He

with the prisoners. No important step was taken by the Golden Rule Brotherhood without consultation with Blackie. On February 16 Governor Whitman pardoned him. died in full possession of his faculties, with the ministrations of an unselfish woman who had learned his story, and in the intimate counsels of the warden of the prison. He felt no bitterness towards any person, but regarded himself as the victim of a system. When, not many days ago, the latest execution took place at Sing Sing at an early hour of the morning, and all the inmates were nervously awaiting the dimming of the electric lights which indicated that the current had been diverted, Blackie raised his voice and prayed for the soul of the executed man. He had more than once said to Mr. Osborne that if he had been treated differently at the start his career would have been very differ

66

Two strange cases, both illustrating how hardship is often unavoidably inflicted upon individuals by society in its efforts to protect itself, have recently been providing the newspapers with "human interest features. One is the case of Nathan Cohen, a man without a country," and the other is the case of "Typhoid Mary," a woman who carries typhoid germs in her body, and who has frequently communicated the disease to other persons while she herself suffers from it not at all.

Nathan Cohen, originally a subject of Russia, came to the United States from Brazil about three years ago. Before long he developed what appeared to be insanity, and, as the law authorizes the deportation of aliens developing insanity within three years of their arrival in this country from causes supposed to have occurred before their arrival, Cohen was packed back to Brazil. That country did not want the unfortunate man, however, and for more than a year he was shuttled back and forth between American and Brazilian ports, a pariah on the high seas. this time he traveled 33,740 miles. about to be sent off on another lap for

During

He was South

America the other day, when, a few minutes before his ship sailed, word came from Washington that he was to be held at the Ellis Island Immigrant Station while his case was considered by the Commissioner of Labor, who had been moved by appeals from the man's friends. Now the Washington authorities have decided that he shall be released from Ellis Island on a bond-which his friends have agreed to furnish-and be placed in an institution for the insane, where he will be held until he can be deported to Russia.

"TYPHOID MARY

Nathan Cohen's affliction is dangerous to no one but himself, although it may render him dependent upon society. It is different with the woman known as 66 Typhoid Mary." Since she was discovered to be a germ-carrier nine years ago she is alleged to have been the unwitting transmitter of typhoid to scores of persons.

After typhoid had developed in several private households in which this woman had been employed as a cook she was examined at the Willard Parker Hospital in New York in 1906, and found to be a distributer of the typhoid bacillus. For three years she was detained at a hospital by the public health officers of New York City. She fought for her freedom in the courts unavailingly. Then, in February, 1910, as tests seemed to indicate that she was no longer a public menace, she was released, on her promise that she would report to the Board of Health for occasional examinations, and that she would not again become a cook.

She did not keep her promise. According to officials of the Health Department, during the past five years she has worked as a cook under five aliases, and they trace directly to her a recent typhoid epidemic which spread to the extent of twenty-five cases and two deaths at the Sloane Maternity Hospital in New York, where she was a cook at the time of the outbreak of the epidemic.

Such "typhoid carriers," as doctors call persons who communicate the disease to others while being immune to it themselves, are by no means uncommon. It has been estimated that there are several hundred of them in the metropolis alone. About two out of every hundred typhoid patients are carriers of the disease germs for terms that vary from several months to several years after their own recovery. Sometimes the symptoms disappear from their systems to

reappear later, as was the case with " Typhoid Mary.' Such "carriers are not at all dangerous if they do not handle food which is to be eaten by other persons and if they have regard for certain well-understood principles of sanitation in dealing with typhoid. These precautions, which require some intelligence and consideration for others, "Typhoid Mary "has steadily refused or failed to observe. Therefore, unless the New York health authorities can succeed in eradicating the dangerous bacilli from her system, Typhoid Mary" will probably be cut off from society or allowed to go at large only under surveillance for the rest of her days.

66

ALICE IN WONDERLAND

Whoever is child enough to enjoy reading "Alice in Wonderland" should enjoy the dramatization of that unique book by Miss Alice Gerstenberg, recently presented in New York. She has shown a wise restraint of what might easily have been a mistaken literary ambition. Her play is little more

than a selection of scenes from the two books," Alice in Wonderland" and "Through the Looking-Glass," and a conversion of the language of those two stories into dramatic form.

The play has been said to lack unity. It would have been inartistic if it had not lacked unity. It is a portraiture of a child's dream, and dreams almost always lack unity. The play may be said to consist of little more than a succession of tableaux, in which the figures both talk and act-tableaux which have no other apparent connection than in the fact that Alice is herself the center of every one, a fact indispensable to the play, since the acting represents what she sees and hears in her dream.

The play is exceedingly well staged, and the parts from the Red Queen to the Cheshire Cat are all well taken. Miss Vivian Tobin portrays Alice wonderfully well. Whether she is simply a charming girl of twelve years of age and has only the difficult part of simply being herself in a delightful unconsciousness of the audience, or whether she is really a trained and skillful actress, we do not know. The various moods of Alice, her bewilderment, her surprise, her vexation, her amusement, were all wonderfully expressed by her changing facial expression.

The wisest men, it is said, relish a

little nonsense now and then. If one does not belong to this wise group, he will be apt to go away from the play as one of these non-wise men did from " Peter Pan," with the impatient exclamation, "This is only a play for kids!" But the wisest men like sometimes to be kids." While the blasé old man of seventeen will scorn this play, the kid of threescore years and ten will enjoy it.

PHOTOGRAPHIC ART

AND APPLIANCES

An International Exposition of Photographic Arts" was the somewhat ambitious name given to an exhibition held in the Grand Central Palace in New York City last week. The conflict in Europe of course prevented the co-operation of many French and German exhibitors who in ordinary times might have helped to give the exposition at really international character. Photography, however, enters so largely into the entertainment and education of the world to-day that such an exhibition was well worth while, and the surprising thing is that this should have been New York City's first attempt at anything of the kind. As such it was regarded as a decided success.

The appeal of the exposition was largely to the professional photographer, in its display of instruments and material. Some novelties, however, were distinctly of public interest. The foremost of these was undoubtedly the Hess-Ives process for producing color photographs. This has a double advantage over the famous Lumière discovery of a few years ago in that it produces colored prints-not merely glass transparencies and that they can be made by instantaneous exposures. As this invention may make color photography really popular, a detailed description of it may be of interest. The camera-which will, it is promised, soon be put on the market at a moderate priceholds three color-sensitive plates, which by an ingenious contrivance simultaneously receive the image on exposure. They are developed and fixed in the ordinary way, and prints are made on photographic film: after development these are stained respectively blue, red, and yellow; superimposed, these make a transparency." make a picture," a blue print on paper is made from the red-sensitive negative; this paper image becomes the basis of the picture, which is completed by placing the red and yellow films themselves in exact register

To

over the blue print. The result is a brilliant picture in natural colors, which may be framed, and in some of the specimens shown has the delicacy of a water-color.

Other interesting exhibits were motion picture outfits for home use, pictorial lenses, outfits for the automatic photography of wild animals, and many novelties in photographic cameras and printing papers. The exhibit of pictures was somewhat disappointing; such an exhibit, to be really informative as to the progress of photography, should include not merely professional work but a broadly representative collection of the productions of the sc-called pictorial school of amateurs, who have reached something really deserving the name of art in many countries during recent years. It is to be hoped that in future seasons a comprehensive exposition of photography, on its mechanical, scientific, and artistic sides, may be the outgrowth of this promising attempt at such a display.

CAMPAIGNING

FOR CHURCH-GOING

The New York District Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at its opening session in this city March 23, received the report of a "publicity campaign" for churchgoing at Newburgh, in which Protestants and Roman Catholics have co-operated. We find a synopsis of it in our neighbor the "Sun." These unusual partners seem to have taken an equal interest, and the results were gratifying. Newburgh's population is about 28,000. A Sunday attendance of 18,000 has been attained, and some who had not attended for years have become regular church-goers. The churches spent about $600 in advertisements, and the newspapers gave large space to the campaign. It has now been put in charge of a permanent committee.

Reports to the Conference showed a prosperous condition of the Methodist churches in rural districts, and the Hudson Valley especially. From twenty to one hundred new members is the average gain of most, besides better business methods, more money, and the organization of men's clubs and Bible classes.

It is greatly to be wished that the cooperation shown at Newburgh might go further. Efforts for a better mutual understanding between Protestants and Roman Catholics are needed. The "Christian Work has been urging this because of the anti

Christian fanaticism of certain ultraists on both sides, whose acrimony in print unfit to quote threatens to embitter civic and political life with sectarian animosities. Dr. Lynch's proposal that a few broadminded and representative men should get together, Protestants with Catholics, for friendly conference to counteract the mischief-makers, has been impartially circulated. The replies, published weekly in the · Christian Work," show not all, but many, Protestants and few Catholics favoring it. It would be regrettable if so fair a proposal were permitted to fail.

THE FATE OF THE SUBMARINE F-4

As this issue of The Outlook goes to press all hope has been abandoned for the twentyone men aboard the submarine F-4, which, as this is written, is still resting on the bottom somewhere off Honolulu Harbor.

The fatal plunge of the F-4 occurred in the course of maneuvers on March 25. The vessel was submerged, supposedly for only a short underwater run, but when she failed to reappear after several hours' submersion rescue vessels began grappling for the undersea boat. An object believed to be the F-4 was found by the grappling-irons at a depth of fifty fathoms-that is, three hundred feet. As the F-4 was tested to resist water pressure at a depth of two hundred feet only, it is probable that some of the vessel's plates will be found crushed.

It is not known how the accident happened. The boat may have had machinery trouble, she may have struck a submerged reef, or she may have dived to a pressure too great for her plates and sprung a leak. The contact of salt water with her batteries would have generated chlorine gas sufficient to asphyxiate all on the craft. While not of the latest construction, the F-4 had all the up-to-date safety devices, but apparently did not use them. The devices on shore for registering alarms from deck bells of submarines heard nothing from the ill-fated diving boat.

This is the first fatal accident the United States navy has experienced with modern submarines, although in the days of first experimentation accidents were common. For instance, C. S. Bushnell's Intelligent. Whale, built in 1864, was a coffin for nine crews. But, while even with modern submarines foreign navies have suffered sixteen

fatal accidents, this is the first such disaster that has befallen America.

AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS
IN TURKEY

Recent information concerning Constantinople College-the American school for girls-shows an appreciation by the Turkish Government for that institution, since it has been supporting eleven students there, paying all their fees. These students are under promise to teach after graduation in Turkish schools. The new buildings of the College are of the utmost advantage to it, and they house some two hundred students.

When one considers the inestimable advantage to Turkey of this institution, of Robert College on the Bosphorus, of the Syrian Protestant College at Beirût, and the other American institutions in Turkey, there will be a feeling of great relief at the gratifying information just at hand that the Turkish Government has now extended the time until September before its new law goes into effect.

This law grew out of the withdrawal last year of the so-called capitulations-or the arrangements which guarantee extra-territorial rights to foreigners in Turkey. Our Government protested against the withdrawal of the capitulations, as it adversely affected the position of our schools, colleges, and hospitals throughout the Empire. The enforcement of the new law, with its harsh provisions as to the use of the Turkish language in particular, would have done much to end the usefulness of our institutions.

THE WILLIAMS

GOOD GOVERNMENT CLUB

Many people are prejudiced against a college education, on the theory that the college is a purely academic institution, far removed from the social and economic progress of the times. It is gratifying to the friends of the colleges to see that the colleges themselves are making this theory less tenable year by year.

The Outlook has more than once had occasion to refer to the work of the Intercollegiate Civic League, a federation of civic and good government clubs in colleges from Maine to California which is interesting thousands of students in the extra-curriculum social, political, and economic life of the country.

An excellent example of these clubs, and one of the most enterprising and practical among them, is the Good Government Club

of Williams College. The ambitious members of this club, who, by the way, constitute about seventy-five per cent of the enrollment of the College, beguile the hours after classroom labors by performing such varied and valuable services as hunting down child labor in the factories of adjacent cities, watching for infractions of the fire laws, liquor laws, and the laws relating to the sale of tobacco to minors, and laying new sidewalks in the College town. Last fall they gathered together the farmers of western Massachusetts for a long-to-be-remembered Apple Day, when the pomologists showed their produce in competition for prizes.

Most interesting of the Club's activities to one who has known the splendid gravity of the "Purple Hills" that have a place in all the songs of Williams is what the club is doing to preserve and open up the beauty of the Berkshires, the loveliest small mountain range in the Eastern States. Co-operating with the State Forestry Service, the students have cleared the old tree-clogged trails of the Berkshire Hills and blazed new ones, have erected tablets at the summits of all the principal mountains giving their altitudes and other information useful to the tramper, and are now planning the construction of cabins for the shelter of "hikers" trapped in the forest by unexpected nightfall. Magnificent fog-crested Greylock, Flora's Glen, where Bryant composed his "Thanatopsis" while a student at Williams, and the tortuous, slinking trail that the Mohawks formerly followed to the sea will now be accessible to lovers of natural beauty and the associations of history as never before.

COLLEGE AND FRATERNITY CO-OPERATION

"

The Northwestern University, under the leadership of President Harris, is working out a very interesting experiment in dealing with college fraternities. Instead of ignoring them or attempting to suppress them, it is trying the policy of regulation. It has supervised the expenditure of $500,000 on a quadrangle of fraternity houses and non-fraternity dormitories.

The land has been given by the college for the use of these buildings, and the non-fraternity dormitories have been built at the expense of the college. The fraternity houses were built by the members, graduates and undergraduates, of the fraternities, the University helping them to secure credit; the

title for all the property remains in the institution. The complete plans call for six quadrangles, so arranged with reference to one another that they shall form one large quadrangle, on grounds overlooking Lake Michigan. The buildings are to be harmonious in material and design. They are built of brick in the Florentine style, and in the center of each quadrangle is a sunken grass court.

When President Harris went to Northwestern University, he tells us, he found a number of National fraternities and some local clubs. Most of them were paying rent, and were located in various parts of Evanston; none of the chapters owned their own homes. They were small in numbers; and they were too much given to social activities. President Harris believes that wherever people are thrown together groups will be formed by natural gravitation. The fraternities were imbedded in the University; and, instead of antagonizing them, it seemed to him wise to utilize their strength and enthusiasm for the good of the University and of the students. The solution of the quadrangle of fraternity houses adjoining non-fraternity dormitories, where all the men would live together under the same circumstances, offered itself. Both classes of students are now constantly thrown together under the same material conditions; their expenses have been greatly reduced, as a year's experience with one of the quadrangles has shown; and, President Harris believes, the spirit of a broad and true democracy has been greatly fostered. In his judgment, the planting of the fraternities in permanent homes, the University holding the title, has not only cut down the expense, but has enlarged the chapters, improved the discipline. of the institution, and largely removed the tendencies towards exclusiveness and snobbishness which have been developed in some cases under the fraternity system. The endeavor is being made to foster a strong social feeling in the non-fraternity houses, so that when the alumni return they will feel at home in the houses in which they formerly lived, precisely as the fraternity alumni feel.

Mr. Henry W. Austin, of Chicago, who has recently won his seat in the State Senate after a struggle of several months, declares that there is a new spirit in the college fraternity of to-day. Mr. Austin is himself president of one of the largest and most influential of the fraternities. He thinks the criticism to which the fraternities have been subjected in late years has been extremely beneficial to

them, developing more intimate relations with the colleges, better discipline, and the stimulation of the scholarly spirit. Mr. Austin believes that fraternity organization can be used so as to be of very great service to the undergraduates, as regards their morality, their scholarship, and the clearer definition of their ideals.

IMMIGRATION IN AMERICA

The problem of the immigrant is far from being the simple proposition of sorting the desirable from the undesirable at the gates of the country. The chief difficulties in handling the new citizen are not those which confront the official, for instance, at Ellis Island, but are those concerned with the larger social problems of right living, of proper labor conditions, and of the American ideals upon which our democracy is founded. It is to deal with these broader problems that a new technical quarterly has been created.

The first number of the "Immigrants in America Review," the somewhat ponderous title of the new magazine, has recently appeared. This magazine has upon its board of directors such names as those of Mr. John Mitchell, the labor leader; Mrs. J. Borden Harriman, of the Industrial Relations Commission; Dr. John B. Finley, Commissioner of Education of New York State; Miss Frances A. Kellor, one of the closest students of American social problems; Mr. Herbert Croly, editor of the "New Republic" and Mr. Felix M. Warburg, of the Federal Reserve Board..

The first number contains editorial discussion of the problem of unemployment and of the progress which has been made in the study of immigration problems in such States as New York, New Jersey, California, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Washington, and Oregon. Miss Kellor contributes an important and suggestive article outlining a domestic policy for the handling of this tremendous problem in American life. The seven essential reforms which she advocates deal with the problems of transportation and location of immigrants, their employment, the maintenance of the American standard of living, safeguarding of their savings and investments, the education of the strangers within our gates, the simplification and the reform of methods of naturalization, and the co-operation between State and Nation in the handling of the public charges. These