a lumbering four-wheeler used for travelling, and in some measure corresponds to the French diligence. 11. madidamque Capenam: through the porta Capena of the old Servian wall travellers left for the South by the via Appia. The dripping was from the rivus Herculaneus, a branch of the aqua Marcia, constructed under Nerva (96-98 A.D.). This brought water to the Caelian and then passed over the porta Capena, the mediaeval arcus stillans, to the Aventine." 12. nocturnae: see § 55. 6, 487. constituebat: absolutely in this sense in amicae: Liv. I, 19, 5 simulat sibi cum dea Egeria congressus nocturnos esse; cf. 1. 17. 14. Iudaeis: the Jews in Rome were generally despised and misunderstood, and for a long time were not clearly distinguished from Christians; cf. 1. 296; 14, 96 ff. The grove of Egeria and the Camenae outside the porta Capena had been rented to Jews, possibly as a site for a synagogue, and was swarming with beggars. cophinus faenumque : also in 6, 543 the sign of the Jew. The purpose served by this basket and hay (or basket of hay) is not clear.3 supellex: outfit." 16. Camenis: Roman prophetic divinities, whose shrine was on the left of the via Appia just outside the city (note on 1. 14). From early times they were popularly identified with the Greek Muses." 18. veris sc. speluncis (§ 83, a): Livy, 1, 21, 3 medium (lucum) ex 1 Lex Iulia Municipalis of 45 B.C.; cf. C.I.L. 1, 206. 2 Chr. Hülsen, in Pauly-Wiss., III, 1506; Jordan, Topographie, 1, 1, p. 465. 3 The improbable view, based on an old scholion, that they were to keep food warm for the Sabbath, is discussed by Rönsch, Coll. Phil. pp. 249 ff. opaco specu fons perenni rigabat aqua. Juvenal objects to the modern additions which have destroyed the natural beauty of the place. sentius: a rare comparative, found again in 11, 111; see § 57, c. 20. violarent: desecrate'; cf. II, 116. prae tofum: the soft volcanic stone known as tufa (lapis ruber) was the only available material for the earliest Roman builders.' Towards the end of the Republic, marble, brought from other parts of Italy or imported from Greece, Numidia, and elsewhere, began to be used extensively for finer buildings. 21-57. "As an honest man can no longer live in Rome, I am resolved to go, while yet I may. Men without conscience or honor may remain, but I will not win the favor of the rich as an accomplice in their crimes or as a partner in their guilty secrets." 21. quando: causal (= quandoquidem), as in 5, 93. 23. here: according to Quintilian (1, 7, 22) this was the regular form in his day for the earlier locative heri. Yet here is read in some passages of Plautus on the authority of codex A, e.g. Mil. 59.' eadem : sc. res. 24. deteret strictly a transitive verb, used here as a reflexive (= se deteret); cf. 16, 50 res atteritur. With res as the subject, the result is regarded as outside the control of the agent (Buech.). 25. Daedalus cf. 11. 79 f. and 1, 54; Verg. Aen. vi, 14 ff. Daedalus praepetibus pinnis ausus se credere caelo... Chalcidicaque levis tandem super astitit arce. The clause is a periphrasis for Cumae; see § 142. 27. Lachesi of the three fates, Lachesis was the spinner of life's thread; hence stamen - life, e.g. 10, 252 and 14, 249. 28. subeunte bacillo: Cyprian, Iud. 714 gemina subeunte columna. On the diminutive, see § 41, 1, d. 29. patria: see § 96. necessarily meant; see § 24. Artorius et Catulus: real persons are not istic: see § 61, b. 30. nigrum in candida: proverbial in Latin as in English (§ 143); Ovid, Met. XI, 315 f. candida de nigris et de candentibus atra (facere). Similarly Ter. Phor. 771 qui recta prava faciunt. 31. conducere: Hor. Epist. 1, 1, 77 pars hominum gestit conducere publica. Dishonesty may be implied in connection with some of these occupations. The reference in flumina portus is probably to the farming of river and harbor tolls. 1 See Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations, p. 32. 2 See Ritschl, Opusc., 11, p. 255. 3 For verbs of decreasing so used, many instances of present participle can be adduced, but few of finite moods. Close parallels are Coripp. Ioh. vII, 347 flumina iam minuunt; ib. VI, 367; see Wölfflin, A.L.L. x, pp. 1-10. |