by the words of the text, the taking of an afternc on sleep. - Membra stratus. Consult Zumpt, § 458.--21. Arbuto. The arbutus (or arbut im) is the arbute, or wild strawberry-tree, corresponding to the Kóμapoc of the Greeks, the unedo of Pliny, and the Arbutus unedo of Linnæus, class 10 The fruit itself is called κόραρον, μεμαίκυλον, or μιμαίκυλον (Athenaus 2, 35, and in Latin arbutum. It resembles our strawberry very closely, except that it is larger, and has no seeds on the outside of the pulp like that fruit.

22-28.

"

22. Aquæ lene caput sacra. The gently-murmuring source some sacred stream The fountain heads of streams were supposed to be the residence of the river-deity, and hence were always held sacred Fountains generally were sacred to the nymphs ard rural divinities Compare Jacob, Quæst. Epic., p. 13, seq.-23. Et lituo tubæ, &c. "And the sound of the trumpet intermingled with the notes of the clarion." The tuba was straight, and used for infantry; the lituus was bent a little at the end, like the augur's staff, and was used for the cavalry: it had the harsher sound.-25. Detestata. "Held in detestation." Taken passively Compare abominatus, in Epod. xvi., 8.-Manet. "Passes the night.' Equivalent to pernoctat. Compare Sat., ii., 3, 234.-Sub Jove frigido "Beneath the cold sky." Jupiter is here taken figuratively for the higher regions of the air. Compare the Greek phrase úлò ▲ιóç.—Сatulis. The dative by a Græcism for a catulis. Scheller and others erroneously un derstand this of the young of the deer.-28. Teretes. "Well-wrought.' The epithet teres here conveys the idea of something smooth and round and therefore refers properly to the cords or strands of the net, as being smooth, and round, and tapering, and forming, therefore, a well-wrought net. Orelli adopts the same general idea, rendering teretes by festge dreht, "strong-twisted," i. e., ex funiculis complicatis et contortis con nexe.--Marsus. For Marsicus. The mountainous country of the Marsi, in Italy, abounded with wild boars of the fiercest kind.

29-34. 29. Me doctarum, &c. Croft conjectured Te in place of me, an emendation first made known by Hare, and subsequently approved of by Bentley, Sanadon, Markland, Fea, Wolf, and others. The main argu ment in its favor is the antithesis which it produces. But the commun reading is well explained and defended by Orelli.-Edera. "Ivy crowns.' The species of ivy here alluded to is the Edera nigra, sacred to Bacchus, and hence styled Atovvota by the Greeks. It is the Edera poetica of Baubin. Servius says that poets were crowned with ivy, because the poetic "furor" resembled that of the Bacchanalians.-Doctarum præmia frontium. Poets are called docti, "learned," in accordance with Greciar usage: doidoi copoí.-30. Dis miscent superis. "Raise to the converse of the gods above." Literally, "mingle with the gods above," ie., raise to a level with them; raise to the high heavens. Compare the explans. tion of Döring, * Corona ederacea cinctus deorum admittor concilio."--33. Euterpe cohibet, &c. Euterpe and Polyhymnia, two of the muses, are here very appropriately introduced. Euterpe plays on the tibia, Polyhymnia ac companies her voice with the lyre; hence both are naturally invoked by the lyric poet.-34. Lesboum refugit, &c. "Refuses to touch the Lesbian yre." The lyre is called Lesbian" in allusion to Sappho and Alceus. both natives of Lesbos, ar i both famed for their lyric productions.

OPE. Octavianus assumed his new title of Augustus on the 17th of uary (xvI. Cal. Febr.), A.U.C. 727. On the following sight Ros ..as visited by a severe tempest, and an inundation of the Tiber. The present ode was written in allusion to that event. The poet, regarding the visitation as a mark of divine displeasure, proceeds to inquire on what deity they are to call for succor. Who is to free the Romans from the pollution occasioned by their civil strife? Is it Apollo, god of prophecy Or Venus, parent of Rome? Or Mars, founder of the Roman line? Or Mercury, messenger of the skies ?-It is the last, the avenger of Cæsar, the deity who shrouds his godhead beneath the person of Augustus. He alone Kheaven spare him to the earth, can restore to us the favor of Jove, cud na Fonal prosperity.-Many of the old commentators refer the subject of this tde to the prodigies that occurred on the death of Julius Cæsar, and some odern scholars have adopted the same idea; but this is decidedly inferior

1-4. 1. Terris. A Græcism for in terras.-Nivis. It was not the snow itself that formed the prodigy, but the heavy fall of it, and the violence of the accompanying storm. Snow may be an unusual visitant at the preser! day in central Italy, but it does not appear to have been so in the time of Horace. Consult the remarks of Arnold on this subject, Hist. of Rome, vol. i., p. 499, seqq.-Diræ grandinis. Every thing sent by the wrath of the gods (dei ira) was termed dirum.—2. Pater. "The Father of gods and men.” Jupiter. Πατηρ άνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε.---Rubente dextera. "With his red right hand." Red with the reflected glare of the thunderbolt: an dea very probably borrowed from some ancient painting.-3. Sacras arces The sacred summits (of the temples)." The lightning struck the Capito containing the temples of Jupiter, Minerva, and Juno. It is unusual to find jaculari with the accusative of the thing that is struck. Compare, however, Od., iii., 12, 11, "Jaculari cervos."---4. Urbem. "The city," i. c. Rome. Compare Quintilian (8, 2), “ Urbem Romam accipimus."

5-10. 5. Gentes. Understand timertes. "He has terrified the nations, fearing lest," &c. Analogous to the Greek idiom, ¿póßŋoɛ μý.-6. Sœ cuum Pyrrhæ. Alluding to the deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly, when according to the legend, Deucalion and his spouse Pyrrha were the only mortals that were saved.-Nova monstra. Strange prodigies," i. e., wonders before unseen.-7. Proteus. A sea-deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, gifted with prophecy and the power of assuming any form at pleasure. His fabled employment was to keep the flocks" of Neptune, 1. e., the phoca, or seals.-8. Visere. A Græcism for ad visendum.---10. Pa lumbis. The common reading is columbis, but the true one is palumbis. The “palumbæ," or "wood-pigeons," construct their nests on the branch es and in the hollows of trees; the columbæ, or "doves," are kept in dove bots. It is idle to say, in opposition to this, that columba is the generi:

Jame.

13-1. 13. Flavum Tiberim. "The yellow Tiber." A recent travel er remarks, with regard to this epithet of the Tiber: "Yellow is an ex seedingly un descriptive translation of that tawny color, that mixture of red, brown, gray, and yellow, which should answer to flavus here; but I may not deviate from the established phrase, nor do I know a better (Rome

the Nineteenth Century, vol. i. p. 84.)-Retortis. "Being hur

ed back --14. Litore Etrusco. The violence of the storm forced the waves of the Tiber from the upper or Tuscan shore, and caused an inundation on the lower bank, or left side of the river, where Rome was situated. Some ake litore Etrusco refer to the sea-coast, and suppose that the violence of the storm drove back the waters of the Tiber from the mouth of the river, and that this retrocession caused the inundation spoken of. Ou explanation, however, suits the context better, and especially the "sinistra labitur ripa," in line 18, seq.-15. Monumenta regis. "The venerated memorial of King Numa." Observe the force of the plural in ionumenta, which we have ventured to express by an epithet. The allusion is to the palace of Numa, which, according to Plutarch, stood in the immediate cinity of the Temple of Vesta, and was distinct from his other residence on the Quirinal Hill. (Plut., Vit. Num., c. 14.)—16. Vesta. What made the omen a peculiarly alarming one was, that the sacred fire was kept in this temple, on the preservation of which the safety of the empire was supposed in a great measure to depend. If a vestal virgin allowed the sacred fire to be extinguished, she was scourged by the Pontifex Maxi mus. Such an accident was always esteemed most unlucky, and expiated by offering extraordinary sacrifices. The fire was lighted up again, not trom another fire, but from the rays of the sun, in which manner it was renewed every year on the first of March, that day being anciently the be ginning of the year.

17-19. 17. Ilia dum se, &c. "While the god of the seam, lending too ready an ear to his spouse, proudly shows himself ar avenger to the too complaining Ilia." We have followed Orelli in joining nimium with querenti. It may also be taken with ultorem, "an intem; crate avenger," but the collocation of the words seems to be more in favo of the former, as Orelli correctly remarks. The allusion is to Ilia or Rea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus, and the ancestress of Julius Ca sar, whose assas sination she is here represented as making the subject of too prolonged a complaint, since the expiatory sufferings of Rome had already been suffi ciently severe. Ancient authorities differ in relation toer fate. Ennius cited by Porphyrica in his scholia on this ode, makes ver to have been cast into the Tiber, previously to which she had become the bride of the Anio. Horace, on the contrary, speaks of her as having married the gou of the Tiber, which he here designates as uxorius arris. Servius (au n., 1, 274) alludes to this version of the fable, as aepted by Horace and others. Acron also, in his scholia on the present passage, speaks of lia as having married the god of the Tiber. According to the account which he gives, Ilia was buried on the banks of the Air, and the river, having overflowed its borders, carried her remains dowr to the Tiber hence she was said to have espoused the deity of the 19entionec stream. It may not be improper to add here a remark of Nebohr's ir relation to the name of this female. The reading Rhea," observes the historian, "is a corruption introduced by the editors, who very unseason ably bethought themselves of the goddess: rea seems only to have signi fied the culprit,' or 'the guilty woman:' it reminds us of rea femina which often occurs, particularly in Boccacio." (Niebuhr's Roraan His tory, vol. i., p. 176, Cambr. transl.)-19. Jove non probande. Jupiter dis dot approve that the Tiber should undertake to aver ge the death of Casagr task which he had reserved for Augustus

Coin pare

27. 22. Graves Persa. "The formidable Parthians " RH regards the force of gravis, the similar employment of ßapúg in Green Thus Alexander is called ẞapùç Пépσaιoi. (Theocrit. xvii., 19.¦—Persa Horace frequently uses the terms Medi and Perse to denote the Parthians The Median preceded the Persian power, which, after the interval of the Grecian dominion, was succeeded by the Parthian empire. The epithet graves alludes to the defeat of Crassus, and the check of Marc Antony.-Perirent. For perituri fuissent. (Zumpt, § 525.)—23. Vitio parentun rara juventus. "Posterity thinned through the guilt of their fathers." Aluding to the sanguinary conflicts of the civil contest.-25 Vocet. For invocet.-Ruentis imperi rebus. "To the affairs of the falling empire." Rebus by a Græcism for ad res.-26. Prece qua. "By what supplications." 27. Virgines sanctæ. Alluding to the vestal virgins.-Minus audienteri armina. "Less favorably hearing their solemn prayers." Carmen is frequently used to denote any set form of words either in prose or verse The reference here is to prayers and supplications, repeated day after day, and constituting so many set forms of the Roman ritual. As Julius Cæsar was Pontifex Maximus at the time of his death, he was also, by virtue of his office, priest of Vesta; it being particularly incumbent on the Pontifex Maximus to exercise a superintending control over the rites of that god dess. Hence the anger of the goddess toward the Romans on account of Cæsar's death.

29-39.

66

29. Partes scelus expiandi. The task of expiating our guilt. Scelus refers to the crimes and excesses of the civil conflict. They who were polluted by the stain of human blood were excluded from all partici pation in the sacred rites until proper atonement had been made. This atonement in the present case is to consist, not in punishing the slayers of Jaesar, which had already been done, but in placing the state once more on the firm basis of peace and concord. As this seemed too great a task for a mere mortal, the aid of the gods is solicited. (Gesner, ad loc.)—31. Nube candentes, &c. "Having thy bright shoulders shrouded with a cloud." The gods, when they were pleased to manifest themselves to mortal eye, were generally, in poetic imagery, clothed with clouds, in order to hide from mortal gaze the excessive splendor of their presence.-Augur Apollo Apollo, god of prophecy."-33. Erycina ridens. "Smiling goddess of Eryx." Venus, so called from her temple on Mount Eryx in Sicily.-34 Quam Jocus circum, &c. "Around whom hover Mirth and Love."-36 Respicis. "Thou again beholdest with a favoring eye." When the gods turned their eyes toward their worshippers, it was a sign of favor; wher they averted them, of displeasure.— Auctor. "Founder of the Roman line." Addressed to Mars as the reputed father of Romulus and Remus -39. Marsi. The MSS. have Mauri, for which Faber conjectured Marsi. and this last has been adopted by Dacier, Bentley, Cunningham, Sana don, and others. The people of Mauretania were never remarkable for their valor, and their cavairy, besides, were always decidedly superior te their infantry. The Marsi, on the other hand, were reputed to have been e of the most valiant nations of Italy. The modern German editors have generally retained Mauri, and give peditis the meaning of "d smounted." making the allusion to be to the defeat of Juba at Thapsus. This, how ever, is extremely unsatisfactory.-Cruentum. This epithet beastifully describes the foe, as transfixed by the weapon of the Marsian and "wel ing in his blood."

Si-51. 41. Sive mutata, &c. "Or if, winged son of the benign Main having changed thy form, thou assumest that of a youthful hero on the earth." Mercury, the offspring of Jupiter and Maia, is here addressed The epithet "winged" has reference to the peculiar mode in which Mer cury or Hermes was represented in ancient works of art, namely, with wings attached to his petasus, or travelling hat, and also to his staff and sandals.—Juvenem. Referring to Augustus. He was now, indeed, thirty six years of age; but the term juvenis applies to all in the bloom and likewise prime of life; in other words, it comprehended the whole period om eighteen to forty or forty-five.—43. Patiens vocari, &c. "Suffering thyself to bo called the avenger of Cæsar." An imitation of the Greek kom, for t, vocari Cæsaris ultorem.-46. Lætus. "Propitious."-47. Inijuum. "Offended at."48. Ocior aura. "Too early a blast." Supply recto. More freely, "an untimely blast." The poet prays that the de parture of Augustus for the skies may not be accelerated by the crimes and vices of his people.-49. Magnos triumphos. Augustus, in the month of August, A.U.C. 725, triumphed for three days in succession: on the first ayer the Pannonians, Dalmatians, Iapydæ, and their neighbors, together with some Gallic and Germanic tribes; on the second day, for the victory at A ctium; on the third, for the reduction of Egypt. The successes ver the Gauls and Germans had been obtained for him by his lieutenant, 3. Carinas.-50. Pater atque Princeps. Augustus is frequently styled on medals, Pater Patria, a title which the succeeding emperors adopted from him.--51. Medos "The eastern nations." Alluding particularly to tho Parthians. Compare note on line 22 of this Ode.-Equitare inultos. ransgress their limits with impunity." To make unpunished inroads into the Roman territory. The main strength of the Parthians lay in their avalry. Hence the peculiar propriety of equitare.

"To

ODE III. Addressed to the ship which was about to convey Virgil to the shores of Greece. The poet prays that the voyage may be a safe and propitious one: alarmed, however, at the same time, by the idea of the dangers which threaten his friend, he declaims against the inventor of navigation, and the daring boldness of mankind in general.-According to Heyne (Virgilii vita per annos digesta), this ode would appear to have been written A.U.C. 735, when, as Donatus states, the bard of Mantua had determined to retire to Greece and Asia, and employ there the space of three years in correcting and completing the Æneid. (Donat., Virg rit. § 51.) "Anno vero quinquagesimo secundo," observes Donatus, "ui ultimam nanum Æneidi imponeret, statuit in Græciam et Asiam sece dere, triennioque continuo omnem operam limationi dare, ut reliqua vita tantum philosophiæ vacaret. Sed cum ingressus iter Athenis occurrisse Augusto, ab Oriente Romam revertenti, una cum Cæsare redire statuit. Ac cum Megara, vicinum Athenis oppidum, visendi gratia peteret, languo rem nactus est: quem non intermissa navigatio auxit, ita ut gravior in dies, tandem Brundisium adventarit, ubi diebus paucis obiit, X. K. xl. Oc Labr. C. Sentio, Q. Lucretio Coss.

1.-4. 1. Sic to Diva, potens Cypri. &c. "O Ship, that owest to the shores of Attica, Virgil intrusted by us to thy care, give him up in safety to his destined haven), and preserve the one half of my soul, so may the