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of good to mankind. It may be that women cannot duplicate men in all the tasks which they undertake, but that is not a sufficient reason why there should be withheld from them what they can successfully accomplish. It was this assertion of individuality on the part of a few women, derided and condemned on every hand, which gave origin to the woman's movement. It seemed in its feeble beginnings that it could not prosper, and that it would soon come to an inglorious and disgraceful end. But its strength was in the fact that it carried over to the side of women what the whole revolutionary movement had demanded for men. Here, as often elsewhere, men and women represented the same principle, however much men might insist upon the priority and the greater worth of their claim. If Kant said that women should be educated only for domestic duties, his assertion of the individuality of mind, the right of freedom of thought, inevitably led to a practical denial of his limitation of the conditions of education. In no direction, indeed, could men make a claim for freedom and justice that it did not re-echo the needs and demands of women. Without democracy men could not prosper; with democracy women must stand by their side.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Histories of the Revolution by Carlyle, Thiers, Michelet, Taine, Miguet, von Holst, Stephens, and van Laun. The Ancient Regime, by Henri Taine. The French Revolution and Religious Reform: An Account of Ecclesiastical Legislation and its Influence on Affairs in France from 1789-1804, by William Milligan Sloan, Men and Women of the French Revolution, by Philip Gibbs. The Eve of the French Revolution, by Edward J. Lovell. The Women of the Salons and other French Portraits, by S. G. Tallentyre, Dr. Johnson and the Fair Sex: A Study of Contrasts, by W. H. Craig. Pen-Portraits of Literary Women, by Themselves and Others, edited by Helen Gray Cone and Jeannette L. Gilder. Heroines of Free Thought, by Sara A. Underwood. Women in English Life from Medieval to Modern Times, by Georgiana Hill. The Literary Women of England, by Jane Williams. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, by Mary Wollstonecraft, edited by Mrs. Henry Fawcett. A Study of Mary Wollstonecraft and The Rights of Woman, by Emma Rauschenbusch-Clough. Life of Mary Wollstonecraft, by Elizabeth Pennell, in Famous Women Series. The Revolutionary Spirit preceding the French Revolution, by Felix Rocquain, translated by J. D. Hunting. The Philosophers and the French Revolution, by P. A. Wadia. The French Revolution and Modern Socialism, by Jessica Peixotto.

Jane Austen and Her Times, by G. E. Mitton. Jane Austen: Her Homes and Her Friends, by Constance Hill. William Godwin: His Friends and Contemporaries, by C. Kegan Paul, 2 vols. Madame de Sevigne: Her Correspondence and Contemporaries, by the Countess de Pulija. The Queen of Letter Writers: Marquise de Sevigne, Dame de Bourbilly, 16-6-1696, by Janet Aldis. Sister and Saint: A Sketch of the Life of Jacqueline Pascal, by Sophy Winthrop Weitzel.

FROM THE SIXTEENTH ODE OF THE SECOND
BOOK OF HORACE

He lives on little, and is blest,

On whose plain board the bright

Salt-cellar shines, which was his sires' delight,
Nor terrors, nor cupidity's unrest,

Disturb his slumbers light.

Why should we still project and plan,

We creatures of an hour?

Why fly from clime to clime, new regions scour?
Where is the exile, who, since time began,
To fly from self had power?

Fell care climbs brazen galley's sides,
For troops of horse can fly

Her foot, which than the stag's is swifter, ay,
Swifter than Eurus when he madly rides

The clouds along the sky.

Careless what lies beyond to know,

And turning to the best

The present, meet life's bitters with a jest,
And smile them down; since nothing here below
Is altogether blest.

In manhood's prime Achilles died,

Tithonus by the slow

Decay of age was wasted to a show,

And Time may what it hath to thee denied

On me perchance bestow.

To me a farm of modest size,

And slender vein of song,

Such as in Greece flowed vigorous and strong,
Kind fate has given, and spirit to despise

The base, malignant throng.

-Translated by Sir Theodore Martin.

[graphic]

VII

Esneh, El Kab and Edfu*

By James Henry Breasted

Professor of Egyptology and Oriental History, and Director Haskell Oriental Museum, University of Chicago.

T

HE north wind, upon which the traveler is dependent for his southern progress, blows for weeks at a time during the Nile winter without cessation; but it has a perverse habit of blowing industriously while your boat is tied up and you are busy sight-seeing. Whereas when you have "finished" a place and are ready to move on, you not infrequently waken in the morning and listen in vain for the rushing of the waters along the keel, which denotes the resumption of the southern voyage. A peep through the shutters discloses the same old landscape or stretch of river, on ascending the deck the canvas swings lazily from the spars, and all the valley is laved in the soft enveloping air of an idyllic calm. Such a delay is not unwelcome at a place like Thebes; but it sometimes means serious curtailment of your stay at some other important site. If your pocketbook is large enough, you telegraph for one of Cook's steam-tugs, and in a few hours you are moving briskly up-stream to the sprightly "chuf-chuff-chuff" of a modern marine engine as against the splendid gusts of the fresh north wind. An island drops between us and the palms of southern Luxor. The noble panorama of cliffs behind the western plain

*Copyright, 1910, by James Henry Breasted.

Early articles of the series were: I. "The Nile Dwellers and Their Land," September; II. "Alexandria and Cairo," October; III. "The Pyramids and Sphinx-Memphis and Heliopolis," November; IV. "The Voyage of the Nile-Abydos and Denderah," December; V. "Thebes: Karnak and Luxor," January; VI. "Temples and Tombs of Western Thebes," February.

marches in stately procession northward. All else of ancient Thebes has disappeared, but still the two giants of the plain, dwarfed by the towering cliffs that back them, look out and greet us across the level fields, a last voice from the venerable city.

Thirty-seven miles from Thebes, on the west shore of the river, we run upon the busy Coptic town of Esneh, with its fifteen thousand inhabitants. Only a quarter of an hour from the landing, enveloped in the modern houses of the town, and buried to the capitals of its columns, lies the temple of Khnum and the two goddesses who were associated with him, Satet and Neith. The court and entrance lie completely hidden under the modern buildings. As one approaches there is no warning of the presence of such a great building, but as one turns a corner, the massive capitals of the hypostyle are suddenly before one, projecting from the rubbish and earth of the street. We descend a long flight of modern steps, which lead us from the level of the capitals down among the thickly grouped shafts of the hall. Turning entirely around the noble colonnades are sharply outlined against the light from above, as we stand far down on the floor of the hall. We walk the pavement of the temple, thirty feet below the level of the streets of the busy town above us. Only the interior of this hall has been excavated; its exterior, and all the rest of the temple lying in the rear are still enveloped in the ruins of the ancient town, upon which the modern town is built up.

In spite of its submerged condition this is an imposing hall, furnishing one of the best examples of that ornate architecture which grew up in the days of the Egyptian "renaissance." But as that renaissance had its seat at Sais in the Delta, and its buildings have all perished, we can judge of the beautiful order which it developed, only from such examples as this Esneh hall, left by the age that followed the Renaissance, the age of the Ptolemies, to which this hall belongs. It was not finished until later and we can discern a Roman emperor sculptured in relief upon these walls, with his name spelled out in hieroglyphics. For the walls

were largely decorated in Roman times. Indeed the latest occurrence of a Roman emperor's name in hieroglyphic is that of Decius (249-251 A. D.) in this hall.

A wide bend in the river swings us eastward and then southward eight miles from Esneh, and we descry upon the eastern shore, the sombre gray walls of an ancient town descending even into the river. The bed of the stream has shifted eastward and cut away a corner of the old city. Old it is indeed, for here was Nekheb, or Enkab (now El Kab), the capital of the kingdom of Upper Egypt, before it was united with Lower Egypt as one kingdom by Menes some 3400 B. C. It must have been a flourishing town six thousand years ago. We moor near the northwestern corner of the city, the southwestern corner having been carried away by the river. Mounting the northern wall by a ramp we stand on the summit and gain an imposing prospect of the whole enclosure, which measures over one thousand eight hundred feet in length and in width almost as much. This wall, however, does not date from predynastic days. The city of the Upper Egyptian kingdom has long since perished. This wall was built by Sesostris II, of the Twelfth Dynasty, a little after 1900 B. C., in the days of the early Hebrew patriarchs, the Abrahamic age. It is the oldest city wall still standing practically intact and still measures nearly forty feet in thickness. Little of the subsequent history of the town can be discovered within it. The dwellings and the temple which once stood within the walls have now almost entirely disappeared.

Yet this place was the scene of a long and stirring history, after the Upper Egyptian kingdom had passed away. It was long the frontier town and stronghold on the southern boundary of Egypt against the Nubians of the south, who pushed in from the cataract a hundred miles away. From our position on the wall we can look inland and discern a lonely rock rising in the mouth of a wady penetrating the eastern desert. scarred with the names of the lived here and maintained the

That rock is scratched and Old Kingdom officials who frontier in the days of the

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