ambulatory method, it is applied by one teacher through all classes of the establishment, the youths being, however, not at all bound to certain times of removal from or to other classes; every one may solicit a special examination in any branch of knowledge, in which he has made due progress, and be elevated to a higher class, in order to carry to greater perfection this branch of knowledge, together with the pupils of this higher class, though he still remains in a lower class as to other matters of learning. The ambulatory method has been found more efficient than the instruction given by teachers within their own classes, and ought to be employed in all elementary schools, for which purpose new courses and books of elementary instruction are already prepared. The Gymnasia, which are the principal schools of learning, are commonly divided into two circles and four classes, with six or seven teachers, viz., two lecturers for theology, one of whom must read Hebrew, one for history, one for mathematics, one for logical and physical sciences, one for the Greek, and one for the Latin language. Besides these teachers there is an adjunct constituted who treats of natural history, modern languages, and other branches of learning: he also acts as a substitute of the lecturers. According to the regulations at present established, the term or period of public instruction is nine months annually. Besides the regular teachers, different teachers of drawing, music, and gymnastic exercises, are always to be found in these learned institutions. The average salary of a lecturer amounts annually to 120 tons of corn*. Learned schools in a stricter sense, as separated from the gymnasia, are divided into higher and lower. Of the firstmentioned kind are the cathedral schools, from which scholars may be sent directly to the universities. Some of these learned institutions, especially the gymnasia, are richly endowed, partly by private individuals, and partly by the state; annual stipends are given in these places to some of the pupils. The number of teachers at the said schools varies in proportion to the wealth and population of the neighbouring country, and other circumstances. They generally vary from three to five or six, with a rector (head-master) at their head; their salaries depend in general on the price of corn, being so calculated, that a rector of a learned school of the higher order A ton or tunna in Sweden, consisting of half rye, half corn, contains about half of an English quarter. More exactly: a quarter 111 Swed. kans. A tunna 63 do. do. It is by law prescribed, that a ton of corn in the appointments of functionaries must consist of half rye, half corn. enjoys a salary of from 60 to 80 tons of corn at the established price, and the other teachers in proportion. The schools are under the superintendence of the bishop of the diocese, as ephorus or inspector. Once and sometimes twice a year, or oftener, there is a public examination of the scholars, to which their parents and guardians are invited, and on which occasion public testimonials are given them of their progress in learning, and of their moral conduct. The real schools (Apologist-Skolorne), may be considered as a preparatory step for the learned schools, and partly as institutions for the education of youths designed for commerce, or other branches of industry, more weight being laid in these establishments upon knowledge connected with the pursuits of active life, such as modern languages, mathematics, history, geography, &c. The number of the teachers is two, and but seldom three. According to the report of actual incomes, and of the competency of the salaries for teachers of elementary schools in Sweden, delivered by the committee for the revision of public establishments of instruction, the incomes were for the schools, in corn, 7,657 tons, and in money, 5,839 rix doll., 16 skill.; for the gymnasia, corn, 9,453 tons. The report in question is accompanied with the following statement, as to an increase of the said salaries, necessary in the opinion of the committee, for the progress of instruction; viz., 12 gymnasia, at 1,225 tons 14,700 tons; two cathedral schools, at 635 tons=1270 do. ; 12 complete learned schools, at 460 tons=5,520 do. ; 6 others, at 510 tons 3,060 do. ; four school swith four teachers, at 275 tons=1,100 do.; sixteen with three do., at 180 tons 2,880 do.; total, 28,530 tons. 3. THE UNIVERSITIES. It is in general allowed, that a university, in relation to establishments of elementary instruction, ought to be what is called a higher institution of learning, but the same uniformity of opinion is not found, when the question is to determine the nature and object of the higher education, which is to be given at these learned establishments. A university is generally considered as a seminary for educating functionaries of the state, where it is necessary that these individuals should acquire the knowledge which they must afterwards employ in the administration of various offices. It is true that the education of public functionaries is a very important object in academical instruction; this however does not express completely the total destination of a university, and is altogether a narrow and imperfect view of what university education should be. A university, in order to be conceived in its true signification and extent, must be viewed as an institution designed to elevate to a high standard of excellence all those who possess a real native talent for cultivating science and letters, and have been sufficiently prepared by solid elementary instruction. It must be considered as the centre of the scientific culture of a nation, and as the focus of its whole intellectual life. After having thus generally described the nature and destination of universities, it is necessary to examine how far the views above proposed are applicable to the Swedish establishments in question. Sweden has two universities, which though established at different epochs, have nevertheless received nearly the same academical constitutions. They are furnished with three different classes of teachers, 1st, professors; 2nd, adjuncts, together with docents (private tutors); and 3rd, masters of languages, and masters for bodily exercises. The faculties are four, with the following teachers. In the Theological faculty: one professor in dogmatical (or doctrinal) and moral theology; one in the exegesis of the Old and New Testament; one on the history of the church, and prænotiones theologiæ; one in matters connected with the practical functions of the ministry, such as homiletics, catechetics, and pastoral theology. At the university of Upsala there are the above-mentioned teachers, of whom however, the Kalsenian Professor delivers public lectures on theological prenotions, as most nearly connected with dogmatics. Lund there are only three professors of theology, but a fourth might easily be added by raising the salary of one of the theological adjuncts, and conferring on him the character, title, and functions of professor. At In the faculty of Law: one professor of civil and criminal jurisprudence; another in economical and financial jurisprudence; the latter has not hitherto existed at the university of Lund, but seems to be absolutely necessary. Equally important is a public teacher of the history of the Swedish constitution, administration, and laws; this professorship however has hitherto been wanting at both universities. In the faculty of Medicine: a professor of anatomy and physiology, who is also engaged to give instruction in forensic medicine or medical jurisprudence; another of pathology and therapeutics, with obligation to treat on medical police; a third of materia medica, and pharmacy; a fourth of a fourth of surgery and midwifery, is at present established at Lund. In the university of Upsala this professorship is connected with the duties of the teacher of anatomy and physiology. In the faculty of Philosophy: one professor for the Roman languages and literature; one for the Greek; one for Oriental languages and literature; one for theoretical, and one for practical philosophy. One for Esthetical science, with modern literature and languages. This professorship has hitherto been united at both universities with the duties of the librarian, but ought to be separated from it, in order that both duties may be satisfactorily performed. This has been lately done in Upsala. Universal History.Į These duties have been recently united Swedish History. I at the Swedish universities. Politics. At Upsala, the Skyttianus Professor delivers lectures on some Roman author; at Lund, no corresponding professorship exists, nor does it seem to be of absolute necessity. One for Mathematics,) One for Physics, Exist at Lund. In the university of Upsala, the Professor of Natural History is attached to the medical faculty; but in the philosophical faculty, the Borgström Professor delivers public lectures on Economy and Botany. One for Chemistry, Besides, there are in each faculty several adjuncts and academical docents (teachers). The functionaries in the academical library are a chief librarian, a sub-librarian, an ordinary clerk, together with several extraordinary assistants. Various masters of exercises likewise live in the universities, as for riding, fencing, dancing, together with several teachers of modern languages; a teacher of drawing, and a master of music. The salaries of the said teachers are specified in the account given below of the economical condition of the university at Upsala. This learned establishment, founded in the year 1476, was dissolved in 1583, a new high-school being established at Stockholm by the contrivance of the Jesuits; it was restored in 1593, after the famous council of Upsala, and established and enlarged by Gustav Adolphus, 1621-24. The actual income of this university arises from the rent of various pieces of property given to it principally by the lastmentioned king of immortal memory, as well as by his father Charles IX., and his daughter Christina; not to mention various royal benefactors of later times, of whom Gustavus III. and Charles XIV., have made their renown eternal in the annals of the university. The income further arises from lands purchased by the university with its own funds, from the crown-tenths of several parishes in the northern provinces, &c. ; from donations of private persons, consisting of landed property designed to furnish salaries for various academical teachers, or allowances for the students, &c. The university possesses various edifices necessary for a learned institution, together with a considerable library and several scientific collections. The income of the library is, however, so inconsiderable, that this institution, although richly supplied with precious manuscripts and ancient works, is ill provided with new works and scientific instruments*. The incomes already referred to, with the exception of the donations of private individuals for special purposes, are as follows:-8998 tons of corn valued, at a low rate, at 69,734 rix-dol., at 7 rix-dol. per tont. The above-mentioned private donations amount on an average to 40,000 rix-dol. a year. The total of various capitals and properties given by private individuals as funds for students at Upsala, has now increased to more than 200,000 rix-dol., and the annual income from the same to 10,000 rix-dol. The salaries of the ordinary teachers, which arise from the funds of the university, and are distributed among the various faculties, are as follows:— Theological faculty.-3 professors, with 165 tons of corn each 495 tons. These professors, and a fourth, salaried by the Kalsenian fund, are thus furnished with salaries. Three adjuncts, of whom two have 65 each, making 130 do., and the third has a prebend. The teachers likewise have salaries. Juridical faculty.-2 professors, with 215 tons each, = 430 do.; 2 adjuncts, with 65 do.=130 do. Total, 560 tons §. Philosophical faculty.-14, of whom 11 professors, at 215 tons each, 2365 do.; 1 astronomical observer, 90 tons; 5 adjuncts at 65 tons each, 325 do. Total, 2780 tons. = To the functionaries at the library.-The chief librarian as professor of literature, has been already mentioned as a member of the philosophical faculty. The sub-librarian has 75 tons, together with 40 rix-dol. from the stipendiary fund; * The income of the library has been lately doubled, and the librarian is travelling in southern Europe, provided with a considerable sum for the purchase of valuable works. The present exchange gives 12 rix-dollars and 16 skillings to the £ sterling: 48 skillings = 1 rix-dollar. A prebend is a stipend arising from a foundation. The salary comes from the government. There is lately instituted an adjunct, who must read the history of the law, together with the old landscaps-laws of Sweden. |