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BOOK II.
Part 1.

I, 29.

The right of 'patronatus' is transmissible to the children of the patron," but he can also, according to

§ 162; D. 38, a SC. Ostorianum, transfer it to one or more of them (adsignatio liberti); on the other hand, it does not extend to the children of the 'libertus.'

Sc. ne liberos tollat, vel libertam, ne nubat.

1

Ulp. Adsignare autem quis potest quibuscumque verbis, vel nutu vel testamento vel codicillis vel vivus.-D. 38, 4, 1, 3.1

Scaev. Adsignare et pure et sub condicione et per epistulam vel testationem vel chirographum possumus: quia adsignatio liberti neque quasi legatum neque quasi fideicommissum percipitur. -1. 7 eod.2

Gai. Cum libertus promiserit patrono operas se daturum, neque adiecerit liberisque eius, constat liberis eius ita demum deberi, si patri heredes exstiteriut.-1. 22, § 1, D. de op. lib.3

The patron loses his right

(1) By abuse of the 'ius patronatus.'

Paul. Qui contra legem Aeliam Sentiam ad iurandum libertum adegit nihil iuris habet nec ipse nec liberi eius.-D. 37, 14, 15.*

(2) By violation of the duties incumbent upon him as patron towards the 'libertus.'

:

Ulp. Qui cum maior natu esset quam xxv annis, libertum capitis accusaverit aut in servitu

Any one can assign by such words as he likes, with a gesture, or by a testament, or codicil, or while yet alive.

2 We can assign absolutely and conditionally, and by a letter or declaration before witnesses, or a manuscript; because the assignment of a freedman is understood neither as a bequest nor as a fideicommissum.

3 When a freedman has promised that he will render services to his patron without adding and to his children,' it is settled that such are due to his children only if they have become the father's heirs.

4 He that in violation of the l. Aelia Sentia has compelled a freedman to take an oath [not to beget children, or a freedwoman not to marry] has no right, either himself or his children.

tem petierit, removetur a contra tabulas bonorum
possessione."-D. 38, 2, 14 pr.'

a

BOOK II.

Part I.

Marcian. Imperatoris nostri rescripto cavetur, § 168.
ut si patronus libertum suum non aluerit, ius
patroni perdat.-1. 5, § 1, D. de iure patr.2
(3) By natalium restitutio.'b

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$39. CIVES, LATINI, PEREGRINI.

D. 40, II, 2.

For the

British Law on

Citizenship is acquired by birth,d by fully valid Subjects and manumission, and by grant (statute).

Aliens, sce Steph. iii. pp. 409, sqq., and

haec for conflict of

et ex

laws on such subject, West

International

Gai. i. § 17: Nam in cuius persona tria concurrunt, ut maior sit annorum triginta, iure Quiritium domini, et iusta ac legitima manu- lake, Private missione liberetur i.e. vindicta aut censu aut Law,' ch. xv. testamento, is civis Romanus fit: sin vero aliquids. Domicile." eorum deerit, Latinus erit.3

It is lost

(1) By acceptance of the right of citizenship in a foreign colony (colonia Latina).

Gai. iii. § 56: -ciyes Romani ingenui . . . ex urbe Roma in Latinas colonias deducti, Latini coloniarii esse coeperunt."

(2) By the punishment of exile (aquae et ignis interdictio) and deportation.

Iust. i. 16, 2: Minor sive media est capitis deminutio, cum civitas quidem amittitur, libertas vero retinetur: quod accidit ei, cui aqua et igni

1 He that when of more than twenty-five years of age has charged his freedman with a capital crime, or has recalled him into slavery, is refused the b. p. c. t.

2 By a rescript of our Emperor it is laid down that, if a patron do not supply his freedman with nourishment, he loses his rights of patron.

3 He becomes a Roman citizen in whose person these three points unite that he is more than thirty years old, that he belongs to his master upon Quiritarian title, and is liberated by a legal and statutory manumission, i.e., by vindicta, census or testament; but if any of these fail, he will be a Latin.

Free-born Roman citizens. . . despatched from the city to Latin colonies became Lat. coloniarii.

See also Brown,

d § 33.

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BOOK II.
Part I.

a. Nomen Latinum.'

interdictum fuerit, vel ei, qui in insulam deportatus est.1

Ulp. x. 3 Peregrinus fit is cui aqua et igni interdictum est.2

(3) By desertion to the enemy.

Paul. Qui deficiunt, capite minuuntur (deficere autem dicuntur, qui ab his quorum sub imperio sunt, desistunt et in hostium numerum se conferunt), sed et hi, quos senatus hostes iudicavit vel lege lata: utique usque eo, ut civitatem amittant.-D. 4, 5, 5, 1.3

Midway between the 'cives Romani' and 'Peregrini' came the Latini, who had not the Roman 'conubium.' These were especially the members of a community participating in the rights. of Latins (Latini coloniarii). 'Latinitas' had originally a national character, and was introduced within narrow local limits: the 'Latini' were the inhabitants of ancient Latium." From them the 'Latinitas' was consequently transferred to the Latin colonies planted from Rome. After that citizenship, in consequence of the war of the Allies, was conferred upon the whole of Latium and the Latin colonies in Italy by the 1. Iulia (A.U. 664), Latinitas' lost its original meaning, but lasted still for a long time through transfer, i.e., by conferment of the 'ius Latii' upon the several cities and whole provinces, until at last by a constitution of Caracalla, who conferred citizenship upon all free inhabitants of the

1 The lesser or middle cap. dem. is when citizenship only is lost, but freedom remains. This happens in the case of him to whom fire and water shall be forbidden or in the case of one I.e., conveyed deported to an island.

away. Sec

Smith, Dicty.

of Antiqq. s. Exsilium.

2 He becomes a peregrinus who has been forbidden fire and water.

3 Traitors suffer loss of status (now, the expression 'to turn traitor' is applied to such as fall away from those under whose dominion they are, and betake themselves to the ranks of the enemy), but those likewise who have been adjudged enemies by the Senate or by the passing of a lex; at any rate in so far that they lose citizenship.

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Roman empire then living," the communal Latinitas was repealed, and with it disappeared the class of 'Latini coloniarii.' b

:

BOOK II. l'art I.

a With the exception of

Ulp. In orbe Romano qui sunt, ex constitu- exiles and tione imperatoris Antonini cives Romani effecti deportati (sup.), sunt.-D. 1, 5, 17.'

certain freedmen governed by the 1. Aelia

Sentia (inf.),

and indeed the

determined by

Norbana (inf.).

Gai. i. §§ 95, sq.-Alia causa est eorum, qui Latii iure cum liberis suis ad civitatem Romanam class whose perveniunt; nam horum in potestate fiunt liberi. rights were § Quod ius quibusdam peregrinis civitatibus the 1. Iunia datum est vel a populo Romano vel a senatu vel From the ius a Caesare. -aut maius est Latium aut minus: Latii we must distinguish the maius est Latium, cum et hi qui decuriones ius Italicum, leguntur, et ei, qui honorem aliquem aut magis- perial times tratum gerunt, civitatem Romanam consequuntur; was granted minus Latium est, cum hi tantum, qui vel magis- municipal comtratum vel honorem gerunt, ad civitatem Romanam provinces, and perveniunt.2

which in im

to particular

munities in the

assured the privileges of

was Latin soil (see §71) for the from provincial com

munity affected, as well as of

Italian com

munal citizens

Latinitas, as a personal individual quality, moreover possessed by the imperfect freedmen, the time of the 1. Iunia Norbana (A.U. 772). had previously been in no more than a condition of de facto freedom which was protected by the Praetor; for the members but the 1. Iulia-from which they were called Lat. Iuniani-put them upon an equal footing with the above. 'Latini coloniarii,' without, however, assuring them full capacity for testaments-in particular, the right of

All persons to be found within the sphere of the Roman empire received Roman citizenship by a constitution of the emperor Antonine.

2 The case is different with those who, with their children, attain Roman citizenship by right of Latinitas; for their children became subject to their potestas. This right has been granted to some foreign States either by the Roman people, the Senate, or the Emperor.-Latinitas is either the greater or the lesser. There is the greater Latinitas, when those who are elected decuriones," and such as fill some high office or magistracy, acquire Roman citizenship; the lesser, when they who fill a magistracy or high office attain Roman citizenship.

of such class. e Gai. i. 17,

d See Smith,
Dicty, of

Antiqq. 8.
Colonia.

BOOK II.
Part I.

making a testament for themselves-and with express confirmation of the existing right of the manumittor in respect of succession to the freedman. The children of freedmen of the Latini Iuniani' were themselves, again, ordinary Latins.

Ulp. i. 16: Qui tantum in bonis, non etiam ex iure Quiritium servum habet, manumittendo Latinum facit.'

Dos. 14 (16): Is qui manumittitur inter amicos, quotcumque est annorum, Latinus fit.

Gai. iii. § 56: admonendi sumus,... eos qui nunc Latini Iuniani dicuntur, olim ex iure Quiritium servos fuisse, sed auxilio praetoris in libertatis forma servari solitos, unde etiam res eorum peculii iure ad patronos pertinere solita est; postea vero per legem Iuniam eos omnes, quos praetor in libertate tuebatur, liberos esse coepisse et appellatos esse Latinos Iunianos: Latinos ideo, quia lex eos liberos proinde esse voluit atque [si essent cives Romani ingenui] qui ex urbe Roma in Latinas colonias deducti Latini coloniarii esse coeperunt; Iunianos ideo, quia per legem Iuniam liberi facti sunt, etiamsi non essent cives Romani. Legis itaque Iuniae lator cum intelligeret futurum, ut ea fictione res Latinorum defunctorum ad patronos pertinere desinerent,-quia scilicet neque ut servi decederent, ut possent iure peculii res eorum ad patronos pertinere, neque liberti Latini hominis bona possent manumissionis iure ad patronos pertinere, necessarium existimavit, ne beneficium istis datum in iniuriam patronorum converteretur, cavere, ut bona eorum proinde ad manumissores. pertinerent, ac si lex lata non esset: itaque iure

1 He that holds a slave in Bonitarian ownership alone, and not also in Quiritarian right, by manumitting him makes him a Latin.

2 He that is manumitted inter amicos, of whatever age he is becomes a Latin.

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