guard, there was a military way of square stones the whole length of the wall on its south side, communicating with each turret and castle; and at some distance south of this another larger paved military way, leading from station to station. The whole was garrisoned by not less than 10,000 men, 1600 of whom were cavalry, and 600 mariners at the points where the ramparts communicated with the shore.

The

The principal Roman roads, Viæ Stratæ, or paved roads, hence called streets, were the Via Devana from Colonia, or Colchester, through Durolipons, or Godmanchester, and Ratæ, or Leicester, to Deva or Deona, now Chester. Watling Street from Dover through Londinium, or London, Verulamium, or St. Alban's, Magiovintum, or Fenny Stratford, Lactodorum, or Towcester, Manduessedum or Manceter, Etocetum, or Wall, and Pennocrucium, or Stretton, near Penkridge, joined the Via Devana at Mediolanum or Chesterton, and so led to Deva and the north. A branch of this communicated from Pennocrucium with Uriconium, or Wroxeter. Its etymology is uncertain, but it is, perhaps, corrupted from the name of Vitellianus into Vitellin or Watling Street. The Foss Way, from Fossa, a ditch, extended from Moridunum, or Seaton, through Corinium, or Cirencester, and Ratæ, to Lindum, or Lincoln, and thence to York. The Ikenild Street, perhaps so called from the Iceni, extended from Clausentum, or Southampton, to Calleva, and thence to Spinæ, or Speen, and so, probably, to Venta Icenorum. The Ermin Street, perhaps derived from the Saxon Herrman, a warrior, signifying that it was a military road, led from Londinium or London to Lincoln: from these principal roads there were many minor branches.

Of the minor British islands, Vectis was the Isle of Wight; the Cassiterides were the Scilly Isles; Mona Taciti, or the Mona described by Tacitus in his life of Agricola, was

Anglesea; Mona Cæsaris, the Isle of Man. The Hebudes mentioned by Pliny, Solinus, and Ptolemy, are slightly corrupted into Hebrides. To these may be added the Orcades, or Orkneys, opposite to the promontory Orcas, now Duncansby Head; and the Shetland Islands, which, under the name of Thule, the antients imagined the northern extremity of the habitable globe.*

Ierne, Juverna, or Hibernia, was Ireland. The promontories Boreum and Notium (Pl. I.) were probably Malins Head and Cape Clear, and Eblana the modern capital Dublin. The barbarous tribes, whose names have come down to us, can scarcely be said to belong to classical geography, and are therefore omitted as unnecessary for the learner.

Venient annis

Sæcula seris, quibus Oceanus
Vincula rerum laxet, et ingens
Pateat tellus, Tethysque novos
Detegat orbes, nec sit terris
Ultima Thule.

Senec. Med. 374.

CHAP. V.

HISPANIA.

A. G. Plate IV.

SPAIN was called Iberia by the Greeks, and by the poets Hesperia, as the furthest land toward the west, with the addition of Ultima to distinguish it from Italy. The Romans, who expelled the Carthaginians from their settlements in the south-east, and conquered the remainder of the country, divided it into two provinces, Hispania Citerior, or nearer, and Hispania Ulterior, or further Spain. Hispania Citerior was afterwards called Tarraconensis, from Tarraco, its capital, and extended from the Pyrenees to the Durius, or Douro, on the west, and somewhat beyond the Promontory of Charidemum, or C. de Gata, on the east. Hispania Ulterior was subdivided in the time of Augustus into two provinces, Bætica in the south, reaching to the Anas, or Guadiana; and Lusitania in the west, corresponding in great measure to our Portugal.

The chief mountains were the Pyrenæi Montes, or, Pyrenees, the western portion of which were known as M. Vinnius. From this chain Idubeda Mons branched off, following the right bank of the Iberus, or Ebro, and forming the watershed between the east and west coasts. The southern part of this range is Mons Orospeda. Mons Carpetanus, Oretanus, and Marianus are now respectively the Castilian Mountains, the Sierra Toledo, and Sierra MoAt the eastern end of M. Carpetanus was M Caunus, where the Romans under Gracchus defeated

rena.

Celtiberi, B. c. 179; and south-eastward toward the Mediterranean was Manlianus Saltus, memorable for the victory of Gracchus over the Celtiberi, B. C. 180. The great

chain of Sierra Nevada in the south was known as M. Ilipula.

The chief promontories in the Atlantic were Trileucum and Artabrum, now Capes Ortegal and Finisterre; Magnum Promontorium, now C. Roca, on the Tagus; and Sacrum Promontorium, so called because in this neighbourhood the Sun was supposed to plunge his chariot into the sea. It is now C. St. Vincent. In the Fretum Herculeum Janonis Promontorium is C. Trafalgar. Within the Mediterranean was Calpe, one of the pillars of Hercules, now Gibraltar. Charidemum, Scombrasia, and Dianium are now Capes Gata, Palos, and St. Martin, and Pyrenæum Promontorium is C. Creus.

The rivers flowing into the Atlantic were the Minius, or Minho; the Durius, or Douro, which rises in M. Idubeda and falls into the sea at Calle, forming the north boundary of Lusitania; the Tagus, which, though called Tajo by the Portuguese, retains its name in general use. It rises in M. Idubeda, and flows into the sea at Olisippo. Its sands, like those of the Durius, were mingled with gold. The Anas, or Guadiana, formed the boundary between Lusitania and Bætica. The Bætis, or Guadalquivir, rises in M. Orospeda, and, forming the island of Erythyia whence Hercules took the oxen of Geryon, falls into the sea above Tartessus. It gave the name of Bætica to the province through which it flows.

Audiet Herculeo stridentem gurgite solem.
† Hic certant, Pactole, tibi Duriusque Tagusque.
Hence Ovid speaking of Mount Aventine : —
Forte boves illuc Erytheidas applicat heros
Emensus longi claviger orbis iter.

Sat. XIV. 280.

Sil. I. 234.

Fast. I. 543.

The chief rivers, flowing into the Mediterranean, were the Iberus or Ebro, which rises in the Pyrenees and flows into the sea below Dertosa; the Turia, now Guadalaviar, memorable for the battle between Pompey and Sertorius; and the Sucro, or Xucar.

Hispania Citerior, or Tarraconensis, contained many tribes. Between the Pyrenees and the Iberus, the Ceretani, Laletani, Cosetani, and Ilergetes occupied the country, which was subsequently Catalonia. The chief towns were Barcino, or Barcelona; Tarraco, or Tarragona, the capital of the whole province, fortified by the Scipios for the defence of the Romans against Carthage; and Ilerda, or Lerida, capital of the Ilergetes, celebrated for the resistance it made against Cæsar under the lieutenants of Pompey, Afranius and Petreius. At the mouth of the Iberus was Dertosa, or Tortosa. On the coast at the foot of the Pyrenees was Emporiæ, founded by the Phocans who had settled at Massilia, or Marseilles. Here Scipio Africanus landed in the second Punic war. North-westward were the Vescitani and Jacetani in Huesca, and the Vascones in Navarre, whose chief city was Pompelo, or Pampeluna. On the Iberus is Calagurris, now Calahorra, memorable for the dreadful sufferings of the army of Sertorius when besieged by Pompey and Metellus, A. U. C. 679, B. C. 75. (See Juv. XV. 92.) It was the birth-place of Quintilian and Prudentius. The Varduli, Caristi, and Autrigones were small tribes in Guipuscoa, Biscay, and Alava. The Cantabri* possessed Oviedo and Santander, and held out for many years against the Romans. Among them were the Concani, whose ferocity is also celebrated by Horace.† West of these were the Astures in Asturias,