BOOK II.
Part J.

a Nomen Latinum.'

I.e., conveyed away. Sec Smith, Dicty. of Antiqq. s. Exsilium.

interdictum fuerit, vel ei, qui in insulam deportatus est.1

Ulp. x. 3; Peregrinus fit is cui aqua et igni interdictum est.2

(3) By desertion to the enemy.

Paul. Qui deficiunt, capite minuuntur (deficere autem dicuntur, qui ab his quorum sub imperio sunt, desistunt et in hostium numerum se conferunt), sed et hi, quos senatus hostes iudicavit vel lege lata ; utique usque eo, ut civitatem amittant.-D. 4, 5, 5, 1.3

:

Midway between the 'cives Romani' and 'Peregrini' came the Latini, who had not the Roman 'conubium.' These were especially the members of a community participating in the rights. of Latins (Latini coloniarii). 'Latinitas' had originally a national character, and was introduced within narrow local limits: the 'Latini' were the inhabitants of ancient Latium." From them the 'Latinitas' was consequently transferred to the Latin colonies planted from Rome. After that citizenship, in consequence of the war of the Allies, was conferred upon the whole of Latium and the Latin colonies in Italy by the 1. Iulia (A.U. 664), Latinitas' lost its original meaning, but lasted still for a long time through transfer, i.e., by conferment of the 'ius Latii' upon the several cities and whole provinces, until at last by a constitution of Caracalla, who conferred citizenship upon all free inhabitants of the

1 The lesser or middle cap. dem. is when citizenship only is lost, but freedom remains. This happens in the case of him to whom fire and water shall be forbidden or in the case of one to an island. deported

2 He becomes a peregrinus who has been forbidden fire and

water.

3 Traitors suffer loss of status (now, the expression 'to turn traitor' is applied to such as fall away from those under whose dominion they are, and betake themselves to the ranks of the enemy), but those likewise who have been adjudged enemies by the Senate or by the passing of a lex; at any rate in so far that they lose citizenship.

Roman empire then living," the communal Latinitas' was repealed, and with it disappeared the class of 'Latini coloniarii.'

BOOK II.
Part I.

a With the ex

ception of

deportati (sup.),

Ulp. In orbe Romano qui sunt, ex constitu- exiles and tione imperatoris Antonini cives Romani effecti certain freedsunt.-D. 1, 5, 17.1

men governed by the 1. Aelia

and indeed the

Gai. i. §§ 95, sq.-Alia causa est eorum, qui Sentia (inf.), Latii iure cum liberis suis ad civitatem Romanam class whose perveniunt; nam horum in potestate fiunt liberi. rights were § Quod ius quibusdam peregrinis civitatibus the 1. Iunia datum est vel a populo Romano vel a senatu vel From the ius

determined by

Norbana (inf.).

which in im

a Caesare. aut maius est Latium aut minus: Latii we must distinguish the maius est Latium, cum et hi qui decuriones ius Italicum, leguntur, et ei, qui honorem aliquem aut magis- perial times tratum gerunt, civitatem Romanam consequuntur; was granted minus Latium est, cum hi tantum, qui vel magis- municipal comtratum vel honorem gerunt, ad civitatem Romanam provinces, and perveniunt.2

to particular

munities in the

assured the privileges of

was Latin soil (see § 71) for the from provincial comThey munity affected,

as well as of

munal citizens

Latinitas, as a personal individual quality, moreover possessed by the imperfect freedmen, the time of the 1. Iunia Norbana (A.U. 772). had previously been in no more than a condition of Italian comde facto freedom which was protected by the Praetor; for the members but the 1. Iulia-from which they were called Lat. Iuniani-put them upon an equal footing with the above. 'Latini coloniarii,' without, however, assuring them full capacity for testaments-in particular, the right of

1 All persons to be found within the sphere of the Roman empire received Roman citizenship by a constitution of the emperor Antonine.

of such class. e Gai. i. 17,

2 The case is different with those who, with their children, attain Roman citizenship by right of Latinitas; for their children became subject to their potestas. This right has been granted to some foreign States either by the Roman people, the Senate, or the Emperor.-Latinitas is either the greater or the lesser. There is the greater Latinitas, when those who are elected decuriones," and such as fill some high office or magistracy, acquire Roman citizenship; the lesser, when they who Antiqq. 8. fill a magistracy or high office attain Roman citizenship.

d See Smith, Dicty. of

Colonia.

BOOK II.
Part I.

making a testament for themselves-and with express confirmation of the existing right of the manumittor in respect of succession to the freedman. The children of freedmen of the Latini Iuniani' were themselves, again, ordinary Latins.

Ulp. i. 16: Qui tantum in bonis, non etiam ex iure Quiritium servum habet, manumittendo Latinum facit.'

Dos. 14 (16): Is qui manumittitur inter amicos, quotcumque est annorum, Latinus fit.

Gai. iii. § 56: admonendi sumus,... eos qui nunc Latini Iuniani dicuntur, olim ex iure Quiritium servos fuisse, sed auxilio praetoris in libertatis forma servari solitos, unde etiam res eorum peculii iure ad patronos pertinere solita est; postea vero per legem Iuniam eos omnes, quos praetor in libertate tuebatur, liberos esse coepisse et appellatos esse Latinos Iunianos: Latinos ideo, quia lex eos liberos proinde esse voluit atque [si essent cives Romani ingenui] qui ex urbe Roma in Latinas colonias deducti Latini coloniarii esse coeperunt; Iunianos ideo, quia per legem Iuniam liberi facti sunt, etiamsi non essent cives Romani. Legis itaque Iuniae lator cum intelligeret futurum, ut ea fictione res Latinorum defunctorum ad patronos pertinere desinerent,-quia scilicet neque ut servi decederent, ut possent iure peculii res eorum ad patronos pertinere, neque liberti Latini hominis bona possent manumissionis iure ad patronos pertinere, necessarium existimavit, ne beneficium istis datum in iniuriam patronorum converteretur, cavere, ut bona eorum proinde ad manumissores. pertinerent, ac si lex lata non esset: itaque iure

1 He that holds a slave in Bonitarian ownership alone, and not also in Quiritarian right, by manumitting him makes him a Latin.

2 He that is manumitted inter amicos, of whatever age he is becomes a Latin.

quodammodo peculii ad manumissores ea lege
pertinent.1

Id. i. § 23: Non tamen illis permittit lex Iunia vel ipsis testamentum facere, vel ex testamento alieno capere, vel tutores testamento dari. Various courses were laid open to the Latins whereby they could obtain the civitas; we may particularise

(1) The iteratio (sc. manumissionis).'

Ulp. iii. 1, 4: Latini ius Quiritium consequuntur his modis: beneficio principali, liberis, iteratione, militia, nave, aedificio, pistrino, praeterea ex senatusconsulto (mulier) quae sit ter enixa.— Iteratione fit civis Romanus, qui post Latinitatem quam acceperat maior xxx annorum iterum iuste

BOOK II.

Part I.

...

1 We must bear in mind . . . that those who are now called Latini Iuniani were formerly slaves by Quiritarian law, but, by the aid of the praetor, used to be secured a show of freedom; consequently their property also used to belong to the patrons by the title of peculium; but that later on, through the l. Iunia, all those whose freedom the praetor protected began to be freemen and to be called Lat. Iuniani: Latins, because it was the intention of the statute that they should be freemen just as [if they were free-born Roman citizens] who, having been despatched from the city to Latin settlements, became Lat coloniarii; Iuniani, because through the l. Iunia they became free, although they were not Roman citizens. And so, when he who carried the l. Iunia saw that by such fiction the estates of deceased Latins would cease to belong to the patron (because as they died not in the condition of slaves, their effects could not belong to the patrons by right of peculium, neither could the estate of a Latin freedman belong to his patron by right of manumission), he considered it necessary in order to prevent the advantage conferred on these persons from proving an injury to the patrons, to provide that their estates should belong to the manumittors just as if the statute had not been passed; and by virtue of that statute, the effects of Latins belong to their manumittors, in a manner, iure peculii.

2 The 1. Iunia does not, however, allow them either to make a testament for themselves, or to take under the testament of another, or to be appointed testamentary guardians.

BOOK II.
Part I.

manumissus est ab eo, cuius ex iure Quiritium servus fuit.1

Dos. 14: Is autem qui manumittitur inter amicos, quotcumque est annorum, Latinus fit et tantum hoc ei prodest manumissio, ut postea iterum possit vindicta vel testamento manumitti et civis Romanus fieri.

(2) The anniculi causae probatio ex 1. Aelia Sentia.'

Gai. 1. §§ 29-31: Ex lege Aelia Sentia minores xxx annorum manumissi et Latini facti si uxores duxerint vel cives Romanas vel Latinas coloniarias vel eiusdem condicionis cuius et ipsi essent, idque testati fuerint adhibitis non minus quam septem testibus civibus Romanis puberibus, et filium procreaverint, cum is filius anniculus esse coeperit, datur eis potestas per eam legem adire praetorem vel in provinciis praesidem provinciae et adprobare, se ex lege Aelia Sentia uxorem duxisse et ex ea filium anniculum habere: et si is, apud quem causa probata est, id ita esse pronuntiaverit, tunc et ipse Latinus et uxor eius, si et ipsa eiusdem condicionis sit, cives Romani esse iubentur. § Ideo autem in ipsorum filio adiecimus 'si et ipse eiusdem condicionis sit,' quia si uxor civis Romana est, qui ex ea nascitur, ex novo senatusconsulto quod auctore D. Hadriano

1 Latins acquire the ius Quiritium in the following ways: by imperial grant, by children, by repetition, by service in the night-watch, by maritime trade, by house-building, by the occupation of a bakery; and further by virtue of a senatus-consultum, in being a woman that has thrice borne children.-He becomes a Roman citizen by repetition who, after having received Latinitas when more than thirty years of age, has been afresh manumitted in due form by the person whose slave he was upon Quiritarian title.

2 Now he that is manumitted inter amicos, of whatever age he is, becomes a Latin, and the manumission is of advantage to him so far that he can afterwards again be manumitted by rod, or by testament, and become a Roman citizen.