LOOK-UP LEGIONS.

Q. I find so many names in ancient history which are difficult to pronounce, how am I to know when I have the correct pronunciation ?

A. Consult Webster's or Worcester's dictionary for most geographical or biographical names. Lippincott's Biographical Dictionary indicates the pronunciation of all names hard to pronounce. Also, the index to Appleton's Cyclopedia is good pronouncing authority.

Q. Will you please tell me who were the "Lake Poets"? A. The name was applied to Coleridge, Southey and Wordsworth, by reason of their residence in the Lake District of Westmoreland.

Q. Will you please inform me through the "Editor's Table" why the Phoenician language belongs to the Semitic family when the Phoenicians were an Hamitic nation?'

A. The original inhabitants of Phoenicia were Hamites as stated in Genesis, but being surrounded by Semitic neighbors or overcome by Semitic immigrants from Arabia, they gradually adopted the Semitic language and forgot their own. Similar instances have occurred in history.

Q. I have a large roll of wood cuts of various sizes, too large for a scrap-book. What shall I do with them? Please advise.

A. We suggest mounting them on card-board and binding for the library or center-table.

Q. How pronounce the following words: Capitoline, Aventine, Sabine and Goethe.

A. Căp'-i-tol-ine, ǎv'-en-tine,'Sa-been': The word Goethe presents to the foreigner the most difficult sound of the German language, that of o with the umlaut. It is impossible to represent its equivalent by letters. Many English-speaking persons pronounce it almost like the girl's name Gertie," which is far from correct; others give o the long sound of a, as Ga-teh, which is the other extreme. The best directions we know is to pucker the mouth as if going to whistle, and then try to pronounce the letter o; the sound produced will be that of oe or ö in the name of the German poet.

Q. Will you kindly give us some information on the question, "When and how did Mahomet kill the monk Sergius?" The question was given the entire circle to answer, but none could find anything about it.

A. Miss De Ette Howard, of Janesville, Wis., answers the question as follows: "One authority states that Mahomet killed Sergius in a battle near Medina, about 627. George Sale, translator of the Koran, and the best authority I know of, says, Mahomet, when thirteen years old, first met Sergius at Bosra; that nothing in the Mohammedan writers leads to the inference that Sergius ever left his monastery. Mahomet may have visited him in after years, and have gained from his discourses some knowledge of Christianity and the Scriptures, which may have been of use to him in writing the Koran. Sale maintains that in no other way did Sergius assist Mahomet in writing the Koran. The Koran is in the Arabic tongue, and is composed with great elegance. Sergius spoke a foreign language, and could, therefore, have had no hand in this great work. Sale makes no mention of the killing of the monk by Mahomet. Matthew Paris says the monk Sergius outlived Mahomet."

Beside the thousands of young people who have connected themselves with such local societies, which are companies in "The Legion," other thousands of young people have connected themselves with "The Legion" who have no chance to join a local company. These members are in the position of detached skirmishers in an army, or of officers on the general staff. We shall address to them a separate article.

This paper is prepared especially for officers of organized companies, which have distinct local arrangements, having been formed in some church, Sunday-school or town, under such circumstances as admit regular and frequent meetings.

A Look-Up Legion may consist of three members, or it may number hundreds. In point of fact, there are legions of four members, I believe, and certainly there are legions each of which counts three hundred on its roll.

Generally speaking, a Look-Up Legion consists of some of the older and more thoughtful members of a Sundayschool, who have agreed to meet more or less often on a week day, for certain purposes, which accord with the "four mottoes" of the legion, purposes inspired by Faith, Hope, or Love, or by all three. A Sunday-school class, loving its teacher and inspired by him, is glad to meet him on Wednesday as well as on Sunday. It agrees to meet him, say on Wednesday afternoon, regularly, for two hours, and to spend those two hours in some way not inconsistent with the Sunday, but which shall dispose the members to look up, to look forward, to look out, and to lend a hand. Such a class, meeting thus, and doing this, is a company of the Look-Up Legion, whether it wear the cross of the order and take its name or not.

Now the teacher of that class, who becomes probably guide of this company, has to consider carefully what he shall prepare for this week-day meeting, that the hours of it, all too short at best, may be utilized. It must be vitally religious; it must be entertaining, and it must be practical.

It must be religious, else it ceases to be a legion meeting. It must be entertaining, else the children will not come. It must be practical, else it wastes time.

I met at Chautauqua last summer some five and twenty gentlemen and ladies, heads of companies in the legion, and in a short time we had some very interesting talk on the best way to gain these points. They promised to write to me regularly letters which should announce their difficulties and their successes. I promised to print for circulation among chiefs of companies, selections from these reports. I therefore receive almost every day a letter of suggestions, or of questions, which gives to me some insight into the workings of the legion in various communities, for it is very widely scattered, and there are not many states in the Union which are without representative legions. These letters give me the experience of so many leaders of legions that this article may be looked upon as theirs quite as much as it is mine, and the suggestions in it our suggestions, resulting from our experience.

Whether it is well to seek for considerable numbers or not? This is one of the questions naturally arising. But the answer will come from the character of the work undertaken. There is more than one Look-Up Legion, which, in the vestry of the church provides, perhaps as often as once a month, a public evening entertainment, open to the whole village. If such an entertainment is well arranged

and carried through with care, it does a great deal toward refining and elevating the tone of the public entertainments of the place. It overcomes evil by good. Now, it is clear enough that the legion which undertakes such a duty ought to be a large society. It must rely not on a few musicians, or on one or two who are willing to give readings or recitations, but on a large body of young people of the best education, the best taste, and the best sense in the town. It must carry moral weight in its attempt to purify the public entertainment; and it will need for this the combined power of many, and will fail if it relies on the energy or the brilliancy of a few.

On the other hand, a club of twenty is large enough, as has been proved in more than one instance, to establish a reading room, or even a library, if it have the right head and consist of the right members. Twenty young men, who on Sunday form a well-organized Bible class, find no difficulty in contributing each a dollar a month, for the expenses of a central reading room. Of course, if this is their own private club-room, it is like any other selfish club, and it is no Look-Up Legion. But, if they open it, under whatever rules, to other young men, or young women, who want a quiet place in which to read after the work of the shop is over, they confer a great gift to the town they are in. To such a room there come accessions of magazines, books, and newspapers, almost unsolicited. But twenty is a large enough number for the beginning, for it is not money which is needed in such a plan so much as it is diligent personal supervision, really cordial mutual confidence among the actors, and their personal presence day by day, and night by night, to give their schemes success.

Both these instances convey an idea of the work which such an organization can, if it choose, take in hand. I am aware that both instances involve work on a scale much larger than most local legions dare attempt at the outset. But they are instances taken from real experience:-and these very efforts may be repeated under kindred circumstances.

But if the leader of a club is afraid to try anything on so large a scale, let him look around for some loose screw that needs to be tightened and see if he cannot put his legion | upon it. A club which I could name found a lame boy in somewhat destitute circumstances, who was kept much at home by his infirmity. The club managed by hook or by crook to procure for him the jig-saw and treadle which he coveted. They obtained patterns and wood for him to cut. When he had learned to use these, they found chances to sell his pretty wares among their neighbors and friends. Here was a direct service which perhaps twenty children— because they were in a legion-could render to another child, which no one of them could render alone. And it taught them, in the most distinct way, that we can as we should "bear each other's burdens-and so fulfill the whole law of Christ."

At my request the "Welcome and Correspondence Club" of Boston, issue once a month to the heads of clubs a printed circular-letter, which contains results, both failures and successes, which various clubs have attained. The material for this letter is selected from a large and interesting correspondence by the conjoint efforts of an older club-of persons of some actual experience in the battles of life-who do not often meet, but who might be called "The 1870 Ten." From the first two numbers of this circular I take the following suggestions as to the directions which may be given to the enterprises of different legions:

1. "Flower Missions" or "Fruit Missions," whether to hospitals or to sick people in their homes.

2. Literary and musical entertainments of a high and improving character, opened free to all who choose to come. 3. A class of boys, each permitted to bring one visitor, for

"News of the Week," for instruction in astronomy, natural history, or other topics which the schools only touch on, and most of all, for character.

4. The providing the clothing and books for a boy who would not otherwise attend school.

5. The providing delicate food for sick children.

6. The providing a library and keeping it open in the House of Correction of the town.

7. Improvement of children in humanity to animals-by a little club arrangement.

It is clear that successive circulars will receive and extend new practical suggestions of the same kind. Of course each locality will have its own ways and its own resources. Still, one American town is in some regards a great deal like another. And all of us can be teachers to each other.

If in such enterprises we succeed in showing to the children that they also have duties, as well as their fathers and mothers, we do a great deal. It has been noticed, by wise observers, that our great public school system may develop a bad conceit among boys and girls, simply because it is so large and strong. When Tom is one of his father's family, in the work of the farm, Tom knows, though he be but six years old, that he must do his share in the world's affairs. He must take the cow to pasture or bring her back. He must ride the horse when his father ploughs. He must go into the woods with his "little hatchet" and cut brush. He must drop potato eyes into the holes made ready. This lesson is of immense moral importance to Tom. And in the simple life of our fathers, Tom learned it well. But in the more arbitrary and artificial life of our large towns, Tom is in danger of not learning it. Here is a palace built for Tom's schooling. Persons of great ability are paid by the city to teach Tom. Books are bought for him which he did not pay for. Tom is bidden, nay compelled to go to the school at a particular time, but even this is done in such a way that Tom begins to consider his presence there a very important thing. Has Tom's father a message to be carried out of town? Tom can not take it. The city requires him to be at school. Is there wood to be split for the stove? Tom's mother may split it; but as for Tom, he is learning how to extract the square root in his “evening lesson.”

Unquestionably there is danger in all this that Tom may learn to think that he is a very important little body, and that he is worth all this care. He may forget, meanwhile, that he has square, sharp duties in the world, and that if he do not address himself to them, he is lost. To teach this lesson-of our mutual dependence-to teach Tom that he is good for nothing unless he is good for something, that all the books in the world will never help him, unless, with all his might, he be helping somebody else, this will be the business of the head of a "Look-Up Legion."

CHAUTAUQUA DAYS, 1882.

Opening Day, C. T. R. and C. S. L., Saturday July 8.
Memorial Day, C. L. S. C., Sabbath, July 9.
Closing Exercises, C. T. R., Friday, July 28.
Mid-Season Celebration, Saturday, July 29.
Fourth Anniversary, C. F. M. I., Monday, July 31.
Ninth Annual Assembly Opening, Tuesday, August 1.
Closing Exercises, C. F. M. I., Thursday, August 3.
Memorial Day Anniversary, C. L. S. C., Saturday, Aug. 5.
National Day, Saturday, August 5.

Denominational Congresses, Wednesday, August 9. Alumni Day-Reunion, illuminated fleet, etc., Thursday, August 10.

C. L. S.C. Day, FIRST COMMENCEMENT, Saturday, Aug. 12.
C. S. Theology Day, Tuesday, August 15.
College Society Day, Thursday, August 17.
The Farewell, Monday, August 21.

CHARACTERS IN DICKENS.

[Charles Dickens occupies a high seat in the chamber of literature. By many he is regarded as the greatest novelist of his day, and it is not too much to say one of the greatest of all time. He was born at Landport, Portsmouth, but his life was nearly all spent in London. His parentage was humble, a fact of which he was not ashamed nor sought to disguise. His early education was meagre, having been taken from school at sixteen and made writing-clerk in an attorney's office. But Dickens was born for another sphere and work in life. His first introduction to the public was through his "Sketches by Boz," when twenty-two years old. Next came “* Pickwick Papers," which created a sensation all over England. From this time on for more than thirty years he labored and wrote incessantly. From first to last his popularity was almost universal. His characters and incidents have become household knowledge. Mr. Gilbert A. Pierce has conceived a happy idea in preparing a “Dickens Dictionary," in which is described the p incipal characters of the author. The principal incidents in the whole range of Dickens' works are given in his own words. The work will prove of great value to the general reader, who may confidently refer to it when any allusion is made to Dickens. To one who has read or studied his works it will be a special delight as aiding to refresh the memory and bring back those parts which were specially pleasing. We give to our readers a few paragraphs from this work. It is published in excellent style by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., of Boston.]

Oliver Twist.-A poor, nameless orphan boy, born in the work-house of an English village, whither his young mother, an outcast and a stranger, had come to lie down and die. He is "brought up by hand," and "farmed out" at a branch establishment, where twenty or thirty other juvenile offenders against the poor-laws are starved, beaten and abused by an elderly woman named Mrs. Mann. On his ninth birth-day, Mr. Bumble, the beadle, visi's the branch, and removes him to the work-house, to be taught a useful trade.

Nicholas Nickleby, the younger.—The character from whom the story takes its name; a young man who finds himself, at the age of nineteen, reduced to poverty by the unfortunate speculations and death of his father, but possessed, notwithstanding, of a good education, and with abounding energy, honesty and industry. His mother being determined to make an appeal for assistance to her deceased husband's brother, Mr. Ralph Nickleby, he accompanies her, with his sister, to London. On their first interview their relative receives them very roughly, and takes a dislike to his nephew, amounting to positive hatred: but he procures him a situation as assistant tutor at Dotheboys fall-a school kept by Mr. Wackford Squeers, in Yorkshire. Nicholas proceeds thither to assume his new duties; but such is the meanness, rapacity and brutality of Mr. Squeers, that he soon forcibly interferes on behalf of the "pupils;" gives the master a sound drubbing; and then turns his back upon the place, taking with him a poor, half-starved, and shamefully abused lad, named Smike. He returns to London only to find that the story of his adventure, highly magnified and distorted, has preceded him. Learning that his sister will lose a situation she has obtained, if he remains at home, he quits London again and goes to Portsmouth, where he joins a theatrical company, and becomes a "star" actor. He is, however, suddenly summoned back to London to protect his sister from the insults and persecutions of two aristocratic roués, one of whom he chastises severely under circumstances of great provocation. He then takes his mother and sister under his own protection, and soon after makes the acquaintance of two benevolent merchants-the Cheery ble Brothers-gains their respect and confidence; is, after a while, admitted into the firm; and finally marries a friend and protégée of his benefactors.

Barnaby Rudge. - A fantastic youth, half-crazed, halfidiotic. Wandering listlessly about at the time of the Gordon riot, he is overtaken by the mob, and eagerly joins them in their work of destruction. His strength and agility make him a valuable auxiliary, and he continues fighting, until he is at last overpowered, arrested and condemned to death. "Aha, Hugh!" says he to his companion on the eve of their execution, "we shall know what makes the stars shine, now." A pardon is finally procured for him by Mr. Varden.

Martin Chuzzlewit, the Younger.-The hero of the story: a rather wild and selfish young man. He has been brought up by a rich grandfather, who intended making him his heir. But the young man presumes to fall in love with a young lady (Mary Gra

ham) of whom the old man does not approve, and he is, therefore, disinherited, and thrown upon his own resources. He goes to study with Mr. Pecksniff, with a vague intention of becoming a civil engineer. His grandfather, upon ascertaining the fact, intimates to Mr. Pecksniff (who is his cousin), that he would find it to be for his own advantage, if he, should turn young Martin out of the house. This Mr. Pecksniff immediately proceeds to do, and Martin again finds himself without money, or the means of obtaining it. He determines to go to America, and accordingly makes his way to London, where he meets Mark Tapley, who has saved a little from his wages at the Blue Dragon, and who wishes to accompany him. They take passage on the packet-ship, "Screw," going over as steerage passengers, but with sanguine expectations of amassing sudden wealth in the New World. Soon after their arrival in New York, Martin is led into investing the little money remaining to himself and Mark in a lot of fifty acres in the thriving city of Eden, in a distant part of the country; and they set out for it immediately. They find the city—which on paper had looked so fair, with its parks and fountains, its banks, factories, churches and public buildings of all kinds a dreary and malarious marsh, with a dozen log cabins comprising the whole settlement. Worse than all, Martin is seized with fever and ague, and barely escapes with his life; and, before he is barely convalescent, Mark is also stricken down. When they are at last able to move about a little, they turn their faces toward England, and, after some time, arrive at home. Martin seeks an interview with his grandfather, but finds that Mr. Pecksniff's influence over him is paramount, and that not even a frank and manly avowal of error, coupled with a request for forgiveness, avails to revive the old love, or to save him from the indignity of being ordered out of the house. Miss Graham, however, has remained faithful to him, and with this one comfort he again turns his face toward London, to make his way in the great world as best he can. In the sequel he finds, much to his surprise, that his grandfather, distracted. by suspicious doubts and fears, has only been probing Pecksniff, and accumulating proofs of his duplicity, and tha, all through their separation, he himself has remained the old man's favorite.

Dombey and Son.-Mr. Paul Dombey is a London merchant, very wealthy, very starched and pompous, intensely obstinate, and possessed by a conviction that the old banking house of Dombey and Son is the central fact of the universe. He has a daughter Florence, who is of no consequence in his eyes; and a son Paul, upon whom all his hopes and affections center, but who dies in childhood. He marries for his second wife a woman whose pride is equal to his own, and who not only has no love to give him, but refuses to render him the deference and submission which he exacts as his due. Goaded to desperation, at last, by his arrogance, and by the slights and affronts he puts upon her, she elopes, upon the anniversary of her marriage, with a confidential clerk whom he had chosen as an instrument of her humiliation, content to wear the appearance of an | adulteress (though not such in reality) if she can only avenge herself upon her husband. But Mr. Dombey, though keenly sensitive to the disgrace she has inflicted upon him, and haunted by the dread of public ridicule, abates no jot of his pride or obstinacy. He drives his daughter from the house, believing her to be an accomplice of his wife, forbids the name of either to be mentioned in his presence, and preserves the same calm, cold, impenetrable exterior as ever. His trouble preys upon his mind, however; his prudence in matters of business deserts him, and the great house of which he is the head soon goes down in utter bankruptcy. But this crowning retribution proves a blessing after all; for it undermines his pride, melts his obstinacy, and sets his injustice plainly before him. His daughter seeks him out, and in her home he passes the evening of his days, a wiser and better man.

David Copperfield.—The character from whom the story takes its name and by whom it is supposed to be told. He is a posthumous child, having been born six months after his father's death. His mother, young, beautiful, inexperienced, loving, and lovable, not long afterwards marries a handsome and plausible, but hard and stern man,- Mr. Murdstone by name,- who soon crushes her gentle spirit by his exacting tyranny, and by his cruel treatment of her boy. After being for some time instructed at home by his mother, and reduced to a state of dullness and sullen desperation by his step father, David is sent from home. He is sent to a villainous school, near London, kept by one Creakle, where he receives more stripes than lessons. Here he is kept until the death of his mother, when his step-father sends him (he being now ten years old) to London, to be employed in Murdstone and Grinby's warehouse in washing out empty wine-bottles, pasting labels on them when filled,

and the like, at a salary of six shillings a week. But such is the secret agony of his soul at sinking into companionship with Mick Walker, "Mealy Potatoes," and other boys with whom he is forced to associate, that he at length resolves to run away, and throw himself upon the kindness of a great-aunt (Miss Betsey Trotwood), whom he has never seen. but of whose eccentric habits and singular manner he has often heard. She receives him much better than he has expected, and soon adopts him, and sends him to school in the neighboring town of Canterbury. He does well here, and finally graduates with high honors. Having made up his mind to become a proctor, he enters the office of Mr. Spenlow, in London. Soon after this, his aunt loses the greater part of her property; and David, being compelled to look about him for the means of subsistence, learns the art of senography, and supports himself comfortably by reporting the debates in parliament. In the mean time he has fallen desperately in love with Dora, the daughter of Mr. Spenlow, but has been discouraged in his suit by the young lady's father. Mr. Spenlow dying, however, he becomes her accepted suitor. Turning his attention soon after to authorship, he acquires a reputation, and obtains constant employment on magazines and periodicals. He now marries Dora, a pretty, captivating, affectionate girl, but utterly ignorant of everything practical. It is not long before David discovers that it will be altogether useless to expect that his wife will develop any stability of character, and he resolves to estimate her by the good qualities she has and not by those which she has not.

Doctor Marigold.-The narrator of the story. He describes himself as a "middle-aged man, of a broadish build, in cords, leggings, and a sleeved waistcoat, the strings of which is always gone behind," with a white hat, and a shawl round his neck, worn loose and easy. He is a "Cheap Jack," or itinerant auctioneer, born on the highway, and named "Doctor" out of gratitude and compliment to his mother's accoucheur. He marries, and has one child, a little girl, but loses both daughter and wife, and continues his travels alone. Coming across a deaf-and-dumb child, however, who, he fancies, resembles his lost daughter, he adopts her, and sends her to a school for deaf-mutes, to be educated: but she falls in love with a young man who is also deaf-and-dumb, and he is forced to give her up. She sails for China with her husband, but returns, after an absence of a few years, bringing with her a little daughter who can both hear and talk; and the measure of the Doctor's happiness is once more full.

Edwin Drood.—The character from whom the story takes its name; a young man left an orphan at an early age, and betrothed, in accordance with his father's dying wish, to Miss Rosa Bud, the daughter of an old and very dear friend. At the time the story opens, the young lady is attending the school of Miss Twinkleton, at Cloisterham, and the young gentleman is studying engineering in London. Neither of them is reconciled to the thought that their destiny in life has, in a most important respect, been predetermined for them; yet the thought of questioning the arrangement has not occurred to either; and Edwin runs down to Cloisterham, every now and then, both to see his intended, and to visit his uncle, Mr. Jasper, who is but little older than himself, and is his most intimate friend and companion. On one of these occasions, he meets at the Reverend Mr. Crisparkle's a young man by the name of Neville Landless, and his sister Helena, who are pursuing their studies, the one under Mr. Crisparkle's direction, the other at Miss Twinkleton's establishment. The young men take a strong dislike to each other. Edwin thinks Neville's sister vastly superior to her brother; while the latter is disgusted by the air of proprietorship with which Edwin treats Rosa, whom he thinks an altogether beautiful and attractive girl. They escort the young ladies home for the night, and then repair, at the invitation of Mr. Jasper, to his lodgings to have a glass of wine. The drink is mixed for them by their host; and, though they take only a moderate quantity, it seems to madden them; for from sarcastic remarks they soon come to open violence, when they are separated by Jasper, who takes young Neville home, and reports his conduct to Mr. Crisparkle. In the morning Edwin departs for London, and Mr. Crisparkle is consequently unable to bring about an immediate reconciliation; but he resolves to do so on the first opportunity that offers. He talks about the matter to Neville, who expresses himself willing to make an apology; and Mr. Jasper writes to Edwin, who replies that he shall be glad to make any amends for his hasty display of temper. It is therefore arranged that the young men shall meet agam at Mr. Jasper's rooms, and "shake hands, and say no more about it." Before revisiting

Cloisterham, Edwin calls on Rosa's guardian, Mr. Grewgious, who gives him a wedding ring, which belonged to her departed mother, and charges him to look carefully into his own heart before making Rosa his wife; for, although the marriage was a wish dear both to his own father and to hers, he ought not to commit himself to such a step for no higher reason than because he has long been accustomed to look forward to it. Edwin departs, and, deeply pondering the injunction of Mr. Grewgious, becomes convinced that the marriage ought not to take place. He resolves to have a frank conversation with Rosa, feeling well assured that her views will coincide with his own. Repairing to the Nuns' House, he seeks her with this intention, but finds himself anticipated; for she enters at once upon the subject herself. The result is, that, although they agree to remain the best of friends, they cease to be lovers, and resolve to send at once for Mr. Grewgious, and communicate their determination to him, but to be quite silent upon the subject to all others, until his arrival. Edwin's sole anxiety, as he tells Rosa, is for his uncle, whom he dearly loves, and who, as he believes, has set his heart on the union. Although Rosa does not declare her thoughts, she yet believes that the breaking-off of the match will not be so great a disappointment to Mr. Jasper as Edwin thinks, having good reason to know that he is himself deeply in love with her. They separate for the night, the young man going to his uncle's to meet Neville Landless, who, after promising Mr. Crisparkle that he will curb his impetuous temper, directs his steps to the same place.

The next morning Edwin Drood is nowhere to be found; and young Landless sets out early for a two weeks' ramble through the neighboring country. Mr. Jasper, becoming alarmed at the disap pearance of his nephew, arouses the town. He says that the young men, after meeting at his room, went out together for a walk near the river. The feud between them is well known; and dark suspic ions are entertained of foul play. Young Landless is followed and arrested. The river is dragged, and no body is discovered; but a watch, identified as Edwin's, is found; and a jeweller testifies that he wound and set it for him at twenty minutes past two on the afternoon of his arrival, and that it had run down before being cast into the water. Further than this, nothing can be discovered, and, as there is not evidence enough to warrant Neville's detention, he is set at liberty. So strong is the popular feeling against him, however, that he is forced to leave the town, and takes up his residence in an obscure part of London. He is visited by Mr. Crisparkle, who believes in his innocence; and here he is watched and dogged by Mr. Jasper, who has taken a solemn oath to devote his life to ferreting out the murderer.

Although the reader is left in the dark, by the abrupt termination of the novel, as to who is the guilty party, he is led to believe that Mr. Jasper is the real assassin. He is desperately in love with Rosa; though she thoroughly dislikes and despises him. After the death of Edwin, he visits her, and declares his love, promising toforego his pursuit of young Landless, in whom she is deeply interested, if she will give him some encouragement. He shows himself at least to be fully capable of the crime; and he is suspected by Rosa herself and by Mr. Grewgious.

THE CHAUTAUQUAN.

The second volume opened with the October number 1881. It is enlarged from forty-eight to seventy-two pages. Ten numbers in the volume, beginning with October and ending with July, More than half the course of study for the C L. S. C. the present year is being published in THE CHAUTAUQUAN, and nowhere else, embracing: "Mosaics of History," "Christianity in Art," "Christ in Chronology," popular articles on Geology, Political Economy, Mathematics, Health at Home, Mental Science, Moral Science, together with articles on Practical Life.

C. L. S. C. Notes and Letters, reports of Round-Table Conference, Questions and Answers on every book in the course of study, and, reports from Local Circles will appear in every number.

Also lectures and sermons on popular themes from many of the foremost lecturers and preachers of the times.

George Borrow's excellent novel, entitled "Lavengro," is now being published as a serial. It is a dream or drama, the story of a Scholar, a Gypsy, and a Priest. It is scholarly and fascinating.

The "Editor's Outlook," "Editor's Note-Book," and "Editor's Table," will discuss the live questions of the times.

Subscription Price, per year, $1.50 Five Subscriptions at one Time, Each, $1.35 A complete set of the CHAUTAUQUA ASSEMBLY HERALD for 1881, containing more than sixty lectures delivered at Chautauqua. Price, $1.00. THE CHAUTAUQUAN for the year, and a complete volume of the CHAUTAUQUA ASSEMBLY HERALD for 1881, containing nineteen numbers, will be sent, postage paid by us, for $2.25. Back nu bers of the current volume of THE CHAUTAUQUAN can be supplied. Send postoffice order or draft on New York or Pittsburgh. Address,

THEODORE L. FLOOD, Meadville, Pa.

Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle.

President, Lewis Miller, Akron, Ohio.

Superintendent of Instruction, J. H. Vincent, D. D., Plainfield, N. J. General Secretary, Albert M. Martin, Pittsburgh, Pa. Office Secretary, Miss Kate F. Kiniball, Plainfield, N. J. Counselors, Lyman Abbott, D. D.; J. M. Gibson, D. D.; Bishop H. W. Warren, D. D.; W. C. Wilkinson, D. D.

REQUIRED READING.

MOSAICS OF HISTORY. VIII.

ROME-III.

STAGES OF ROMAN HISTORY.-We have now traced the progress and decline of the Roman constitution through its several stages. We have seen it pass from a monarchy into a patrician oligarchy; from a patrician oligarchy into a limited republic; from a limited republic into an oligarchy of wealth; and now, after a century of civil war, in which the state swayed from one extreme to the other, we close with the contemplation of an absolute despotism.*

FIRST EMPEROR OF ROME.-The history of the Republic of Rome ends with the death of Antony. From that time ⚫ the Romans were governed by emperors, the first of whom was Octavius, or Augustus, as he was called by the senate on his return from Egypt. This power, however, he only accepted by degrees: at first it was given him for ten years; then five more were added, and so on, until at length he became emperor for life, and was allowed to leave the title to his successor. This was done with the full consent of all persons of sense and thought, for they were weary of the perpetual wars which had been going on for so many years, and saw that the people had become so turbulent and the nobles so luxurious that their only hope of quietness was in giving all the authority to one person. Every possible houor, therefore, was paid to Augustus; three splendid triumphs were allowed him, and one of the months of the year, August, was called after his name.

Yet if the persons who rejoiced when Augustus Cæsar became emperor of Rome could have looked into future years and known who were to succeed him on his throne, they would have felt very differently. Many of the Roman emperors were the greatest monsters of wickedness that were ever heard of; others, who were less wicked, were weak and silly, and brought great miseries upon their country; and the few who really tried to do right were placed in such difficulty from the crimes and mistakes and bad examples of the emperors who reigned before them that they could do very little to serve their country.t

*Liddell's History of Rome. +Sewall's History of Rome.

No. 8.

AUGUSTAN AGE.-From the time he became emperor the character of Augustus seems to have changed: he was merciful and forgiving, instead of cruel and revengeful, and appeared to give all his thoughts to the improvement of the laws, the erection of splendid buildings, and the encouragement of clever men. The Augustan Age, as it is called, has been celebrated ever since as a time when learning and poetry, and accomplishments, were especially valued. Augustus had a great friend named Mæcenas, who was the patron of all the men of talent in Italy. He was an indolent person, fond of eating and drinking, but taking a great deal of pleasure in all things which were splendid and elegant; and if the persons were really clever, however humble they might be by birth, they were sure to receive help from Mæcenas. Virgil, Horace, and Ovid were the most famous poets of the age. Cornelius Nepos wrote biographies, and Livy was a distinguished historian.*

WARS OF AUGUSTUS.-Though it was as a civil administrator that Augustus obtained his chief reputation, yet much of his attention was also given to military affairs, and the wars in which he engaged, either in person or by his lieutenants, were numerous and important. The complete subjugation of northern and north western Spain was effected partly by himself, partly by Agrippa and Carisius, in the space of nine years, from B. C. 27 to 19. In B. C. 24, an attempt was made by Elius Gallus to extend the dominion of Rome into the spice region of Arabia Felix, but this expedition was unsuccessful. Better fortune attended on the efforts of the emperor's stepsons, Drusus and Tiberius, in the years B. C. 16 and 15, to reduce the independent tribes of the eastern Alps, especially the Rhætians and Dindelicians. Two campaigns sufficed for the complete reduction of the entire tract between the Lombardo Venetian plain and the course of the Upper Danube, the fortress of inodern freedom. More difficulty, however, was experienced in subduing the tribes of the Middle and Lower Danube. In Noricum, Panonia, and Mœsia a gallant spirit of independence showed itself; and it was only after frequent revolts that the subjugation of these tracts was effected.+

THE ARMY.-The organization of the army was somewhat complicated. The entire military force may be divided under the two heads of those troops which preserved order at Rome, and those which maintained the terror of the Roman name in the provinces. The troops of the capital were of two kinds: (a) the Prætorians and (b) the "City Cohorts" (cohorates urbanœ), a sort of armed police, whose number in the time of Augustus was 6,000. The troops maintained in the provinces were likewise of two kinds: (c) those of the regular army, or the legionaries, and (d) the irregulars, who were called "auxilia," namely, auxiliaries. The legions constituted the main strength of the system. They were

*Sewall's History of Rome.

+ Rawlinson's Ancient History.