twenty-four other towns; that the university library at Kasan is to be appropriated to this purpose on certain days; that 4000 volumes have been presented by some young men to the library forming at Reval; and that a company of shareholders at Tamboff have undertaken to establish one in that place.

POLAND.

CRACOW. The statute recently drawn up and promulgated by the three Powers, who are the Protectors of this republic, fixes the number of professors in ordinary at twenty-five, that of paid adjunctprofessors at nine, and that of teachers of languages at 3. Eight professorships still continue vacant. The matriculations amounted last winter to 289, among which there were only 6 students in divinity and 47 in law. The clinical lecture in obstetrics has not yet been opened, and the school of arts has been separated from the university and combined with the technical school.

POLISH LITERATURE.-About 150 works in the Polish language appeared last year, at the beginning of which 31 journals of all kinds were published; to these some additions were afterwards made. Seven of them were of a political character: we may remark that one of them, The Lemberg News,' has no inconsi~ derable popularity on account of the Kozmaitosci' (miscellanies) which accompany it, and give a brief account of the novelties in Polish and Sclavonian literature. The most esteemed of the penny magazines are the Magazyn Powszechny,' published at Warsaw, and the Przyjaciel Ludu' (Friend of the People), which appears at Lissa.

6

GREECE.

ATHENS, 5th June.-We are in expectation that several societies will shortly be instituted, which cannot fail to be attended with great benefit to the whole kingdom when brought into active operation. The Regency have already determined on establishing a Botanical Society,' and the foundation of a museum of natural history has commenced under the active auspices of Dr. Wihmer, the king's body-surgeon, who is the temporary president of the Botanical Society. We are told that the formation of an Academy of the Arts and Sciences' is at hand, and that it is intended to connect it with a Society of Natural History.' The garden belonging to Mr. Blaches, which is said to be the site of the ancient Academy, is designated as the spot where the members are to meet. The Academy intend to publish two journals, the one of a scientific character, in such language as may be considered most eligible, and the other of a practical description, in Greek; the supply of publications for its use is to be provided for by subscriptions, and we understand that the elevations and plans for the proposed Academy, which have been designed by Dr. Röser, have received the royal

sanction.

GREEK INSCRIPTIONS.-The first part of a collection of inedited

Greek inscriptions has been published at Nauplia: the editor, Lewis Ross, who is attached to the government as Greek archæologist, has dedicated the work to King Otho. The fac-similes of the inscriptions are lithographed with uncommon neatness.

SCHOOLS.-The reports made to us on this subject are by no means encouraging. The school for teachers in Nauplia is, it appears, almost paralyzed for want of qualified instructors and active support; the gymnasium in that town exists as yet on paper only; and the seminary at Egina is wholly dependent upon the goodwill of some of its masters. This is a natural consequence of the inefficiency of the Board of Education, which has but one individual of talent and information in it; and this is Jakobaky Riso. A Greek school and a gymnasium are about to be opened at Athens, the new capital, and some of the teachers have been already engaged.

TURKEY.

CONSTANTINOPLE.-The government, it is said, is about to form a Polytechnic School, in imitation of that at Paris, under the roof of the College of the Icoghlans at Galata-serai. There is something very striking in the pains taken by the Turks of the present day to adopt the manners and customs of their Christian neighbours, and get rid of their former habits. War has now been declared against smoking; the civil officers of the Porte have been ordered to discontinue the use of the pipe during hours of business, and none are allowed to smoke in the presence of the judges or other functionaries. Such an advance in civilization is well worthy of remark, for it is not many years ago that it was the etiquette, on all solemn occasions, to present a pipe to every person of distinction; and the omission would have been construed into an unpardonable affront. It may be recollected, too, that, at the famous treaty of Ackyerman, the Turkish deputies flew for refuge to their pipes, and made a merit of concealing the embarrassing effect which the insolent demands of the Russian negociators produced upon them, behind a dense cloud of smoke. The Sultan has also prohibited the more affluent of his lieges from being attended by large retinues of servants, or keeping too numerous a stud.

THE EAST.

In

PERIODICAL LITERATURE.-The Eastern nations, living under a pure despotism, have scarcely anything deserving the name of periodical literature. The only official journal in China, the King Pao,' or Herald of the Metropolis, which is published daily at Peking, finds its way only occasionally among the inhabitants of the provinces, and contains nothing but government matters. Persia a species of newspaper appears at times; in breadth it is not above two inches, nor is it many in length. Simultaneously with the attempt to introduce European institutions into Turkey, an attempt has been made to establish a public journal. An official paper, in the native and French languages, has for some

time past been published in Constantinople; it appears once a week, and is divided into two parts, one containing official information, and the other articles of novelty from foreign parts, or connected with the arts, sciences, and trade. Periodical literature has, however, taken up somewhat broader ground in Egypt. Independently of several French publications, journals in the Arabic tongue are brought out in Cairo and Alexandria: these last contain the Viceroy's decrees, regular meteorological reports, occurrences both domestic and foreign, notices of attempts to introduce any branches of European industry, articles appertaining to trade, public buildings, &c.; and the editor has even gone so far as to communicate the items of grievance brought against the governors of provinces by the local assemblies. In Greece, too, the early days of the insurrection against the Porte were signalized by the institution of a periodical press, which assumed a varied complexion, corresponding with the peculiar views of the different domestic parties. A short time ago, the proprietors, being called upon to give security, every political paper was brought to an end. A journal, entitled the 'Sotir,' or Saviour, at present makes its appearance in Nauplia: it is printed in Greek and French, but, we believe, no longer advocates the cause of the government; when it did, its tendency was counteracted by a decided opposition paper.

EGYPT.-A letter from Clot-Bey, in Cairo, to M. Jomard, says, 'I have just obtained the establishment of an amphitheatre in the very mosque of Moristan. We have a skeleton, and Dr. Auzoux' anatomical models for the use of the pupils. Here, then, we have the science of anatomy joining in fellowship with a form of religion which has been hitherto its great enemy! Is not this a step in civilization? For some time past, exertions have been making to embellish the principal streets; they are all now hung with myriads of lamps.' Another letter to the same individual, from Refah, who, like Clot-Bey, was educated partly in France, observes, I have translated the first volumes of Malte Brun's " History of Geography," which is in the press, and I am making progress with the second. My pupils in the Normal School have been appointed professors in his Highness's elementary schools. Globes

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and geographical charts have been introduced into all the schools, and our pupils begin to believe that the world actually turns round. I am in confident hopes that a special school for translators of French and Arabic, and a school of arts and trades, will be established in the palace of the Deftardar-Bey.'

ALGIERS. The Municipal Council of this town having voted a sum for establishing more advanced courses of instruction, an institution has consequently been opened, in which classical education, corresponding with that given in the Royal colleges in France, and calculated to enable students to go through the examination for a bachelor of arts' degree, may be obtained. Arabic is one of the

indispensable subjects of study in the new seminary. The nomination of the several professors, who are all natives of France, was made by the Count D'Erlon, Governor-General of the colony.

BAHAMA SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.A society under this title was established at Nassau, in the Bahama islands, in April of the present year, which already numbers among its members the governor, the chief justice, and fifty-five resident members, together with several honorary members.

The objects of this society, are

The collection of all such facts and knowledge as may be useful to the inhabitants of these islands-to be derived from the opinions and information of all persons having experience in agriculture, commerce, &c., &c., in the colony, as well as from others who may be willing to afford it; together with such selections from scientific and other publications as may be applicable to the Bahamas.

The diffusion of all such information, by means of weekly, monthly, or other periodical publications, to be distributed gratuitously to the members, and to be sold as cheaply as possible to non-subscribers.

To obtain from the various institutions of the same nature in other countries their publications; by which it is hoped a most useful, entertaining, and instructive library may be formed.

The collection of descriptions, and more especially of models and drawings of apparatus, machinery and utensils for agricultural and other purposes, which may be thought applicable to this colony, or useful or instructive to its inhabitants.

The prosecution of experiments, which, if successful, would benefit the colony.

The importation of seeds and plants likely to thrive and be profitable. To encourage the exportation of the productions and manufactures of the Bahamas, with the hope of increasing the trade, and developing more fully the resources of the colony; also, to establish a beneficial interchange of plants, seeds, &c.

The distribution of medals or prizes (should the funds admit of it) for inventions, discoveries, or information of general utility to the colony.

To establish, for general benefit, lectures on different subjects, combining instruction with amusement.

To obtain, if possible, a piece of ground for experiments, and for propagating, for future distribution, such plants, &c., as may be obtained. To establish also a small museum, for the collection and arrangement of specimens of natural history, &c., occurring in the Bahamas, for the use and information of such as might desire to be more particularly acquainted with them.

Each resident member subscribes five dollars annually, but should any one be absent more than twelve months from the colony, he is not required to pay his subscription during his absence. Strangers who may be at Nassau are to have tickets for the lectures sent them;

and members' tickets are transferrable to ladies and to youths under fourteen. The society have already commenced publishing a journal; the first number of which contains an account of the Cingalese mode of cultivating the cocoa-nut, with a notice of its various uses.

BRITISH.

UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.

OXFORD, JULY 4.-The following subjects are proposed for the Chancellor's Prizes for 1836, viz. :

-

For Latin Verse-Alexander ad Indum.

For an English Essay-The Effects of a National Taste for general and diffusive Reading.

For a Latin Essay-Antiquorum Romanorum in publicis operibus magnificentia.

The first of the above subjects is intended for those gentlemen who, on the first of May next, shall not have exceeded four years; and the other two for such as shall have exceeded four, but not completed seven years, from the end of their matriculation.

Sir Roger Newdigate's Prize.-For the best composition in English verse, not limited to fifty lines, by any under-graduate who, on the day specified, shall not have exceeded four years from the time of his matriculation. Subject, 'The Knights of St. John.'

CAMBRIDGE, JUNE 20.-Sir Thomas Browne's medals were this day adjudged as follows:

Greek Ode-James Ind Smith, Trinity College. Subject, Delos.'
Latin Ode-Henry Drury, Caius College. Subject,' Belisarius.'
Epigrams-Henry Drury, Caius College. Subject,

'Amphora cœpit

Institui, currente rota cur urceus exit?'

JULY 2.-The following prizes were this day adjudged:Members' Prizes for Bachelors of Arts-Edward Thomas Vaughan, B.A., Christ's College; Thomas Bradley Paget, B.A.,. Trinity College. Subject, 'De fide historica recte æstimanda.'

Members' Prizes for Under-graduates-John Smith Mansfield, Trinity College; James Ind Smith, Trinity College. Subject, 'Utrum recte judicaverit Cicero iniquissimam pacem justissimo bello anteferendam esse.'

NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE POOR.-In the twenty-fourth report of this society, recently published, an interesting survey is taken of the efforts which have been made by the society to promote education since its establishment in the year 1811. The committee have from the first looked upon their model and training institution, the central school, as the source from which improvements