Hermog. Manumissio per lictores hodie domino tacente expediri solet et verba solemnia, licet non dicantur, ut dicta accipiuntur.-1. 23 eod.1 Ulp. Ego cum in villa cum praetore fuissem, passus sum apud eum manumitti; etsi lictoris praesentia non esset.-1. 8 eod. 2 (2) Censu, i.e., enfranchisement by entry on the census-roll. Ulp. i. 8: Censu manumittebantur olim, qui lustrali censu Romae iussu dominorum inter cives Romanos censum profitebantur.3 Dos. 17 [19, 20]: est autem lustrum quinquennale tempus, quo Roma lustratur. Magna autem dissensio est inter prudentes, quae in censu aguntur, utrum eo tempore vires accipiant omnia, quo census agitur, an eo tempore, quo lustrum conditur." 4 BOOK II. Part I. a Cf. Cic. de Orat. i. 40, cited by Poste, Roman Law,' (3) Testamento, i.e., enfranchisement by testamentary disposition, which can consist either in the Elements of immediate grant of freedom (directa libertas, libertus p. 51 (2nd edn.). orcinus) or in a charge addressed to the heir, which is enforceable, to enfranchise the slave (fideicommissaria libertas). If the direct grant of freedom is accompanied by a condition or temporal limitation, the freedman then remains in the meantime a slave, 1 Enfranchisement at the present day, if the master is silent, is generally accomplished through the lictors, and the formal words, although not uttered, are taken as uttered. 2 When in the company of the praetor at a country-house, I have allowed enfranchisement to take place before him, though no lictor were present. 3 Those used of old to be enfranchised by census who, at the quinquennial census at Rome, by order of their masters, made their return for assessment amongst Roman citizens. 4 Now the lustrum is a period of five years in which a census is taken of Rome. But there is great difference of opinion amongst those learned in the Law as to what is done in the census, whether everything acquires force at the time at which the census is going on, or at the time when the lustrum is closed. BOOK II. but with an expectancy of freedom independent of his master, and is called 'statuliber.' Marcian. Testamento manumissus ita demum fit liber, si testamentum valeat et ex eo adita sit hereditas.-D. 40, 4, 23 pr.' Gai. ii. 267: nec alius ullus directo ex testamento libertatem habere potest, quam qui utroque tempore testatoris ex iure Quiritium fuerit, et quo faceret testamentum et quo moreretur.2 : Ulp. ii. 7-8 Libertas et directo potest dari hoc modo: LIBER ESTO, LIBER SIT, LIBERVM ESSE IVBEO, et per fideicommissum, utputa: ROGO, FIDEI COMMITTO HEREDIS MEI, VT STICHVM SERVVM MANVMITTAT.—Is qui directo liber esse iussus est, testatoris vel orcinus fit libertus; is autem cui per fideicommissum data est libertas, non testatoris sed manumissoris fit libertus. Paul. Libertas ad tempus dari non potest.D. 40, 4, 33.* Id. Statuliber est, qui statutam et destinatam in tempus vel condicionen libertatem habet.-1. 1 pr., D. de statulib. 40, 7.5 Ulp. ii. 2, 3: Statuliber, quamdiu pendet condicio, servus heredis est.-Statuliber seu aliene 1 A slave enfranchised in a testament only becomes free when the testament is valid, and, in consequence thereof, entrance has been made upon the inheritance. And no other can have freedom directly by virtue of a testament than such as belonged to the testator by Quiritarian title at each time, both when he made his testament and at the time of his death. 3 Freedom may be given both summarily, thus: 'Be free,' 'Let him be free,' 'I bid him be free,' and by fidei-commissum, as for example: 'I request,' 'I entrust to my heir's good faith his enfranchisement of the slave Stichus.' He that has been summarily ordered freedom becomes a libertus orcinus, but he to whom freedom is given by fidei-commissum is a freedman not of the testator, but of the manumittor. Freedom cannot be granted for a time. 5 A statuliber is he that possesses liberty prescribed and appointed for a time or on condition. tur ab herede seu usucapiatur ab aliquo, libertatis Id. Statuliberum medio tempore servum here- Id.: Statulibera quidquid peperit, hoc servum heredis est.-1. 16 eod.3 Pomp. Statuliberi a ceteris servis nostris nihilo paene differunt; et ideo quod ad actiones vel ex delicto venientes vel ex . . . contractu pertinet, eiusdem condicionis sunt statuliberi, cuius ceteri, et ideo in publicis quoque iudiciis easdem poenas patiuntur, quas ceteri servi.-1. 29 pr. eod.' Maec. Libertate sub condicione data huc iam decursum est, ut si per statuliberum non stet, quominus condicioni pareat . . . ad libertatem perveniat.-1. 55 pr., D. de mm. test." Ulp. ii. 4 Sub ac condicione liber esse iussus : 'si decem milia heredi dederit,' etsi ab herede abalienatus sit, emptori dando pecuniam ab libertatem perveniet: idque lex xii tab. iubet.Pomp. lex xii tab. emptionis verbo omnem 1 A statuliber is slave of the heir as long as the condition is pending. Whether the statuliber be alienated by the heir or acquired by any one through usucapion, he carries with him his conditional liberty. That a statuliber in the intermediate period is the heir's slave, none should fail to know. He can accordingly be given in compensation, but if he have been so given, he will always still be able to indulge the hope of freedom. 3 A child born of a woman statuliber is the heir's slave. • Statuliberi differ scarcely at all from the rest of our slaves; and so as regards actions either arising out of delict or out of contract, statuliberi are in the same position as others; and therefore in public proceedings also they suffer the same punishments as other slaves. With regard to freedom granted conditionally, the idea has already been carried so far as that, unless it rest with the statuliber not to comply with the condition, he attains to freedom. BOOK II. Part I. BOOK II. Part I. a § 39. alienationem complexa videretur.-1. 29, § 1, D. de statulib.' Pap. Statuliberorum iura per heredem fieri non possunt duriora.-1. 33 eod." To these forms of enfranchisement was added in Christian imperial times the 'manumissio in ecclesia.' Imp. Constant. : Qui religiosa mente in ecclesiae gremio servulis suis meritam concesserint libertatem, eandem eodem iure donasse videantur, quo civitas Romana solemnitatibus decursis dari consuevit. Sed hoc dumtaxat eis, qui sub adspectu antistitum dederint, placuit relaxari.-1. un. pr. Cod. Th. de manum. in eccl. 4, 7.3 Informal enfranchisement (inter amicos) had in the most ancient Law no legal effect whatever, in the later Law only a limited one; but Justinian accorded it legal effect under certain presumptions. a Imp. Iust. Sancimus, si quis per epistulam servum suum in libertatem perducere maluerit, licere ei hoc facere quinque testibus adhibitis, qui . . . suas litteras supponentes fidem perpetuam possint chartulae praebere.-Sed et si quis inter amicos libertatem dare suo servo maluerit, licebit ei, quinque similiter testibus adhibitis, suam explanare voluntatem.-Sed et qui domini funus pileati antecedunt, si hoc ex voluntate fiat testa If ordered to be free on condition that he give 10,000 sesterces to the heir, though he have been alienated by the heir, he will attain to freedom on giving the money to the purchaser; and this is ordained by a law of the Twelve Tables.-A law of the Twelve Tables, under the word emptio, would appear to have embraced every alienation. 2 The rights of statuliberi cannot be curtailed by the heir. 3 They that of religious sentiment, in the bosom of the church, shall grant just liberty to their slaves shall be regarded as having granted it by the same law as Roman citizenship was wont to be granted with elaborate ceremonies. This, however, it was determined should alone be remitted in favour of those whose grant shall have been made in the presence of the chief priests. toris vel heredis, fiant ilico cives Romani.-1. un. §§ 1, 2, 5, C. de Lat. lib. 7, 6.1 There must be no legal impediment hindering the enfranchisement. Such impediments and limitations were to restrain frivolous and immoderate enfranchisements. (a) Those introduced by the very comprehensive lex Aelia Sentia (A.U. 757). Gai. §§ 18-20: Quod autem de aetate servi requiritur, lege Aelia Sentia introductum est: nam ea lex minores xxx annorum servos non aliter voluit manumissos cives Romanos fieri, quam si vindicta, apud consilium iusta causa manumissionis adprobata, liberati fuerint. § Iusta autem causa manumissionis est; veluti si quis filium filiamve aut fratrem sororemve naturalem, aut alumnum, aut paedagogum . . . aut ancillam matrimonii causa apud consilium manumittat. § Consilium autem adhibetur in urbe Roma quidem quinque senatorum et quinque equitum Romanorum puberum; in provinciis autem viginti recuperatorum civium Romanorum.* BOOK II. Part I. 1 We ordain that if any one shall choose to bring his slave into liberty by means of a letter, he shall be allowed to do so if he have taken to him five witnesses who, by subscribing their names, may afford permanent credit to the document.-But if any one choose to grant freedom privately to his slave, he shall be allowed, in the presence likewise of five witnesses, to declare his will. But such also as, clad in fur caps,a walk before the a See Smith, corpse of their master, if it be done by desire of the testator or Dicty. of the heir, shall there and then become Roman citizens. Now the requisite as to the age of the slave was introduced by the 1. Aelia Sentia, for that law prohibited slaves enfranchised under thirty years of age from becoming Roman citizens, save as they were enfranchised by vindicta for a legitimate reason approved by the council. There is such legitimate reason, for instance, when a man eufranchises before the council a natural son or daughter, brother or sister, or foster-child, or his children's instructor, . . . or a female slave, in order to marry her. Now the council consists in Rome of five senators and five Roman knights of the age of puberty; in the provinces, of twenty recuperatores," Roman citizens. Antiqq., s. Cf. § 189. |