257. saxa Ligustica: marble from the quarries of Luna, which was originally in Liguria, but after the definition of boundaries under Augustus was in Etruria. It was a white marble and was extensively used in Rome: cf. Stat. Silv. IV, 3, 99 (arcus) totis Ligurum nitens metallis. Martial also mentions such obstructions in the streets, v, 22, 8 trahi multo marmora fune vides. See § 123. 259. de corporibus: for the construction, see § 97, d.1 6 260. perit: vanishes'; there is not enough left to pick up. 261. domus : i.e. familia; see note on 1. 10. 263. striglibus: these, with lintea and gutus, are the requisites for a bath to precede the dinner; see note on 11, 206 and § 157. 265. in ripa: i.e. in the infernal world. 266. porthmea in Eurip. Alc. 253 Charon is vekúwv dè toplμeús, in Verg. Aen. vi, 298 f. portitor horrendus...terribili squalore, in Tibull. 1, 10, 36 Stygiae navita turpis aquae, in Prop. v, 17, 24 (Mueller) torvus senex. caenosi gurgitis: Verg. Aen. VI, 296 f. turbidus hic caeno vastaque voragine gurges aestuat. See § 18. alnum: see § 129, c. 267. trientem: the Greek custom-first mentioned in Aristoph. Ran. 140, 270-of placing a coin (obol) between the teeth of the dead to pay his fare over the river, is rarely mentioned in Roman literature. It must have been imported into Italy at a very early period, for skeletons with coins fixed between the teeth have been found at Praeneste in graves which date from about 300 B.C." 268-314. "If you go out at night, you are likely to be struck on the head by broken crockery or to be drenched by dirty water thrown from the windows. Or you fall in with a drunken rowdy who is anxious for a fight and insists on pounding you. Moreover, the city so swarms with footpads that one prison is no longer sufficient." 268. respice on forms of transition, see § 140, a. 269. quod spatium: sc. sit; on ellipsis of the copula, see § 138, a. On the height of houses, see note on 1. 199. 270. testa: tile,' for the usual tegula; so Cic. Dom. 61 testis tectorum meorum. A striking parallel is Lucian, Char. 6 ἐπὶ δεῖπνον, οἶμαι, κληθεὶς ...ἥξω, ἔφη, καὶ μεταξὺ λέγοντος ἀπὸ τοῦ τέγους κεραμὶς ἐμπεσοῦσα . . . ἀπέκTEIVED AUTÓν. Cf. also Epictetus, Diss. II, 6, 18 and Iv, 7, 27, who in 1 The reading of P is e, corrected by later hands. This must be rejected on the ground that Juvenal uses ex, not e, except in a few stereotyped phrases (see Buech., in Friedl.), and that the preposition which he employs with the ablative as a substitute for the partitive genitive is de, not ex (except with quidam in 2, 36 and 6, 451). 2 Prop. v, 11, 7; Apul. Met, vi, 18; C.I.L. 1, pp. 27 f.; Pauly-Wiss., III, 349, cludes kepaμls among destructive agencies, like sword, fire, sea, tyrant, soldier.' fenestris on the omission of the preposition, see § 96. 273. ad cenam si: for the effect of this verse ending, see § 152. 274. intestatus: the word is discussed in note on 1, 144. 275. vigiles... fenestrae: i.e. vigilum fenestrae; see § 130. 277. contentae: with fenestrae understood from 1. 275; see §117. 279. dat poenas: the passage is explained by Iliad. XXIV, 10 f. dλλor' ἐπὶ πλευρὰς κατακείμενος, ἄλλοτε δ' αὔτε ὕπτιος, ἄλλοτε δὲ πρηνής, τοτὲ δ' ¿plòs ávaστás; Sen. Dial. IX, 2, 12 qualis ille Homericus Achilles est, modo pronus, modo supinus, in varios habitus se ipse conponens. Seneca's pronus is Juvenal's in faciem. The only point of likeness to Achilles is the ruffian's restlessness, and the general incongruity of the comparison makes it humorous. See p. xx, note 1 and § 128. 281. ergo: for quantity of final vowel, see note on 1, 3 and § 157. 283. coccina: laena marks the dandy and this color was expensive.' 284. comitum: 'clients'; see note on 1, 46. 285. lampas: the streets of Rome, though sometimes illuminated on special occasions, were not systematically lighted. See §§ 46, a and 49, a. 288. prohoemia: 'the preliminaries.' 93 289. pulsas... vapulo: Ter. Ad. 213 ego vapulando, ille verberando, usque ambo defessi sumus (schol.); cf. Plaut. Stich. 606 scis quam efflictentur homines noctu hic in via.1 290. stat contra: metaphorically in Pers. 5, 96 stat contra ratio and in Mart. 1, 53, 12 stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina 'fur es' ($26). stari: impersonal; see note on 1. 235 (dormitur). 292. aceto: possibly posca, a mixture of vinegar and water, the usual drink of the common people as of the soldier. 293. conche: see note on 14, 131. sectile in 14, 133 sectivum ; Mart. III, 47, 8 speaks of two kinds, the other being called capitatum. 296. ede: so l. 74 and 1, 21. on 1. 14. consistas: i.e. as a beggar; see note quaero for the mood, see $71, a. 298. tantumdem : = idem; cf. Digest. XXVI, 7, 3, § 1 tantundem praetor facit. The desire for sharp and clear-cut expression sometimes led to the substitution of the quantitative for the merely qualitative; so totidem = eadem in Catull. 92, 3 and Hor. Sat. 11, 3, 298.5 See § 108, a. 1 See B. L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circulars, No. 29, 1884, p. 51. 2 See Jahn and Gildersleeve, notes on Pers. 1, 32; Plin. N. H. xxxvII, 204. The spelling prohoemium has better Ms. authority in Latin than prooemium. The justification of the form lies in the aspirated οἶμος implied in φροίμια (προοίμια); cf. φροῦδος from πρόοδος Buech. in Friedl.). 4 Cf. Luc. vII, 533; Sil, XVI, 71. A. Sonny, A.L.L. XI, p. 132, 301. paucis: a few'; the word is strongly emphatic. 302. nec... metuas: on the use of nec for ne, see § 77. 303. derit: like derat and desset, always dissyllabic in Juvenal; cf. 2, 168; 4, 72; 7, 69; 9, 112, 130; 16, 18. 304. tabernae: the whole front of a shop in Rome, as in Pompeii, was usually open in day time and closed by heavy shutters at night. When these and the houses are shut up, the streets are dark and lonely. 305. ferro... grassator agit: cf. 14, 174. subitus: cf. 4, 133. 306. custode: on the absence of preposition, see § 93; see also § 49, a. 307. Pomptina: the Pontine Marsh, covering more than two hundred square miles in southern Latium, was intersected by a canal (Hor. Sat. 1, 5) but not drained. Gallinaria: a forest on the coast of Campania, extending northward from Cumae to the river Vulturnus. Naturally both of these places were infested with robbers. vivaria in 4, 51 308. sic... tamquam: 'just as if'; so 6, 431. 'private preserve,' but here transferred in a very natural way. where men of this class are fattened. Rome is 309. non with both clauses; nec is more often thus omitted. 311. vomer: connected with marrae and sarcula also in 15, 166 f. 314. uno... carcere: the so called carcer Mamertinus, built by Ancus Martius inminens foro (Liv. 1, 33, 8), in which the accomplices of Catilina were executed and Jugurtha met his awful end. It is likely that in Juvenal's time the barracks in different parts of the city had accommodations for civil as well as for military prisoners: cf. 6, 561.1 315-322. "But it is time to go. So good-bye: and whenever you seek rest at Aquinum, I will visit you and hear your satires." 315. poteram: 'could' (but do not); see G.-L. § 254, R. 2; Lane, § 1497. causas: i.e. for departure. 317. mulio: a dactyl here as in 8, 148; see § 157. 318. adnuit: as a hint that time is passing; cf. 8, 153 virga prior annuet, which refers to a driver's salute. 319. tuo... Aquino: Juvenal's native town on the via Latina in the S. E. of Latium; see § 12. On the worship of Ceres there, see § 7. 320. Helvinam: a member of the gens Helvia may have built this temple." Dianam mentioned in connection with Ceres also in C.I.L. III, 7260. She must have been worshiped at Aquinum. 1 See Pauly-Wiss., III, 1579, 1581 f. 2 See C.I.L. x, 5382; ib. index, p. 1039. 3 Cf. C.I. Gr. 1449. 321. ni pudet illas: sc. tam rustici auditoris. 322. auditor: cf. I, 1.' caligatus: with my heavy boots on,' as part of the rough costume suitable for the country." SATIRE IV THE IMPERIAL COUNCIL It is difficult to believe that the parts of which this satire is composed were originally intended by the author to form one harmonious whole; for harmonious in any strict sense they certainly are not. The first part (11. 1–27), which looks like a portion of a satire levelled at the upstart Egyptian, and the last part (ll. 37–154), which describes the assembly and proceedings of the imperial council, are joined in the loosest fashion by lines 28-36. But whatever may have been the original intention, we are not justified in assuming that any other hand than that of the author arranged the satire as it stands. For similar lack of harmony in structure, see Satires 1, 7, and 11. Whether Domitian really did summon his advisers to plan for the disposal of a fish may be doubted, notwithstanding Juvenal's assertion (1. 35 res vera agitur), though it is not inherently improbable. It seems more likely that the present satire is a burlesque account of some meeting held at Domitian's Alban villa, such as that which took place before the war with the Chatti, 83 A.D. (cf. l. 147),* a meeting described, of course in serious vein, by Statius in his De Bello Germanico, of which the scholiast (Valla) on 1. 94 quotes the following verses : lumina Nestorei mitis prudentia Crispi et Fabius Veiento-potentem signat utrumque et prope Caesareae confinis Acilius aulae.5 1 Auditor, which was probably the reading of P, though given up by Buech. (1893), has since been defended by Polstorff (1896) and Duff (1898), and is now read by Owen (1902). It is certainly not lectio difficilior, but makes far better sense than adiutor (pw); for, as Polstorff remarks, non adiutorem optant poetae, sed auditorem. 2 There is here no reference to the soldier's boot (note on 1. 248), for caligae were worn also by countrymen and even by women; cf. Edict. Dioclet. IX, 5a, 6, 10 with Blümner's note (p. 126) and see W. v. Christ, 1. 1. p. 142. 3 For a different view, see A. Gercke, Gött. gel. Anz., 1896, pp. 981 ff. 4 On July 22d, 82 A.D., Domitian held a meeting adhibitis utriusque ordinis splendidis viris (C.I.L. IX, 5420). Fabricius Veiento (note on 1. 113) is called Fabius, doubtless to mark him as a man of caution and forethought like Fabius Cunctator, the great opponent of Hannibal. See F. Buecheler, Rhein. Mus.. XXXIX, 1884, pp. 283 f. and S. Gsell, Essai sur le règne de l'empereur Domitien, 1893, p. 61, note 6. 1-27. Crispinus is again the subject of my satire and must often be, because of his unspeakable crimes. At present, however, I speak of something less serious. He bought a mullet at an outrageous price and for his own use. For the same sum the upstart might have bought a farm. 1. Crispinus: see § 19 and note on 1. 108. The former attack is not preserved, for it can scarcely be the mere mention in 1, 26 f. See § 11.' 2. ad partes: a metaphor from the stage; see § 127. virtute redemptum: Sen. Nat. Quaest. 1, 17, 4 redimendum esse virtutibus quicquid corpori deesset. 3. solaque libidine fortes: 6 A, 25 (p. 41) hic erit in lecto fortissimus ; cf. Shakespeare, Coriolanus, III, I Their mutinies and revolts, wherein they showed Most valor, spoke not for them.' 4. deliciae: ‘a ladies' man'; cf. 6, 47; see § 129, a and note on 10, 291. viduas: unmarried women.' To Crispinus none but forbidden and carefully guarded fruits are sweet; cf. Aesch. Suppl. 1009 tépeiv' ὀπώρα δ' εὐφύλακτος οὐδαμῶς. spernatur i.e. aspernatur; see § 44. 6. porticibus: covered colonnades in which the rich might take the air without exposure to the weather; cf. 7, 178 ff. 7. vicina foro: naturally the most expensive real estate in Rome. 9. incestus: Isid. Orig. v, 26, 24 qui enim talibus (i.e. the Vestals) commiscentur, incesti, id est incasti habentur. cum quo: quocum (not in Juvenal); cf. 1. 87; 10, 235; 13, 155. vittata: the vittae were the badge of the sacred office; cf. Ovid, Fast. vI, 457 f. nullaque dicetur vittas temerasse sacerdos hoc duce, nec viva defodietur humo. 10. terram subitura: the Vestal Cornelia was buried alive for unchastity by Domitian in 91 A.D. But Juvenal does not refer to this; he seems merely to be retailing town gossip. The participle indicates no more than the natural consequence of the act if it were proved; see § 118, d. 11. levioribus: explained by 1. 15. For the ellipsis, see § 138, b. 12. fecisset: the technical term 'Guilty' was feci, as in 6, 638; cf. 6, 456 and 14, 185. caderet: would stand convicted,' also technical ; iu cf. 10, 69 cecidit sub crimine. For the tense, see § 72, a (2). dice morum: Domitian's perpetual censorship, which is much praised by Martial and Statius and referred to by Juvenal (2, 30, 63, 121), was begun late in the year 85.3 13. Titio Seioque: typical names for ordinary people; see note on 8, 1 Cf. Buecheler, Carm. Epig. 1552, B, 3 Ecce Secundus adest iterum. 2 Stat. Silv. 1, 1, 36; Gsell, 1. 1. pp. 80 ff. 3 In a military diploma of the year 86 he is called censor perpetuus, a title which no other emperor assumed; see Gsell, 1. 1. p. 54, note 6, and Ruggiero, II, p. 161. |