impia proelia] pius expresses the regard due by a child to a parent (cf. pius Aeneas), then that due from one relative to another, from one citizen to another. Hence civil wars were strictly impia, 'unhallowed,' a violation of the law of nature.

31. Medis] put with an inaccuracy very common (cf. 2. 17) in the Roman poets for the Parthians who at this time inhabited the country which the Medes or Persians had once occupied, and who as the implacable foes of Rome would naturally rejoice to hear 'the din of the downfall of Italy.'

34. Dauniae] Daunus was a legendary king of Apulia, the adjective is applied to the whole of Italy.

but

35. non...nostro] Notice the assonance of these lines and the powerful effect produced by the repetition of the vowel o, and the combination 'or.' The peculiar rythm of 1. 36 adds to the effect. Before breaking off from his warlike theme Horace seems to desire to shew by the very sound and shape of his verse, how discomposing and dangerous such subjects were liable to become to his gentle muse.

37. ne retractes] I somewhat prefer Wickham's method of making this dependent on 'quaere' (='lest you resume') to that of Orelli, who makes it a direct prohibition and places a colon after 'neniae.'

iocis] i.e. such light themes as e.g. Ode 4.

38. Ceae munera neniae] 'a task which belongs to the Cean dirge.' Simonides the lyric poet of Ceos (556-467 B. C.) was especially celebrated for his dirges (@pvo) and epitaphs; his epitaph on those who fell at Thermopylae is best known.

40. leviore plectro] 'with lighter quill,' i.e. in a style and on a subject that shall be less grave. The opposite phrase is graviore plectro, Ovid Met. 10. 150, or maiore plectro, Od. 4. 2. 33; plectrum (πλýктроv) is the striking thing' from πλήσσω.

ODE II.

'Gold, Crispus, lacks lustre unless it be used wisely and well; so used it can confer even lasting renown, as it shall do on Proculeius. To hold the desires in subjection is to possess

a wider empire than if you were lord of Africa and Europe. The very tendency to avarice must be eradicated, for, like dropsy, it grows by being indulged. True wisdom denies the name of happy to the greedy tyrant, and hails him alone a king who casts not even a lingering look on piles of gold.'

The Ode is addressed to Caius Salustius Crispus, of whom a full account is given in Tac. Ann. 3. 30. He was the grand nephew of the historian Sallust, who adopted him, and was one of the intimate friends of Augustus, but, though possessed of great abilities, studiously held aloof from all public offices, preferring, like Maecenas, the real though private influence of a friend to the titular distinction of a magistracy. He died A. D. 20.

1. nullus] A somewhat awkward stanza. Horace wishes to say that as gold has no lustre when still in the mine, so Crispus can see no charm in wealth except it is used, but he has partially sacrificed clearness to brevity.

avaris] The earth guards its wealth like a miser. The epithet is added as leading up to the attack on avarice which follows.

2. lamnae] lamina is any thin piece of metal; the word is here used contemptuously for precious metal in a useless uninteresting shape, a mere piece of silver or gold. For the syncopated form of the word cf. puertiae, Od. 2. 36. 8, surpuerat, Od. 4. 13. 20.

inimice nisi] These words go together. Grammatically they might go with nullus color est, but they would give no

sense.

3. nisi...usu] This phrase has two meanings, one literal the other metaphorical: (1) all metals become dull by disuse, and bright by use; (2) wealth has no brilliancy unless employed.

5. extento aevo] does not mean 'through long ages' but 'his span of life being extended beyond the grave,' i.e. Proculeius by his noble deed shall win an immortality of fame, a life beyond life, as is made clear in 11. 7, 8. aevum is the Gk. αἰών (αἰών) connected with ἀεί.

Proculeius] C. Proculeius Varro Murena was a Roman knight who divided his property between his brothers who had lost their own in the civil wars. One brother was the Licinius, to whom Ode 10 is addressed.

6. notus animi] Orelli and Wickham unite in saying that this is put fornotus propter animum,' and compare the dubious passage, Od. 4. 13. 21, but they avoid all explanation. My opinion is that animi is a simple gen. of quality; Proculeius, vir animi paterni is excellent Latin, and Horace puts Proculeius notus animi paterni as a short form of expression, meaning 'P. illustrious (as being a man) of fatherly affection....'

7. metuente solvi] on pinions that dread to flag,' or, 'droop.' For the construction cf. Virg. G. 1. 246, Arctos Oceani metuente aequore tingi. solvi (like Aveσ0a) is used of that relaxation of nerve tension which is produced by any cause such as fatigue, sleep, cold, &c. Cf. Virg. Aen. 12. 951 solvuntur frigore membra.

6

9. latius regnes...] Note the indefinite use of the 2nd person singular, thou' meaning any one.' spiritus is here used like the Gk. Ovuós from 0ów to breathe or blow fiercely (cf. 'typhoon") for the fierce passionate part of our nature. The phrase avidus spiritus' represents as one complex quality what Plato resolved into two simple ones, θυμὸς καὶ ἐπιθυμία, 'passion and lust'; in the subjugation of these two to 'reason' (voûs) he placed true wisdom or Virtue. Cf. Virtus below and v. Phaedrus passim.

I cannot refrain from quoting in general illustration George Eliot's golden lines :

'Let thy chief terror be of thine own soul;
There, 'mid the throng of hurrying desires
That trample o'er the dead to seize their spoil,

Lurks vengeance, footless, irresistible

As exhalations laden with slow death,

And o'er the fairest troop of captured joys
Breathes pallid pestilence.'

DANIEL DERONDA, ad in.

10. quam...uni] 'than if you were to unite (under your empire) Libya with distant Gades and either Carthaginian were to acknowledge your single sway.' The second clause illustrates and amplifies the first, 'iungas' being explained by 'serviat uni,' and 'uterque Poenus' repeating the idea of Libya and Gades in a

new form, referring to the Carthaginian settlements on either side of the straits, in Africa and Spain.

remotis] refers to the popular belief that the pillars of Hercules (Tépμoves 'Atλavтikol Eur. Hipp. 3) were the limits of the world.

13. crescit indulgens sibi] 'grows worse by indulging itself,' i. e. by indulging the thirst which accompanies it. The patient must abstain as much as possible from all drink.' Buchan. hydrops=üdpwy.

15. aquosus...] The watery faintness from the pale frame.' Faintness and torpor accompany dropsy, and albus' describes the pale flabby appearance of the patient.

17. redditum...Phraaten] Phraates IV. had been expelled by his subjects (B. c. 30) on account of his cruelty, but been restored shortly afterwards by the assistance of the Scythians. The family of the Arsacidae to which Phraates belonged had no real connection with the Persian dynasty or its founder Cyrus (died B. c. 529), but for the constant interchange of the terms Parthi and Medi v. Ode 1. 31. note.

18. dissidens...] 'Virtue disagreeing with the mob separates from the ranks of the happy and teaches the people not to use words wrongly.' 'Virtus' here stands for the opinion of all those who are wise and virtuous. In his use of 'beatus' Horace has in mind not only its strict sense of 'happy' but its popular use as 'wealthy;' curiously enough the English word 'wealth,' which originally meant general well being,' (as in the Litany 'in all time of our wealth,') has been confined to the special sense of well-being as regards worldly goods and gear.

plebi populum] plebs from pleo (cf. complere, plenus) originally meant those who having no civic principles merely served to fill up the state: populus on the other hand comprises all members of the state. Here there seems little distinction be

tween the words.

19. falsis vocibus] To call a rich man 'beatus' was a misuse of the word. It was a similar misuse when the Greeks called the richer citizens ol äpioтol, 'the best.' Cf. Thuc. 3. 82.

21. regnum deferens...uni...quisquis] 'by conferring empire on him and him alone whosoever...'

diadema] The Romans had abolished kings, and consequently had no native word for a 'crown' (corona = a wreath), and had to borrow the foreign διάδημα.

22. propriam] Like 'tutum'='sure,' ' abiding.' proprius is much stronger than suus and expresses that which is a permanent possession and not merely hired, borrowed, or held for a season. Horace wishes to express that the reward of virtue is a crown that fadeth not away.'

He is very fond of this use of proprius and Sat. 2. 2. 134, and Ep. 2. 2. 170-176 should be compared.

23. quisquis...acervos] whosoever views huge heaps of treasure (and passes by) without one backward glance.'

ODE III.

'Cultivate, Dellius, a calm and equable frame of mind, neither unduly elated in prosperity nor depressed in adversity. Enjoy the gifts of nature and of wealth: enjoy them, for all must soon be left behind: rich and poor alike we are hastening towards one common end, the bourne from which no traveller returns (aeternum exilium).'

All we know of Dellius is that he was nicknamed Desultor bellorum civilium from the frequency with which he changed sides during the civil wars, desultor being a circus-rider who leaps from the back of one horse to another, while going at full speed.

The Ode is a poetical expression of the Epicurean doctrine 'Live while you live,' deeply touched with its profound sadness, the key-note of the whole being struck in the emphatic moriture' of 1. 4. Compare Eccl. xi. 7. 8, Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes to behold the sun: but if a man live many years and rejoice in them all; yet let him remember the days of darkness; for they shall be many. All that cometh is vanity.'