'Get up clubs for THE CHAUTAUQUAN. When five or more subscriptions are sent at one time we furnish it for $1.35 to each subscriber. Judge Tourgee's new story, “A Shorn Sampson," will of itself be worth the price of the magazine. Back numbers can be supplied.

Judge Tourgee will lecture during the coming season on the following subjects: "The Coming Crusade," "Give us a Rest" and "How to Boss the Bosses." The Redpath Lyceum Bureau, of Boston, which has charge of his engagements, reports his time as already rapidly filling up, and committees who wish to secure him will have to act promptly. No Chautauquan needs to be told that he is one of the strongest and most original of our platform orators. He never speaks unless he has something to say, and he says it in a way peculiarly his own. One who hears him begin will be sure to hear him close, and one who has heard him once will never miss hearing him again, if occasion offers.

Judge Tourgee's new story, entitled "A Shorn Sampson," will commence in the December number of THE CHAUTAUQUAN. It is being written expressly for this magazine. It will be continued in every number to the end of the volume. The Judge's lecture in this number on "The Christian Citizen," is as readable as his book, "A Fool's Errand."

Twelve Presbyterian Churches in New York report a membership of a thousand or over. They are as follows: Dr. Talmage's, 2,471; Dr. Cuyler's, 1,761; Dr. Kittredge's, 1,755; Dr. Hall's, 1,730; Dr. Parkhurst's, 1,560; Dr. Crosby's, 1,384; Dr. Dunn's, 1,340; Dr. Shaw's, 1,298; Dr. Booth's, 1,193; Dr. Bevan's, 1,100; Dr. Hemphill's, 1,044; Dr. Hastings's, 1,000. Besides, there are 56 churches, each having over 500 members, some of them lacking only a few score of 1,000; while there are a large number which have between four and five hundred members.

If there are ladies or gentlemen in connection with the C. L. S. C. who are advanced in their studies, and who have the leisure to correspond with and assist other members desiring the benefits of such personal direction through correspondence, Dr. J. H. Vincent, Plainfield, N. J., would be glad to receive their names and written consent to such arrangements, that he may put them in communication with parties calling for such assistance.

A paper was read recently before the New York Medical Society by Dr. Clinton Wagner on "Habitual Mouth Breathing." He thinks that many diseases of the throat and ear may be traced to this cause. The nostrils are lined with blood vessels that warm the air inhaled, and this is nature's order. Dr. Wagner thinks that mouth breathing is the cause of all the snoring. If this statement is true, we suggest for the comfort of visitors in Noah's Ark, in tents and cottages at Chautauqua, and at other encampments, that the doctor's lecture be widely circulated, and enforced as a law of life.

The Rev. S. M. Barnitz, D. D., who is well known to Chautauquans, has just resigned the pastorate of the English Lutheran Church in Wheeling, W. Va., a position he has held for nearly twenty years. He has been appointed Western Secretary of Home Missions by the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. It is an excellent appointment. Dr. Barnitz is a man of affairs, a strong preacher, and a hard worker.

In every town or city where there is a local circle, some member should be selected-if this is not done, one should volunteer-to furnish reports of the growth and work of the

circle in the daily or weekly papers of the town, city or county These reports will be welcome news to editors, and they will inspire readers of the papers to take up the C. L. S. C. course of study. Members who have an itching of soul to write for the press, will find the C. L. S. C. a fruitful subject for the pen. Let the public know through the local press what the C. L. S. C. is, and what it proposes to do.

The summary of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions for the past year shows that 1,217 men have been in commissions in 39 States and Territories. Kansas has 124 missionaries, and Iowa 103. Of the whole number, 940 are in the Western States and Territories. The missionaries report 4,979 additions on confession, and 4,715 on certificate, and a total membership of 65,666, with 99,018 in the congregations. There are 1,147 church edifices, and $115,865 of church debts was paid the past year. The total receipts of the Board were $345,911, the largest since the reunion.

The editors of the Methodist Advocates, published in different parts of the country have been absent in England for a time, attending the Ecumenical Council. They have written up the steamers, the ocean and England pretty thoroughly for their readers. The Methodist (Independent), of New York, suggests that the associate editors have done so well in the chairs of their chiefs that it will be an easy thing to find successors for the chiefs when the time for a change comes.

At a public meeting held in Washington, it was decided to purchase the railroad building in which President Garfield was shot, and convert it into a Memorial Hospital. The building stands on land belonging to the United States Government, which would undoubtedly be appropriated for the purpose. The theatre in which President Lincoln was murdered was purchased by the Government and converted into a Medical Museum and Library. A large committee has been appointed to carry out the object, of which General Sherman is Chairman, Hon. James Gilfillan, Treasurer, and Secretaries Blaine and Windom, and others, are members.

It seems that even General Grant has a short memory at times. When the New England Sunday-school Assembly was in session at Framingham, a telegram was sent to the General inquiring what day he would be there. He replied that he was under no engagement to be present. Dr. Vincent took a train, and laid before the General his own letter in which he pledged himself to be present and participate in the exercises! He acknowledged that the Doctor "had him."

EDITOR'S TABLE.

[We solicit questions from our readers to be answered in this department.]

Q. What is the best work on woman suffrage, and where may it be obtained ?

A. "The History of Woman Suffrage" is to be a very complete work, and we think it is the best. The first volume, which numbers eight hundred and seventy-eight pages, has been issued from the press of Fowler & Wells, 753 Broadway, New York.

Q. How soon after the juice is pressed from the fruit does fermentation take place?

A. Fermentation certainly does not take place immediately after the juice of the fruit is exposed to the atmosphere. The best authorities say it sometimes begins in a few hours, and sometimes not for days.

Q. A correspondent says: "In the church of which I am a member, fermented wine is used at the Lord's Supper. I earnestly protest against its use. Am I right?"

A. Yes. There is much harm done by using fermented wine in the churches. Some good people, who have never been intemperate, are peculiarly susceptible to the influence of strong drink. Their only safety lies in total abstinence. A hereditary weakness of appetite gives them much trouble. Others in the church have been reclaimed from a life of intemperance, and the taste or smell of fermented wine, even in the church, may wake up the lion that will slay them. In conducting religious services we should avoid leading the weak or strong into temptation. Unfermented wine may be obtained by drying the grapes-raisins are simply dried grapes-and making the wine when it is needed, or the grapes may be preserved from vintage to vintage by keeping them dry, and the juice can be pressed as needed; or, still another plan may be adopted, viz: press the juice from the grapes, place it in bottles and keep it hermetically sealed. It will be found in an unfermented state, ready for use at any time.

Q. I have read that ministers of the Established Church of England did not fraternize with the Methodists during the recent session of the Ecumenical Council in London, by inviting their ministers to preach in the pulpits of the Churches of England. Is this true, and if so, why?

A. Ministers of the Church of England never invite ministers of any other denomination to occupy their pulpits. Our young questioner deserves a plain answer. They hold that preachers of other denominations are not ordained men, because they have not received ordination, as they think they have, in a direct line from the apostles. We do not speak by compulsion nor by inspiration, but we think every person, man or woman, is a preacher of the Gospel when they are born again and called by God's spirit to declare the Gospel to men.

Q. What is the meaning of Annunciation Day? Reference is made to it in Luke's Gospel, first chapter, but I don't find an explanation there.

A. In its broadest sense, the word annunciation was used in speaking of important information sent by angels from Heaven, but in its relation to Luke, first chapter, it designated the miraculous conception of our Saviour. An author, whose name we can not recall, says of this word and its accompanying event: "So highly was the fact regarded in the early ages that a festival, or day specially set apart for the consideration and honor of the annunciation, was appointed for it as early as the seventh century; but sermons of St. Athanasis are spoken of, which, being of an earlier date, prove its observance long before. The twenty-fifth of March, or Lady Day, is that observed in reference to the event. Q. What is the telephonoscope? Is there such an instrument?

A. This is one of Prof. Edison's inventions. It is to the ear what the telescope is to the eye. Dr. Garbit says: "As the eyes receive and transmit the vibrations or waves of light, so the ear receives and transmits the vibrations of the air, set in motion by the human voice at a distance." On this principle Mr. Edison has constructed his little instrument for the use of deaf, or partially deaf persons, so that, without any perceptible apparatus, such as an ear trumpet, the softest whisper may be heard.

Q. The trial of the Rev. Dr. Thomas for preaching heresy has made a genuine sensation out here, in and about Chicago. What is to be gained by the Church by such ecclesiastical conflicts, if even he is silenced as a preacher by the Methodists expelling him from the ministry?

A. People who hold the form of sound doctrine, especially a strong church, guard with jealousy the principal doctrines of their creed. It is claimed that Dr. Thomas has not preached the doctrine of the atonement, and one or two other doctrines, as they are held by his Church. Any man may violate his personal obligation, but he must abide the

result. If he does this as a preacher of the Scriptures, after he has taken vows to preach them as his Church interprets them, then he is accountable to his Church, and she has a right to sit in judgment on his case. While she may not decide that he is a wicked man, and cast him out of the kingdom of God, yet it is the privilege of every Church to say who shall and who shall not minister at her altars. Mr. Wesley would have tried such a man in class-meeting, as the Savior tried Peter, with the question, "Lovest thou me?" "Reformation" John Adams, as he was known among his friends in New England, used to say: "Never have a church trial in a dry time. Do that when you have a revival in your church. Do it in a wet time, so that when you pull up the tares you may not pull up the wheat also." Q. Is Mormonism increasing or decreasing in Utah, and on the Pacific coast?

A. We think the verdict of the newspaper world is this: It is on the increase. As a system, the government is not destroying it. It is not being limited in its operations, nor is it being suppressed in Utah, where it is the strongest. The Mormons are recruiting their ranks by immigration from foreign countries. Five hundred and fifty recruits recently embarked at Liverpool for Salt Lake City, and it is reported that over two thousand converts left that port for Utah during the past summer. The Mormons have missionaries plying their trade in certain districts of Europe among the ignorant and neglected classes, who are easily persuaded to accept the offers made. The Mormons keep a bank account in London, and they draw on their funds to pay the expenses of the people they induce to go with them, and then the president and his apostles receive and distribute these newly made saints when they arrive in Salt Lake City. We must have some kind of legislation to prevent this kind of immigration, if we would strike Mormonism a death blow. The Mormons are not dying off, or being converted to the truth, on the Pacific coast, as fast, seemingly, as they are coming from foreign countries.

Q. Is it true that the Queen of Madagascar is a temperance woman, and that she has recently taken strong ground in favor of prohibition?

A. Reliable reports inform us that the Queen of Madagascar, in a recent proclamation forbidding her subjects either to sell or drink rum, says: "I can not take a revenue from anything that will debase and degrade my people." This would indicate that she uses her authority and influence to support the cause of temperance, and to suppress the traffic in spiritous liquors. Since this is done under a pagan government, we may blush for very shame when we think how much such action is needed in our own Christian country, and how slowly we secure the authority of the law on the side of the temperance reform.

CHAUTAUQUA PERIODICALS.

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From October 1, 1881, in clubs of five or more at one time, we will send "The Chautauquan" for 1881-82, at $1.35 each.

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"The Chautauquan" for 1881-82, and Assembly Daily Herald for season of '81, $2.25.

Full sets of the Assembly Daily Herald for season of '81, $1.00.

VOL. II.

No. 3.

President, J. H. Vincent, D. D., Plainfield, N. J.
General Secretary, Albert M. Martin. Pittsburgh, Pa.

Office Secretary, Miss Kate F. Kimball, Plainfield, N. J.

Counselors, Lyman Abbott, D. D.; J. M. Gibson, D. D.; Bishop H. W. Warren, D. D.; W. C. Wilkinson, D. D.

REQUIRED READING.

MOSAICS OF HISTORY. III.

EGYPT (CONTINUED).

FIVE KINGDOMS.-The fourth or "pyramid" dynasty was succeeded at Memphis by the sixth Manethonian dynasty, about B. C. 2220. The second and fifth still bore sway at this and Elephantine; while wholly new and probably independent dynasties now started up at Heracleopolis and Thebes. The Memphitic kings lost their preeminence. Egypt was broken up into really separate kingdoms, among which the Theban gradually became the most powerful.

The weakness of Egypt, thus parcelled out into five kingdoms, tempted foreign attack; and, about B. C. 2080, or a little later, a powerful enemy entered Lower Egypt from the northeast, and succeeded in destroying the Memphite kingdom, and obtaining possession of almost the whole country below latitude 290-30°. These were the so-called Hyksos, or Shepherd kings, nomads from either Syria or Arabia, who exercised with extreme severity all the rights of conquerors, burning the cities, razing the temples to the ground, exterminating the male Egyptian population, and making slaves of the women and children. There is reason to believe that at least two Shepherd dynasties (Manetho's fifteenth and sixteenth) were established simultaneously in the conquered territory, the fifteenth reigning at Memphis, and the sixteenth either in the Delta, or at Avaris (Pelusium?). Native Egyptian dynasties continued, however, to hold much of the country. The ninth (Heracleopolite) held the Faioom and the Nile valley southwards as far as Hermopolis; the twelfth bore sway at Thebes; the fifth continued undisturbed at Elephantine. In the heart, more

over, of the Shepherd conquests, a new native kingdom sprang up; and the fourteenth (Xoite) dynasty maintained itself throughout the whole period of Hyksos ascendency in the most central portion of the Delta.*

THE HYKSOS.--Simultaneously with the irruption of the Shepherds occurred an increase of the power of Thebes, which, under the monarchs of the twelfth dynasty, the Sesortasens and Amun-m-hés acquired a paramount authority over all Egypt, from the borders of Ethiopia to the neighborhood of Memphis. The Elephantine and Heracleopolite dynasties, though continuing, became subordinate. Even

* Rawlinson's "Ancient History."

powerful monarchs, who held the Sinaitic peninsula, and carried their arms into Arabia and Ethiopia. Amun-m-he III, who seems to be the Maris (or Lamaris) of Manetho and the Moeris of Herodotus, constructed the remarkable work in the Faioom known as the Labyrinth. Sesortasen I built numerous temples, and erected an obelisk. Architecture and the arts generally flourished; irrigation was extended; and the oppression of lower Egypt under the rude Shepherd kings seemed for a considerable time to have augmented, rather than diminished, the prosperity of the upper country.

But darker days arrived. The Theban monarchs of the thirteenth dynasty, less warlike or less fortunate than their predecessors, found themselves unable to resist the terrible "Shepherds," and, quitting their capital, fled into Ethiopia, while the invaders wreaked their vengeance on the memorials of the Sesortasens. Probably, after a while, the refugees returned and took up the position of tributaries, a position which must also have been occupied by all the other native monarchs who still maintained themselves, excepting possibly the Xoites, who may have found the marshes of the Delta an effectual protection. The complete establishment of the authority of the "Shepherds" may be dated about B. C. 1900. Their dominion lasted till about B. C. 1525. The seventh and eighth (Memphitic) dynasties, the tenth (Heracleopolite), and the seventeenth (Shepherd) belong to this interval. This is the darkest period of Egyptian history. The "Shepherds" left no monuments; and during nearly three hundred years the very names of the kings are unknown to us.*

The Shepherds were foreigners who came from the East, and, in some manner unknown to Manetho, gained the rule of Egypt. Those whose kings composed the fifteenth dynasty were the first and most important. They appear to have been Phoenicians, and it is probable that their migration into Egypt, and thence at last into Palestine, was part of the great movement to which the coming of the Phoenicians from the Erythræan Sea, and the Philistines from Caphtor, belong. It is not impossible that the war of the four kings-Chedorlaomer and his allies-was directed against the power of the kings of the fifteenth dynasty. Most

probably the Pharaoh of Abraham was of this line, which

lived at Memphis, and at the great fort or camp of Avaris on the eastern frontier. The period of Egyptian history to which the Shepherd invasion should be assigned is a point of dispute. It is generally placed after the twelfth dynasty, for it is argued that this powerful line could not have reigned at the same time as one or more Shepherd dynasties. We are of opinion that this objection is not valid, and that the Shepherd invasion was anterior to the twelfth dynasty. It is not certain that the foreigners were at the outset hostile to the Egyptians, for they may have come in by * Rawlinson's "Ancient History,"

marriage, and it is by no means unlikely that they may have been long in a position of secondary importance.*

JOSEPH.-One important and primal reason to be given in explanation of the paucity of the inscriptions concerning the Hyksos, is found in the fact that the native kings, who followed these foreigners, carefully endeavored to obliterate all traces of the hated interlopers, and destroyed the monuments they had erected, or so defaced the inscriptions upon them that they are almost indistinguishable.

Many accumulated reasons might be given for believing that Joseph lived during the last years of the reign of the Hyksos, but want of space allows but two of the most important ones to be noted here. First, by assuming that this was the time of Joseph, the dates which are now generally accepted as those of the emigration of Jacob into Egypt, and of the Exodus of the children of Israel, will be in accordance with the Scriptures as found in Exodus xii:40, and Genesis xv:13.

Again, the inscriptions in the tomb of one Baba, at El-kab, speak of a famine lasting many years, which is believed to be the same famine with that of Joseph's time. We again quote M. Brugsch-Bey: "The simple words of the Biblical account and the inscription in the tomb of Baba are too clear and convincing to leave any room for reproach on the ground of possible error. The account in Holy Scripture of the elevation of Joseph under one of the Hyksos kings, of his life at their court, of the reception of his father and brothers in Egypt, with all their belongings, is in complete accordance with the manners and customs, as also with the place and time."+

BRILLIANT PERIOD.—A new day breaks upon us with the accession to power of Manetho's eighteenth dynasty, about B. C. 1525. A great national movement, headed by Amosis (Ames or Aahmes), king of the Thebaid, drove the foreign invaders, after a stout conflict, from the soil of Egypt, and, releasing the country from the incubus which had so long lain upon it, allowed the genius of the people free play. The most flourishing period of Egyptian history followed. The Theban king, who had led the movement, received as his reward the supreme authority over the whole country, a right which was inherited by his successors. Egypt was henceforth, until the time of the Ethiopic conquest, a single centralized monarchy. Contemporary dynasties ceased. Egyptian art attained its highest perfection. The great temple palaces of Thebes were built. Numerous obelisks were erected. Internal prosperity led to aggressive wars. Ethiopia, Arabia, and Syria were invaded. The Euphrates was crossed; and a portion of Mesopotamia added to the empire.

THE EXODUS.-We must here notice the history of the Israelites in Egypt with reference to the dynasty of the Pharaohs who favored them, and that of their oppressors. According to the scheme of biblical chronology, which we believe to be the most probable, the whole sojourn in Egypt would belong to the period before the eighteenth dynasty. The Israelites would have come in and gone forth during that obscure age, for the history of which we have little or no monumental evidence. This would explain the absence of any positive mention of them on the Egyptian monuments. Some assert that they were an unimportant Arab tribe, and therefore would not be mentioned, and that the calamities attending their departure could not be commemorated. These two propositions are contradictory, and the difficulties are unsolved. If, as Lepsius sup

*Reginald Stuart Poole, of the British Museum, + Mrs. Clement's "History of Egypt." Rawlinson's "Ancient History."

poses, the Israelites came in under the eighteenth dynasty, and went out under the nineteenth; or if, as Bunsen holds, they came in under the twelfth, and (after a sojourn of 1,434 years!) went out under the nineteenth, the oppression in both cases falling in a period of which we have abundant contemporary monuments, sometimes the records of every year, it is impossible that the monuments should be wholly silent if the Biblical narrative is true. Let us examine the details of that narrative. At the time to which we should assign Joseph's rule, Egypt was under Shepherds, and Egyptian kings of no great strength. Since the Pharaoh of Joseph must have been a powerful ruler and held Lower Egypt, there can be no question that he was, if the dates be correct, a Shepherd of the fifteenth dynasty. How does the Biblical evidence affect this inference? Nothing is more striking throughout the ancient Egyptian inscriptions and writings than the bitter dislike of most foreigners, especially Easterners. They are constantly spoken of in the same terms as the inhabitants of the infernal regions, not alone when at war with the Pharaohs, but in the time of peace, and in the case of friendly nations. It is a feeling alone paralleled in our days by that of the Chinese. The accounts of the Greek writers, and the whole history of the later period, abundantly confirm this estimate of the prejudice of the Egyptians against foreigners. It seems to us perfectly incredible that Joseph should be the minister of an Egyptian king. In lesser particulars the evidence is not less strong. The Pharaoh of Joseph is a despot, whose will is law, who kills and pardons at his pleasure, who not only raises a foreign slave to the head of his administration, but through his means makes all the Egyptians, except the priests, serfs of the crown. The Egyptian kings, on the contrary, were restrained by the laws, shared the public dislike of foreigners, and would have avoided the very policy Joseph followed, which would have weakened the attachment of their fellow-countrymen by the loosening of local ties, and complete reducing to bondage of the population, although it would have greatly strengthened the power of an alien sovereign. Pharaoh's conduct toward Joseph's family points to the same conclusion. He gladly invites the strangers, and gives them leave to dwell, not among the Egyptians, but in Goshen, where his own cattle seem to have been (Gen. xlvi:34, xlvii:6). His acts indicate a fellow feeling, and a desire to strengthen himself against the national party.

The "new king," ""which knew not Joseph," is generally thought by those who hold with us as to the previous history, to have been an Egyptian, and head of the eighteenth dynasty. It seems at first sight extremely probable that the king who crushed, if he did not expel, the Shepherds, would be the first oppressor of the nation which they protected. Plausible as this theory appears, a close examination of the Bible-narrative seems to us to overthrow it. We read of the new king that: "He said unto his people, behold, the people of the children of Israel (are) more and mightier than we: come on, let us deal wisely with them, lest they multiply, and it come to pass that, when there falleth out any war they join also unto our enemies, and fight against us, and (so) get them up out of the land."-Ex. 1:9-10. The Israelites are therefore more and stronger than the people of the oppressor, the oppressor fears war in Egypt, and that the Israelites would join his enemies; he is not able at once to adopt open violence, and he therefore uses a subtle system to reduce them by making them perform forced labor, and soon after takes the stronger measure of killing their male children. These conditions point to a divided country and a weak kingdom, and cannot, we think, apply to the time of the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties. The whole narrative of subsequent events to the Exodus is consistent with this conclusion, to which