time that foreign rivals are handicapped, Uncle Sam is scaring private capital away from marine investment; but there is a job, and a big one, for Uncle Sam if he wants it. It isn't subsidy. You don't hear subsidy mentioned in the present dispute. The strong lines have grown up without subsidy, and the weak lines could hardly thrive with it. It is a matter in no wise related to subsidy.

During the long years that the country was without a merchant fleet of its own Uncle Sam used to chuckle at cities charging the foreign lines high dock rates—as high as two hundred thousand dollars a year, some of them. Some of the leases run for the

modest term of ninety-nine years. The results are a somewhat grim joke. As far as the Atlantic is concerned, Uncle Sam does not own his own water-front, and it may not have struck you, but it is a fact, that ten thousand ships at sea are utterly useless unless they can come ashore. The ship must touch the rail that runs back to the Hinterland. The consequence is that the streets of Atlantic ports

a little patch here. Railway B owns another patch of water-front five miles across the city. When Railway A must ship freight received at the docks of Railway B, the trucks lumber across the city pavement, the taxpayer pays the repairs, and the shipper pays the freight; and the buyer pays the damage and delay. Times without number, right in New York Harbor, independent steamship lines have been done to death by the railways refusing through rates or rail connection; not because the railway wanted to do the little line to death, but because it depended on the big foreign line for freight inbound. This is a story by itself. It is too long to be told here; but if Uncle Sam wants a big job in a merchant marine way, he will find it in the subject of harbor fronts and terminals.

Political and Economic Doctrines of John Marshali (The). By John Edward Oster. The Neale Publishing Company, New York. $3.

This is a useful, though not a particularly well-arranged, compilation of the letters and 'decisions of Chief Justice Marshall. Most of the letters it contains are already in print, but in widely scattered sources. As here collected they reveal informingly the doctrines, character, and personality of the great expounder of the Constitution. His stanch Federalism is strikingly emphasized by them, as also the bitterness of his prejudice against Jefferson, whom in all sincerity he regarded as a man only less dangerous than Aaron Burr to the country. One of the most interesting letters of the collection is Marshall's stern reply to the letter written him by Hamilton urging his support of Jefferson as against Burr. Bad as Burr was, Marshall "could not bring himself to aid Mr. Jefferson." Also of special interest are some family letters giving Marshall's views on education, and three letters written to Washington from The Hague and Paris, describing the European situation as Marshall found it while he was abroad on the X.Y.Z. mission. These letters, however, do not throw any light on that strange adventure in diplomacy; and, on the whole, it must be said, the present collection will prove dis

appointing to the historian. Still, Mr. Oster's task was well worth undertaking, and he has evidently worked at it with enthusiasm and diligence. In addition to the letters and decisions, he provides an excellent bibliography. World's Story (The). Edited by Eva March Tappan. In 14 vols. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. $30.

History may be presented to the student as a mere series of events and dates, as it sometimes has been presented in school history. In this case it is as dry as dust. It may be presented as an account of the evolution of the human race, the gradual development of the race, or of the special nation and its growth in civilization, organization, and culture. In this case it is interesting to the philosophical mind. It may be presented dramatically, in such a way as to bring out clearly the great human characters and their influence on the times in which they lived. In this case it is interesting to all those who care about their fellow-men. So told, history is, or ought to be, more readable, because it is more dramatic, than most novels.

This series of volumes will not take the place with the student of a coherent history pursued in either of these three ways, but it ought to present great interest in the subject to one who is pursuing the study of history, because it will

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furnish what that study does not often furnish, the atmosphere of the time and the temperament and quality of the people of whom the student in his course is reading. It is customary in our colleges to recommend, and often to require, of the student of any subject of a literary or quasiliterary character collateral readings. series of volumes ought to serve in any home the purpose served by such collateral readings. It also ought to serve the purpose of furnishing for evening reading both instructive and entertaining matter, much more valuable than the casual and haphazard reading which is so often the only kind indulged in.

Awakening (The). By Henry Bordeaux. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $1.35.

This story lacks the grace and charm which one expects in the best French fiction; but it is written with clearness and sincerity. The author of "The Fear of Living " is a man of intellectual character and conscience, and of that clean intelligence which is characteristic of the French. He deals in this book with a very serious problem, and states it with such force and interest that the book has passed through nearly a hundred editions in France.

The problem is the way in which a woman should meet the question of her husband's infidelity; and the interest of the story for American readers lies in the definiteness with which it brings out the position of the family in France, and sets it in strong contrast with the extreme individualism in this country, which is the prolific source of our increasing and lamentable divorces. In this case the young wife, never fully sympathetic with her husband nor responsive to him, on discovery of his unfaithfulness, instantly and rigidly takes the position that she will never have anything to do with him again, and starts proceedings for divorce. She discovers later that her mother, who is as orthodox as herself, has met with the same calamity, and that her father has fallen into the same sin as her husband. The story of the gradual change of her position and of the reconciliation is well told; and, although the book lacks the finish which it would have had, for instance, at the hands of Anatole France, it has what Anatole France does not give his books, moral fiber and integrity. The difference between the American and the French law creates some anomalous situations for American readers, and the story is instructive as well as interesting.

William Pardow. By Justine Ward. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. $1.50.

We wish that every Protestant minister might read this book in order to get a favorable opinion of the Jesuits-not to substitute for, but to modify materially the unfavorable opinion which most Protestants entertain. We do not know where one could find a better interpretation of the favorable side of Jesuit discipline.

We may add that all ministers, Protestant and Roman Catholic, could read to advantage Book Second, which deals with William Pardow's pulpit eloquence and his method of preparing for the pulpit.

Honest House (The). By Ruby Ross Goodnow, in collaboration with Rayne Adams. The Century Company, New York. $3.

Every man likes to think that he can build a house-his own house-something which will be a physical expression of himself. Most men cannot build large houses. But the desire to build a worth-while house, small or large, exists with every one. Practically, it must be a comfortable house. Esthetically, it must be an agreeable house to look at. Many attempts have been made at American house-building. There have been some failures. There have been a gratifying number of successes. The present volume points out some of the failures and describes some of the successes. It differs, therefore, from that kind of book which deals only with successes. It should have a wide circulation.

Practice of Christianity (The). By the Author of "Pro Christo et Ecclesia." The Macmillan Company, New York. $1.25.

This book is interesting, original, suggestive, and vital, but it sometimes irritates the thoughtful reader by its unproved assumptions, as, for example, by its assumption that the American colonies could have acquired independence by peaceful diplomacy, and by its equally untenable assumption that slavery could have been overcome and the slaves emancipated by the peaceful influence of public opinion.

Yourself and the Neighbours. By Seumas MacManus. The Devin-Adair Company, New York. $1.25.

An entertaining and instructive series of penand-ink pictures of Irish life and character. The most orderly, systematic, and well-regulated Puritan, if he is human, can hardly fail to find a certain indescribable charm not only in the virtues but also in the faults of the Irish character. In this book he meets the Irish men and women as they are interpreted by one who is himself an Irishman and a lover of Ireland. Big Game Fields of America, North and South. By Daniel J. Singer. The George H. Doran Company, New York. $2.25.

In a familiar and graphic way Mr. Singer tells of big game fields in many countries of North and South America. There is no attempt at literary style; but the incidents are exciting, and the book is made attractive by the author's photographs and by a few drawings printed in color, which are the work of the well-known animal painter Mr. Charles L. Bull. Italian Gardens of the Renaissance and Other Studies. By Julia Cartwright. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $3.

No book by Julia Cartwright is uninteresting. A feature of particular interest in the present volume lies in its reference to the lives of

Beatrice and Isabella d'Este, which have been vividly chronicled by this author in previous publications. In the present volume she also gives us fascinating glimpses into the lives of other Italian men and women, and we get acquainted with them through the charming medium of Italian gardens.

Delightful Dalmatia. By Alice Lee Moqué. The Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York. $2. Now that the war has brought Dalmatia into special prominence, public attention is being directed more and more to whatever strategic value that region may have. But our interest in its natural beauty, its archæology, its art, and its legendary lore is far greater. We learn much about all this in the present volume by Alice Lee Moqué. We would learn about it more directly, however, had not the author clogged her text with an over-amount of tiresome personal detail.

Wisdom of Father Brown (The). By G. K. Chesterton. The John Lane Company, New York. $1.30. This second volume of tales in which figures conspicuously Father Brown, the modest little Catholic priest who is also an astute detective, will give pleasure to admirers of Mr. Chesterton's fiction writing. The ease with which Father Brown reaches correct conclusions in apparently baffling cases, and that, not by following material clues, but by reasoning from: point to point as to the meaning of simple things that every one has ignored, makes these stories of a type quite distinct from most books of this class.

Germany of To-Day. By Charles Tower. Henry Holt & Co., New York. 50c.

Probably never was there so much reading about Germany as is going on to-day. Books printed in other years are now being reprinted, and books published at a high price are now being republished at a low price. Among lowpriced volumes Mr. Tower's should certainly be mentioned. In addition to the general information found in most books on Germany Mr. Tower calls attention to intellectual life in the Fatherland as shown in literature, the drama, and the press. As to art, however, he finds no characteristic German style proportionate in importance to German progress in other directions. Particu

larly in present-day painting, he adds, though. there are famous portraitists and a number of famous art centers in Germany, it is difficult to trace a distinctive contemporary German art. Our Knowledge of the External World. By Bertrand Russell. The Open Court Publishing Company, Chicago. $2.

Mr. Russell's main point is that logic is the essence of philosophy. M. Bergson's hostility to his position he regards as utterly harmful. Neither does he esteem evolutionism as more genuinely scientific than the tradition it has replaced. His elaborate argument for a really scientific method in philosophy is here un

folded as given in the Lowell Lectures at Boston last spring. Those who are in quest of strenuous intellectual exercise will find plenty of it here. But Mr. Russell warns his readers at the outset that in his scientific philosophy they "must not hope to find answer to the practical problems of life." Logic is as unconcerned with ethics as mathematics is, and "ethical neutrality" is pronounced essential to philosophical success. A scientific method of reasoning that proclaims its indifference to the moral values of life bears on its forehead the brand of unreality.

Life of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury). By Horace S. Hutchinson. The Macmillan Company, New York. 2 vols. $9.

A biography of a really great Englishman, and one who, besides, was thoroughly likable. Sir John Lubbock was eminent alike in politics, science, and literature. He was the contemporary and originator of that seemingly age-old British institution the Bank Holiday; he was a prolific author of popular books; and his contributions to scientific investigation were notable. His biographer has given us, in two solid volumes, a dignified, interesting, and sympathetic account of the career of a remarkable

man.

Memories. By John Galsworthy. Charles Scrib. ner's Sons, New York. $1.50.

This thin quarto tells the story of a dog's life, the text being supplemented by twentyeight pictures, four of which are in color. These illustrations by Miss Maud Earl are quite as good as the text, which is saying a great deal. Those who love dogs will love this book, as will also those who love literature. Early American Churches. By Aymar Embury II. Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, New York. $2.80.

We are all fond of our Colonial churches. In their austere but lovely severity they are a type of the highest ideals of our early communities. Mr. Embury's book contains many interesting illustrations of the exteriors and interiors of those churches. His text is no less interesting. It is quite as valuable to the student of ecclesiastical history as it is to the student of architecture.

Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century (The). By William Edward Mead. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. $4.

A delightful book of "fireside travels," "The Grand Tour" also has considerable historical interest. The roads, conveyances, inns, the people and institutions of the various countries that were visited on the Continental tour which the British youth of quality was privileged to take, in company with his tutor, as a finishing part of his education, are fascinatingly described. Many quaint illustrations add to the interest of a book that will be a delight to every present-day traveler who has taken a similar tour under modern conditions.

It is seldom that an inventor sees so fully the complete fruition of his labors as in the case of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell. In 1875 he first talked a short distance of a few feet over his epoch-making invention, the telephone. Last week he spoke to his assistant in his first experiments, Mr. Thomas W. Watson, clear across the American continent. Mr. Bell spoke in New York; his voice was clearly audible to his hearer in San Francisco, a distance of 3,400 miles. This development of the telephone in longdistance use brings it again before the public as one of the greatest wonders of a marvelous era of invention.

The newspapers report the death of Samuel Wagner, of Paris, Illinois, who is associated with one of the most popular American religious songs of the nineteenth century," Hold the Fort." He was a soldier in the Civil War when it became his duty to wigwag a message from General Sherman to General Corse, who was holding Altoona Pass under great difficulties. The message was: "Hold the fort, for I am coming." This was afterwards used as the refrain in one of the Moody and Sankey revival hymns, and both the song and the phrase attained immense popularity.

Some of the scenes of devastation in the recent earthquakes in Italy are said to have been recorded in their original state by the film play "The Eternal City," which is to be produced in America this year. The play is based on the well-known romance with this title.

That was certainly clever "heckling" by an Amherst undergraduate which nearly floored a well-known pro-German lecturer recently. The lecturer said that Germany had offered to indemnify Belgium for any damage caused by the breach of neutrality involved in marching her armies through Belgium, and had assured the latter country that her independence would be undisturbed. The undergraduate interposed: "You say that Germany promised to indemnify Belgium and also to leave her independence undisturbed. But how did Belgium know that Germany would keep her promise ?" The truth of this story has been denied, but as a parable it has much point.

The excitement in the wheat pit of Chicago owing to the war prices is well hit off in these sentences quoted from a well-known operator: "Order clerks are worn out. Pit traders wear tired expressions that cannot be painted. The entire U. S. is dreaming wheat. Poor Frank Norris-what copy he is missing !" Norris, it will be remembered, was the author of the great classic of the wheat market, "The Pit." He died in 1902 without completing his con

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templated series of novels on American industrial conditions.

...

"Less than ten per cent of the poultry and eggs reaching New York City come from nearby points. The great bulk of the eggs used in the metropolis are produced in the States bordering on the Mississippi River." With fresh eggs selling at times at seventy cents a dozen in the retail markets of the great city, it would seem that there existed a large opportunity for the development of local production. This may perhaps be true as to the higher grade of eggs, but the cheaper feed of the Western egg farm is an advantage which the Eastern farm finds it hard to overcome.

"Majolica pitcher brings $655 in sale," read Mrs. Fan, as reported in the Buffalo " Express." "Huh!" sneered Mr. Fan. "He can't be much of a player."

While the use of cotton has been lessened in many ways by the war, in one way its use has been increased, namely, in the manufacture of gun cotton. A 12-inch gun, says an American authority, uses up 300 pounds of powder, or about half a bale of the cotton from which this is made, every time it is fired. A battle-ship, firing at its greatest capacity, might use 5,000 to 6,000 pounds of powder, or from 10 to 12 bales of cotton, every minute during an action.

A novel feature in the Good Roads Show at Chicago recently was a model boulevard twenty feet wide and nearly five hundred feet long. Walks on each side of this were lined with evergreen and poplar trees, and a fountain was placed at one end. At night electric lights illuminated the miniature thoroughfare, completing a brilliant decorative scheme which was also educational, for the merits of various kinds of paving were illustrated in the construction of the boulevard.

Signs of the times in things theatrical are seen in the announcement that the principal theater of Brooklyn, the Montauk, has been closed because of the lack of suitable plays-the effect of the war; and that Augustin Daly's Theater in New York, an old-fashioned home of the "legitimate drama," has ceased to be such and has become "The Home of Burlesque," with "two performances daily; smoking permitted."

LYMAN ABBOTT, Editor-in-Chief

HAMILTON W. MABIE, Associate Editor

THE DYNAMITING OF
THE CANADIAN BRIDGE

The action of a German officer or ex-officer who attempted, from the American side, to dynamite a Canadian bridge is described in "The Story of the War." This act was either a criminal act or a military act. If it was a criminal act, the man is extraditable and can therefore, under our treaty with Great Britain, be sent to Canada for trial there. If it was a military act, then our Government is responsible to Great Britain for an act of war against a friendly Power committed on its own soil. This question as to whether it is a criminal or a military act is under consideration by American authorities. Whatever the decision may be, it is clear that our Government must take a definite course in the matter; but it remains to be decided what form that course may assume.

Whatever course may be determined upon after consideration of the legal questions involved will, we hope, be taken promptly and decisively by our Government, which should not permit the violation of its territory by acts of war in any form or under any pre

text.

FILIBUSTER AND INSURRECTION

Considered merely as a parliamentary combat, the struggle in the Senate over the Shipping Bill has been one of the most strenuous and exciting events of the kind in our Congressional history. It suggests to the ordinary citizen the question whether there cannot be some more dignified and, one may almost say, more humane way of securing full discussion and deliberate conclusion in those cases where a minority is strong in itself and has a large part of the people behind it. Certainly no measure ever before Congress required more careful consideration and wise rather than precipitant action than this Shipping Bill.

Of the principles involved in the bill we speak elsewhere in this issue; but it is

undisputed that its passage, or non-passage, is a most critical point in the relations of this country to the nations at war, and also in the future of American commerce and business. Since the bill was first proposed changes have been made and amendments proposed in great number. Yet, in order to prevent hasty action, Senators of such eminence and distinction as Mr. Lodge and Mr. Root, who are no longer young men, are obliged to continue on duty practically all day and all night, to sleep on couches in the Senate, and to act as if they were in the midst of a physical battle rather than in the business of a venerable and dignified legislative chamber.

The crowning feat of the filibuster against the hasty passage of the bill was Senator Smoot's speech of Saturday, January 30, which broke all records by continuing for eleven and a half hours with practically no cessation or interruption. Then the weary Senate accepted the situation and adjourned until Monday. Other speeches in the Senate have been of greater length-the longest recorded is that of Senator La Follette in 1908, which lasted for eighteen hours and twenty minutes—but in those cases the speaker has been relieved by the reading of long articles by the Clerk of the Senate or by repeated calls for a quorum and consequent roll calls.

The excitement of the filibuster was destined to give way on Monday to the excitement of a party break. Seven Democratic Senators refused to follow the Administration programme of rushing the bill through without amendment, and as late as Wednesday the probabilities seemed to be that the bill would be recommitted to the Committee on Commerce to be amended in accordance with the demands of the insurgent Senators and returned for passage in the new form.

The amendments demanded by the insurgents declare that the Government ownership of ships is an emergency measure and is to continue for only two years; that the bill does not commit the country to a policy of Government ownership, and that no vessels now