755. designat aratro: this was a sacred ceremony in marking out the boundary of a new city.

756. domos: he allots the places for dwellings. Ilium, the city, Troiam, the region or district, including the city.

758. forum: seems here to be put for iudicia, 'the courts,' the proceedings of which constituted the characteristic business of the forum.

760. A priest or flamen is appointed for the tomb of Anchises, and the wood far around it is set apart, or consecrated. Join late with sacer.

761. Anchiseo: a possessive adjective put for the genitive of the noun. See note on Scyllaeam, I, 200.

762. novem: see note on nona, 1. 64. aris: ablative of place.

764. creber et adspirans: ‘and blowing fresh'; a proleptic expression. 768. non tolerabile nomen: the very name of the sea was suggestive of hardship, and not to be borne.

772. Eryci: 'to Eryx,' as a deified hero, and one of the gods of the place. Tempestatibus: 'to the Storms,' which may forbear to molest them, if propitiated. Cf. III, 120.

773. ex ordine: one after another.'

774. caput: join with evinctus. tonsae: trimmed.' Cf. 1. 556.

775. procul: 'high up' and apart from the rest; join with stans. Cf. 1. 642. 777, 778. Cf. III, 130, 290.

779-871. Venus, in her dread of the persistent anger of Juno, appeals to Neptune for his interposition to prevent any further disaster by sea to the fleet of Aeneas. Neptune reminds her of his former friendly acts to Aeneas both on sea and land, and promises now to protect him, requiring, however, that one of his crew shall be lost on the voyage. Meanwhile, the whole fleet proceeds under full sail, led by the ship of Aeneas, which is steered by the pilot Palinurus. In the night Aeneas and all on board fall asleep, except Palinurus, who watches, and keeps the helm alone. Somnus descends from the sky, and tempts him to sleep, and, in spite of his resistance, overpowers him with Lethean influence. Palinurus falls over into the sea, still grasping the helm, and carrying a fragment of the ship, torn off with it. Aeneas is awakened by the irregular motion of the ship, and perceiving the fate which has befallen Palinurus, bemoans his loss, while he himself directs the course.

781. nec exsaturabile pectus: 'and her insatiate revenge.' 782. omnes: 'all'; even the most humiliating.

783. longa dies: 'length of time.' pietas: his piety in general as well as toward Juno.

784. infracta: ‘subdued.' Juno knows the fates concerning Aeneas, but she still persists.

785. exedisse: 'to have devoured'; strongly expressive of her hatred.

786. traxe: for traxisse.

See note on I, 201.

poenam per omnem:

'through all suffering'; i.e. of the ten years' siege.

787. Reliquias, etc.: 'she pursues the remnant of Troy, the (very) ashes and bones of the city she has destroyed.'

788. sciat illa: 'let her understand,' for I do not.

791. nequiquam: 'in vain'; for Neptune had thwarted her attempt by repelling the winds of Aeolus.

793. Per scelus: is not an adverbial expression for sceleste, but a substitute for ad, or in scelus; meaning, 'through all the steps of crime.' Join with actis.

794. subegit: sc. illum or Aenean. classe: anger is apt to exaggerate. 796. Quod superest: as the only thing that remains'; i.e. to be asked for. Cf. 1. 691. Others refer it to 'the remnant' of the fleet.

797. tibi: join with Vela dare; 'let it be lawful (for them) to commit their sails safely to you'; i.e. to your protection.

Fig. 48.- Neptune attended by Tritons and Nereids (11. 816 sqq.)

798. ea moenia: that city which Aeneas is aiming to establish in Italy. 800. omne: = omnino; it is wholly right.'

801. Unde genus ducis: she sprung from the foam of the sea. See note on Cytherea, I, 257. quoque: it is not only right by the laws of nature, but also I have by my own friendly acts deserved your confidence.

805. impingeret agmina muris: 'dashed their battalions against the walls.'

810. Cum cuperem: though I desired.'

811. periurae: 'false,' because her king, Laomedon, had violated his promise to Neptune. See note on II, 610.

813. Portus Averni: refers especially to Cumae, which is near Lake Avernus.

814. Unus erit, etc.: Palinurus is the destined victim. See ll. 840 sqq. 815. caput: = vita.

816. laeta: proleptic.

817. auro: for aureo iugo; ablative of instrument.

820. Cf. I, 147.

821. aquis either an ablative of place where (= mari), or ablative of specification. fugiunt: 'disappear.' vasto aethere: 'from the wide heavens.' 822. cete: a Greek plural, = KÝTN.

823. senior: 'aged'; a term often applied to marine deities.

822-826. Virgil may have had in mind a group of statuary by Scopas, which stood in the Circus Flaminius at Rome (described in Pliny's Natural History, 36, 5).

827. Hic, etc. cf. I, 502. vicissim: 'in turn'; i.e. in place of care.

830. Una-pedem: 'they all hauled the sheet alike.' All the vessels, governed by the movements of Palinurus, took the wind alike (una, pariter), now on the one side of the ship, now on the other. Pes was the name of the rope called by us the 'sheet,' fastened at each of the lower corners of the sails. These were alternately 'let out' and 'shortened,' according as the ship took the wind from the right or left. Facere pedem is to manage the sheet.' Cf. III, 267, and note.

831, 832. They simultaneously turned the sails now to the left, now to the right. The yards themselves are necessarily turned to one side or the other when the sheets are hauled or loosened.

833, 834. densum Agmen: 'the squadron in close array.'

834. ad hunc: 'after him'; according to his movements.

835. mediam metam: her turning point or goal in the middle of the heavens; 'the middle of her course.'

837. Sub remis: 'near their oars.'

839. dispulit umbras: Somnus did not disperse the darkness, but passed through it, 'parting' it, as it were, in his descent.

844. Aequatae: 'fair'; such as make the sails aequata, with the acces sory idea of 'steady.' See IV, 587.

845. labori: the dative is rare with furari. Cf. H. 427; LM. 539; A. 229; B. 188, 2, d; G. 345, R. 1; (H. 385, II, 3).

847. vix attollens: 'scarcely lifting'; i.e. hardly turning his eyes away from his steering to notice the supposed Phorbas.

853. Nusquam: occasionally, as here, for nunquam.

amittebat: has

the last syllable long under the ictus. sub astra: 'up toward the stars,' by which he was steering the boat.

856. cunctanti: of him resisting.'

natantia is proleptic. lumina

solvit: the eyes of Palinurus, which had been strained and fixed steadily on the stars, Somnus causes to yield and to sink to sleep.

857. primos: for primum.

858. Et: equivalent to cum, as in III, 9.

861. Ipse: Somnus. ales: as a winged creature; 'on his wings.'

862. Currit: with the cognate accusative, iter. Cf. III, 191.

865. Difficiles quondam: 'once dangerous'; when former voyagers, such as Ulysses, passed them; but no longer so, at least, on account of the

passes the Sirens (11. 864, 865)

Sirens, as they had disappeared before the arrival of Aeneas in these waters; for, according to the myth, they cast themselves into the sea and perished because they were outwitted by Ulysses.

866. Tum: refers to the time when Aeneas sailed by the rocks. rauca: proleptic, may be translated as an adverb. sale sonabant: they were no longer sounding with the music of the Sirens. 867. Cum: relates to iam subibat.

869. Multa gemens: see note on I, 465. animum: see note on I, 228. 871. Nudus, ignota:

to die away from one's native land was a great misfortune, but the greatest of all was to be deprived of burial. Palinurus, soon after his death, meets Aeneas in Hades, and gives him the particulars of his fate. For these, see VI, 347 sqq.

BOOK VI

Arrival of Aeneas at Cumae. His descent to Hades and interview with the shade of Anchises.

1-155. Aeneas lands at Cumae, and immediately proceeds to the temple of Apollo, on the Acropolis, to consult the Sibyl. Deiphobe, the Sibyl, who is also priestess of Hecate, informs him of his future wars and hardships, and instructs him how to prepare for his proposed descent into the lower regions.

1. Sic fatur lacrimans: these words closely connect the narrative of the Fifth and Sixth Books. immittit habenas: 'loosens the sheets.' Cf. immittere funes, VIII, 708,

2. Euboicis-oris: Cumae, a city situated on the coast of Campania, a little north of Naples, was founded in very ancient times by a colony from Cyme, in Asia Minor, and from Chalcis, in Euboea. Hence the terms Euboean and Chalcidian are applied to the city of Cumae and to objects connected with it. Traces only of the ancient city remain to-day. Beneath the Acropolis, on which stood the temple of Apollo, are very many subterranean passages.

3. Obvertunt: on landing, the prow of the ship was turned toward the water, and the stern toward the shore.

8. Tecta rapit, etc.: 'part quickly penetrate the thick

Fig. 50.- Map of the Vicinity of Cumae

forests, the habitations of wild beasts, and point out the discovered streams.' densa belongs logically with silvas. Rapit, like Corripuere, I, 418, is equiva

lent to cursu rapit, and means here 'hurries through.' Their first object is

to find fuel and food. Cf. I, 174.