Austria-Hungary and the War. By Ernest

Ludwig. The J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Co., New
York. $1.

The Outlook is strongly opposed to the course of Austria in the present war. We believe, and have often said in our pages, that Austria had certain serious and deep-seated grievances against Servia, but that those differences should have been settled by some sort of European conference instead of by war. It is always difficult to say what might have been, but we are convinced that if Germany and Austria had consented to Sir Edward Grey's proposal for a final pourparler, and if Russia had been still insistent upon mobilizing and attacking Austria and Germany, England would not have joined hands with Russia.

Nevertheless, the Austrian side of the dispute with Servia-in especial the exasperating intrigues carried on by Servians-should be fully set forth so that the public may know exactly about the beginning of the great war, with the murder of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, as its proximate cause. Consul Ludwig's book contains the first comprehensive account of the trial for this murder which we have seen. It also offers a very graphic description of conditions in Bosnia, describes the workings of the secret societies on the border, and discloses valuable information concerning the Russian propaganda based on hitherto unpublished reports.

Although Herr Ludwig is an Austro-Hungarian official-he is Consul at Cleveland-and is doubtless strong in his sympathy and loyalty, his account shows a marked and praiseworthy effort to crase any personal bias and to be impartial. He does not try to impose his own views on the public so much as to present a reasoned argument. Particularly interesting are his explanations concerning Austria's demands on Servia, which followed the murder, and especially that concerning the proposed examination by Austrian officials of suspects in Servia. Defining " examination," he quotes the French word "recherche " in contrast to "enquête judiciaire," and says, "It did not occur to us to let I. and R. [Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian] Government officials participate in the Servian court procedure; they were to co-operate only in the police researches which had to furnish and fix the material for the investigation."

Concerning the Slav population of AustriaHungary, Herr Ludwig's account is also very interesting. He is amply justified in contrasting the better conditions of the Austrian Poles, for instance, with those of the Poles elsewhere. We question, however, whether the following phrase is applicable to the Croatians generally:

"Croatians, far from sympathizing with Servia, have enthusiastically thrown in their lot with their fellow-countrymen in the Monarchy." Reliable reports indicate that the members of the Croatian Parliament were imprisoned for their pro-Serb sympathies, and that those who have escaped from Austria have held a congress in favor of the establishment of a southwestern Slav nation, to embrace Serbs and Croats alike.

Finally, Consul Ludwig's volume is also a valuable reference book concerning AustroHungarian economic conditions.

Highways and Byways of California. Written and Illustrated by Clifton Johnson. Exposition Edition. The Macmillan Company, New York. $1.50. It was a capital idea to issue a new edition of this readable book in view of the special interest in Pacific Coast travel this year. Mr. Johnson describes places and things, but he also describes people; he has a sincere, friendly way of entering into the life of every-day men and women, and thereby he gets us in touch with the real interests, manners, and ways of living of the section. Country life, especially, attracts him, and he reflects it pleasantly and familiarly. One finds here bits of other Far Western States as well as of California. The pictures, like the text, are more often studies of humanity than of scenery. Lost Sheep (The). By Vere Shortt. John Lane Company, New York. $1.25.

The

A graphic tale about an English officer who, having exhausted his money in high living, enlists as a private in the Foreign Legion of France and serves in Africa. The narrative is brutally and sometimes offensively plain in its descriptions, but the author evidently has exact knowledge of his subject. The tale culminates in a wild romance of the adventures of the English hero with the mystic Senussi, of Black Magic, and of imprisonment, threatened torture, a rescue by a marvelous girl leader of the Senussi, and her tragic death for her lover-all feverish and ultra-imaginative, but told with much of the born story-teller's art. Moonglade. By the Author of "The Martyrdom of an Empress." Harper & Brothers, New York. $1.35. This is an old-fashioned, stilted, highly colored novel. It does, however, give an interesting glimpse of the capital of Russia and of a certain phase of society there.

Martha of the Mennonite Country. By Helen R. Martin. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. $1.35. Kitty Gaumer. By Elsie Singmaster. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. $1.35.

Two stories of the so-called "Pennsylvania Dutch "country, neither notable for constructive ability, but both interesting as semi-humorous studies of local characteristics and centering around two honest, true-hearted country girls.

Miss Singmaster's "Kitty," in particular, is a real creature, and one follows with real interest the singular mystery of the stolen communion service in which her two humble admirers are indirectly involved.

Home of the Blizzard (The). By Sir Douglas Mawson. The J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. 2 vols. $9.

This is a thoroughly readable and valuable record of Polar exploration, worthy of being ranked with the famous books of Nansen, Peary, Shackleton, and Scott, and, in the old times, of Kane and Hayes. The two large volumes comprising the work are in every physical respect worthy of the highest praise; typography and illustration (many of the pictures are in color) are excellent.

Sir Douglas Mawson gives us here a full narrative of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition which covered the years from 1911 to 1914. The story, as he tells it, is non-technical and well suited for popular reading. It is also, however, valuable from the scientific point of view. In this expedition science played a more prominent part than a desire to accomplish something sensational in record-beating. The scientific ardor of such an expedition as that in which Darwin took part more than forty years ago (the Challenger Expedition) forms the standard which was followed out by Sir Douglas. The observations of his colleagues in all the fields of natural science were extremely varied and are recorded in detail. Moreover, the incidents of life. in camp, of adventures and deprivations on the march, of the fight against blizzard and cold, and of the social amusements and way of living of the men-all are picturesque, readable, and agreeably told.

Altogether, this is a work which cannot help but hold the attention and interest both of men of science and of every general reader who cares for adventure and exploration.

Business of Advertising (The). By Earnest Elmo Calkins. D. Appleton & Co., New York. $2. Mr. Calkins has achieved so fine a piece of work in this book that it would be unfortunate if its circulation should be confined to those directly interested in advertising. It is significant in many respects; and perhaps in none more than in its lucid and colorful presentation of a new science, a new profession, and a new philosophy, which, the author shows us, is advertising.

There are many passages and many ideas and ideals that make this book really impressive; but what lifts it above the place usually occupied by treatises on business subjects is its general tone, its very definite exposition, and an admirable simplicity of expression. Mr. Calkins is not unmindful of the theory of Thomas Hardy, not long since expressed, on the "value of understatement."

The earlier chapters reveal a striking contrast

between the advertising of a decade ago and that of the present time. "The advertising of yesterday is not the advertising of to-day," one reads. "Men not so very old have witnessed its entire development from an untrustworthy instrument of quacks to its place as an engine in the conduct and expansion of business." But Mr. Calkins, though he gives due prominence to the commercial force of advertising, by no means considers this its only or its greatest value. He shows that in the development of the merchandising values of advertising there has been built a vital social influence. "It may be doubted," he writes, "if any other one force, the school, the church, and the press excepted, has so great an influence." And again: "To advertising we owe the prevalence of good roads, rubber tires, open plumbing, sanitary underwear, water filters, hygienic waters, vacuum cleaners, automobiles, kitchen cabinets, pure foods. These are only a few of the things which the public has been taught by advertising to use, to believe in, and to demand."

The aesthetic advance in advertising is pictured as a not unimportant phase of the general upbuilding of commercial publicity. Advertising, the reader learns, is now at once art, science, and merchandising. All knowledge is drawn upon-statistics, sociology, psychology, and "that peculiar science which is at the basis of all successful advertising-the study of human nature." Advertising illustration is shown as an art; the technique, appeal, and atmosphere of "copy are emphasized; for the advertising writer, like the novelist and playwriter, has a technique, and one, the reader gathers from this book, that is subtle and farreaching. The author, in spite of the strides of advertising, feels that there is much more to be accomplished.

Advertising," says Mr. Calkins, "is produced by a combination of two very different kinds of ability. One is the work of the statistical, bookkeeping, exact mind. It investigates, collects statistics, studies trade relations. . . . That part of advertising which finds expression in the plan, and then in the copy which executes the plan, is more or less creative, and presupposes, in addition to experience, a certain touch of temperamental adaptability." Mr. Calkins adds that this latter phase of advertising is creation in the sense that writing a book, or painting a picture, or modeling a siatue is creation. For the benefit of the student of advertising there are analyses of advertising campaigns and instructive statements on the technique of advertising from the standpoints. of all concerned in the buying, selling, and preparing of advertising literature. The successful advertising agent, says Mr. Calkins, renders a service of a high professional character which the manufacturer demands, and intensive meth

ods must be used to make advertising more and more profitable.

French Revolution in San Domingo (The). By T. Lothrop Stoddard. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. $2, net.

It is an interesting and in some respects romantic story that Dr. Stoddard tells in this book. Few Americans realize how close to our own shores the Napoleonic upheaval in Europe was felt. No one interested in Napoleon and the French Revolution will wish to overlook this phase of it, and no one who wishes to be intelligently acquainted with the various stages in the history of the northern half of this hemisphere ought to be ignorant of this historical episode. Particularly in the light of the relations of the United States to what is called Latin America, and still more particularly in view of our relations with San Domingo, this book has value to American readers.

Two Great Art Epochs (The). By Emma Louise Parry. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. $2. The two epochs emphasized in the present volume are the Greek and Renaissance ages. Although the text is much condensed, it sheds illumination on each age. With regard to the Renaissance, however, the author has seen fit to sweep it into the great Gothic age, which preceded it, and which was really an epoch by itself rather than a prelude to the Renaissance. This is the chief adverse criticism of the book. But the book deserves much more favorable than adverse criticism. While it does not pretend to be a critical study, and while the limits of its form do not permit much discursiveness, here and there distinctions are made which are in their nature as critical as they are historical, as, for instance, the distinction between pagan and early Christian art. Miss Parry well realizes her main aim, which is to present the historical development of art, and her text is reinforced by more than two hundred apt illustrations.

Course in Citizenship (A). By Ella Lyman Cabot, Fannie Fern Andrews, Fanny E. Coe, Mabel Hill, and Mary McSkimmon. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. $1.25.

These five women have hit upon an excellent plan, and they have carried out their plan in an excellent way. In clear and concise language they have told children about the duties of citizenship. The selections which are presented for the reading of the very young are extremely apt, and, indeed, may also help those who think themselves very old in their knowledge of what citizenship ought to mean. ExPresident Taft's Introduction and his praise of such a volume are certainly well in place. Prints. By Emil H. Richter. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. $2.

Those who would have a valuable book of reference at hand on woodcuts, engravings, dry points, mezzotints, etching, lithography, and

their development in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, France, England, and the United States could hardly do better than to make Mr. Richter's volume their own. It is a serious book, but it is also a very sympathetic book. Its author calls it "an introduction." And it is an admirable introduction to the study of prints, for its text is clear, condensed, and comprehensive, and it forms a singularly practical as well as a very illuminative book of information to the tyro and to the more advanced critic alike. It would have been very easy, we think-perhaps easier for the author to have written a book twice as thick. But we are not at all sure that the result to the ordinary reader would have been anything like so good as the present volume offers.

On Life's By-Way. By Pierre Loti. Translated by Fred Rothwell. The Macmillan Company, New York.

$1.25.

Pierre Loti's latest volume is a collection of sketches of travel. Among them those which have to do with Spain are especially to be noted, as they reflect the Spain which has now perhaps gone forever, owing to the events of 1898. Everything from the pen of Pierre Loti is atmospheric, of course, and many readers will doubtless find these sketches too evanescent.

Memories of Forty Years.

By Princess Catherine Radziwill (Catherine Kolb). Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York. $3.75. Books of high-class gossip are deservedly popular. The world must have something to talk about, and it is just as well that some of the recently published chroniques scandaleuse should be supplanted by more wholesome matter. A good deal of wholesomeness may be found in Princess Catherine Radziwill's volume. Among the characters to whom she introduces us are Tolstoy and Witte, Bismarck and Bülow, Gladstone and Beaconsfield, whom we find more interesting than are the long line of kings and queens, princes and courtiers, and leaders of society who also pass before us.

Pilgrim's Scrip (A). By R. Campbell Thompson. The John Lane Company, New York. $3.50. Archæology is becoming an increasingly interesting department of knowledge not only to the student but also to the man in the street. As an indication, Mr. Thompson's recently published volume describing the excavation of ancient remains in Asia Minor, the Sinaitic Peninsula, the Sudan, Tripoli, and elsewhere is to be noted. This is no dry-as-dust book; it is a human book. It is no mere antiquary's study; practical man's coming into contact with hard facts, a man who is not only a scholar and an archæologist, but also a born tourist, a sportsman, and a lover of the picturesque. No one who has ever traveled over any part of the author's itinerary will be unappreciative of the intimate touch which we find on every page of this book. It is a volume to be read and re-read.

it is a

Among the curious advertisements in an American journal which appeals to the inventive world are these: "Learn to drive a flying-machine and fill a good position. Course costs you $300." "Plumbers and Pipefitters: I haven't a formula for everything, but one dollar gets formula for best pipe joint dope on the market." "Be a handcuff king! Escape from handcuffs, boxes, ropes, etc. Secrets of 20 sensational escapes $1." "Distributors WantedGiving away packages of our Soap Powder. No capital or experience needed."

Senator Beveridge, writing in "Collier's " about an interview with Emperor William of Germany on January 11, 1915, says that the stories about the Emperor's poor physical condition were at that time untrue. "If this be his usual state," he says, "and in Germany I have not heard to the contrary, his adversaries should not deceive themselves, for they confront a strong man in the maturity of his strength."

"In general, a fine emerald will equal and often pass the ruby's cost. Both outstrip a diamond of the same size," says a writer in "Everybody's Magazine." The emerald, it seems, is now in high favor in the fashionable world-partly because it is free from the competition of the artificial rivals that of late years have emulated the beauty of rubies, sapphires, topazes, and garnets. The "scientific' emerald is yet to be produced.

The loss of the Indian City, a British steamer reported to have been torpedoed, with its cargo of cotton worth $750,000, has, says "( Shipping Illustrated," swept away the profits of war risk insurance on all cotton shipments to England or France since the beginning of the war. The rates of insurance hence have advanced to almost double the former rate.

Of the seven great honorary academies of the world, such as the Institute of France and the Royal Society of London, it is said that Koch was honored by election to membership in all; that Newcomb, the American astronomer, was similarly honored, as was Schiaparelli, Italy's great astronomer; while Agassiz had membership in six, Crookes in four, and Nansen in three.

end of Long Island Sound, is said to be still in the possession of descendants of the original owner of the island, Lion Gardiner, who purchased it in 1639 from the Indians. The recent death of Mrs. Elizabeth Gardiner at her home on the island, built in 1774, has called public attention to this interesting fact. Few American families have retained for so long the possession of " the old homestead."

The longest voyage for scientific research ever undertaken is said to be that which is planned for the ship Discovery, under the command of Captain J. Foster Stackhouse. The trip, it is estimated, will last seven years and cover 250,000 miles. The purpose of the voyage is primarily oceanographic; many thousands of islands, rocks, and reefs which are now a danger to navigation will, it is expected, be definitely charted by the expedition.

Under the head "Amusing Games for Restless Children" a writer in the "Country Gentleman suggests the use of shelled corn for children's games. Two or three quarts of corn can be used to make fine big models of trees of almost any variety by spreading the corn about in flat masses on the floor; stars, flags, birds, and animals can also be made with facility as the child learns the use of this "medium." Some boys in a country school in Illinois made a map of their county from shelled corn set in putty, and this map won both county and State prizes.

"Mosby Talks About War" was a recent headline that must have stirred the Union veteran of the Civil War. The Mosby of the caption was really the famous John S. Mosby of "Mosby's Rangers; " he is one of the few survivors of his noted troop of cavalry that harried the Federal armies in Virginia. The war that he talked about, however, was the present one in Europe. He thinks the blockade of Germany will bring the conflict to an end in a few months.

A new type of electric automobile is described by Dr. Steinmetz, the noted electrical engineer, as beautifully simple;" its weight is about one-third as much as that of the present electric pleasure car, while the motor is doubled in power. Dr. Steinmetz speaks from the scientific side in commending the new vehicle, but he thinks that it may easily become a practical rival of the low-priced gasoline car.

To the long list of Irish bulls "Lippincott's" adds this: Two Irishmen arranged to fight a duel with pistols. One of them was distinctly stout, and when he saw his lean adversary facing him he raised an objection. "Bedad!" he said, "I'm twice as big a target as he is, so I ought to stand twice as far away from him as he is from me."

LYMAN ABBOTT, Editor-in-Chief

HAMILTON W. MABIE, Associate Editor

MR. ROOT AND THE
NEW YORK STATE

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

In the one hundred and thirty-nine years since New York ceased to be a British colony, the task of revising its organic law as a whole has been undertaken six times. The last Constitutional Convention was held in 1894. Last week a new Convention met in the Assembly Chamber of the Capitol at Albany.

The features of the opening session were the election of ex-Senator Elihu Root as President and his address. He said:

The most obvious duty before us is to scrutinize attentively the framework of the State Government in order to ascertain in what respect, if any, the established institutions are insufficient or ill adapted to accomplish the ends of government.

Great changes have come in the industrial and social life of the State since the last Convention. To attain the ends which every one agrees ought to be attained, it appears necessary that the Government shall interfere to a much greater extent than in former times with the complicated and interdependent life of the people. The business which Government is required to undertake has vastly increased both in magnitude and variety, and there is a widespread feeling that in some respects the business of the Government has outgrown the organization of government.

The question has been not infrequently asked during these recent days, "What particular subjects is the Convention going to consider?" Mr. Root answers these queries by instancing, among others, the following subjects:

1. Taxation, appropriation, and expenditure of moneys.

2. Greater protection in the way of home rule provisions to the strictly municipal interests of our great cities.

3. Conservation and utilization of the State's natural resources, particularly the forests and water power.

4. Increase of the real power of the voter over the affairs of government by a ballot em

bracing fewer candidates to be voted for, and fewer subjects for the voters to pass upon.

5. More definite relations with each other among the separate offices and commissions, together with more systematic provision and control.

RESPONSIBILITY AND

POWER

It

As might have been anticipated from Mr. Root's recent speeches, he emphasized in this address the fundamental principle of union between responsibility and power. may be that, following this, the Convention will increase the power of the State Executive. As Mr. Root said, responsibility without power can never be justly enforced, and power without responsibility can never be duly controlled. He added:

Vague, indefinite, uncertain, overlapping, and conflicting grants of power and divided responsibility make good administration impossible. Every public officer and agent should have clear and definite authority to do the acts required of him and should have some one over him with authority to hold him to responsibility, from the lowest employee to the highest elected officer whom the people themselves hold to responsibility at the polls.

Many of those who saw Mr. Root preside over that other great body-the Republican Presidential Convention of 1912-can never cease to regret that his example at that critical time cannot be cited to reinforce his counsel to the members of the Constitutional Convention to remember "the great body of rights and liberties which have grown through many centuries of political and judicial development and under which we have so long been blessed by peace, order, justice, and individual liberty and opportunity." It must be remembered also that the preservation of cherished rights can be secured only as the forms of government are changed in accord with changing conditions; and this truth Mr. Root recognized by saying: "Where changes are needed they should be made fearlessly