possessorem ministerio meo facio.-1. 1, § 18 pr., BOOK III. D. h. t.al

Pt. I. Ch. I.

Ulp. Quaedam mulier fundum non marito a Cf. context in § 76, supra. donavit per epistulam et eundem fundum ab eo conduxit; posse defendi in rem ei competere, quasi per ipsam adquisierit possessionem, veluti per colonam.-D. 6, 1, 77.2

Possession is LOST aut corpore aut animo,' i.e., it endures as long as either the de facto element or that of the will-by the coalescence of which it arises and exists is not positively extinguished.

Paul. Quemadmodum nulla possessio adquiri nisi animo et corpore potest, ita nulla amittitur, nisi in qua utrumque in contrarium actum est.

1. 8, D. h. t.3

Possession is lost corpore'--except in respect of slaves-if an event occur which renders impossible the § 76. re-establishment at will of the corporal relation to the thing of the previous possessor, the relation by virtue of which he can exercise exclusive operation upon it. This may happen

(1) when another has taken possession-not mere detention of the thing. This must not, Ibid. indeed, be in respect of only temporary removal of the owner from the thing, especially from the estate.d

d Animo rctinetur posses

Gai. Rem quae nobis surrepta est perinde in- sio.

1 That which I possess on my own account, I can also possess on behalf of another, for I do not change for myself my possessory title, but I can cease to possess, and by my instrumentality make another the possessor.

For the force

2 A certain woman by letter presented an estate to another person not her husband, and took a lease from him of the same of uterque here, estate; (the law is) that he commands the real action in support cf. D. 38, 10, of his title as though he acquired the possession by her-by a 10, 13, cited by Savigny, 'Posfemale tenant, for example. session,' ad loc. 3 Just as possession cannot be acquired save by intention with (Perry, p. 250). physical control, so none is lost except when the opposite has See also Poste on Gaius, p. occurred in respect of one or other." 646.

telligimur desinere possidere, atque eam quae vi nobit erepta est.-1. 15, D. h. t.'

Paul. Si rem apud te depositam furti faciendi causa contrectaveris, desino possidere.-1. 3, § 18 eod.2

:

Afr. Si forte colonus, per quem dominus possideret decessisset, propter utilitatem receptum est, ut per colonum possessio et retineretur et continuaretur: quo mortuo non statim dicendum eam interpellari, sed tunc demum, cum dominus possessionem adipisci neglexerit.—1. 40, 1 eod.3

Papin.: Cum de amittenda possessione quaeratur, multum interesse dicam, per nosmet ipsos an per alios possideremus: nam eius quidem, quod corpore nostro teneremus, possessionem amitti vel animo. vel etiam corpore," si modo eo animo inde digressi fuissemus ne possideremus; eius vero, quod servi vel etiam coloni corpore possidetur, non aliter amitti possessionem, quam si eam alius ingressus fuisset, eamque amitti nobis quoque ignorantibus. Illa quoque possessionis amittendae separatio est: nam saltus hibernos et aestivos, quorum possessio retinetur animo-licet neque servum neque colonum ibi habeamus-quamvis saltus proposito possidendi fuerit alius ingressus, tamdiu priorem possidere dictum est, quamdiu possessionem ab alio occupatam ignoraret.-1. 44 § 2-1. 46, D. eod.'

1 We are regarded as ceasing to possess a thing that has been stolen from us, just as a thing which has been taken from us by violence.

2 If, with the intention of stealing, you meddle with a thing deposited with you, I cease to possess.

3 If the tenant through whom the owner possesses have died, it has for convenience' sake been allowed that the possession is maintained and continued by the tenant, upon the death of whom it is not at once to be described as interrupted, but only when the owner has neglected to acquire possession.

When it is a question of the loss of possession, I will say that it makes a great difference whether we possess of ourselves,

(2) The thing may otherwise have passed out of the custody of the possessor-i.e., be lost-not merely mislaid or allowed to remain abroad-or have become inaccessible."

Paul. Nerva filius res mobiles, excepto homine,
quatenus sub custodia nostra sint, hactenus possi-
deri, i.e. quatenus, si velimus, naturalem posses-
sionem nancisci possimus: nam pecus simul atque
aberraverit, aut vas ita exciderit, ut non inveniatur,
protinus desinere a nobis possideri, licet a nullo
possideatur; dissimiliter atque si sub custodia
mea sit nec inveniatur, quia praesentia eius sit
et tantum cessat diligens inquisitio eius.-1.
1. 3,
§ 13, D. h. t.1

1

Gai.: Et haec ratio est,quare videamur servum fugitivum possidere, quod is, quemadmodum aliarum rerum possessionem intervertere non Sc. domino. potest, ita ne suam quidem potest.-1. 15 eod. 2 © Cf. D. 41, 2,

or through others; for possession of that which we should have
in our physical custody is lost either by animus or corpus also,
provided we abandoned the thing with the intention no longer
to possess;
but of that which is possessed by the physical
custody of a slave, or even a tenant, possession is not lost save
as another has entered upon it and it is lost without our know-
ledge. There is also the following difference in respect of lcss
of possession for winter and summer pastures, of which the
possession is retained by animus-although we have there
neither slave nor tenant-notwithstanding that some stranger
has entered upon them with the intention to possess, it is said
that the former possessor still possesses, so long as he is unaware
that possession has been taken by another.

1 Nerva the younger [says] that movables, with the exception of a slave, are possessed by us so long as they are in our custody, that is, so long as we, if we will, can obtain the natural possession. For that as soon as an animal has strayed, or a vessel is so lost that it cannot be found, at that moment does it cease to be possessed by us, although it may be possessed by no one else; it is otherwise when I have it in my custody and simply cannot find it, because there is the fact of its presence, and all that is wanting is a diligent search for it.

2 And this is the reason why we are treated as possessing a

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I, 14; 40, 12, 25, 2.

BOOK III.

Pt. I. Ch. I.

a Cf. D. 41, 2, 18 pr.; 6, 1, 77,

supra.

Called 'Petitory' in Scottish Law.

Possession of a thing is lost animo,' not indeed in the case of mere absence-whether continuous or temporary-of the animus possidendi (e.g., with the furiosus and him whose mind is not set on the thing), but only when the possessor gives up the intention to possess, and so declares a positive animus non possidendi,' which supposes such person has capacity to act.a

In amittenda quoque possessione affectio eius, qui possidet, intuenda est. Itaque si in fundo sis, et tamen nolis eum possidere, protinus amittes possessionem. Igitur amitti et animo solo potest, quamvis adquiri non potest.-1. 3, § 6 eod.'

Proc. Furiosus non potest desinere animo possidere.-1. 27 eod.2

Ulp. Possessionem pupillum sine tutoris auctoritate amittere posse constat, non ut animo, sed ut corpore desinat possidere. Alia causa est, si forte animo possessionem velit amittere: hoc enim non potest.-1. 29 eod.3

LEGAL PROTECTION OF OWNERSHIP AND
POSSESSION.

§ 90. PROPRIETARY ACTIONS.

The legal means appointed for the protection of ownership are the 'rei vindicatio,' the 'actio negatoria,' the actio Publiciana'; and further, under the same

runaway slave, because, as he cannot defraud his master of the possession of other things, not even can he of himself.

1 As to loss of possession besides, the inclination of the possessor must be looked to; therefore, if you are on the land, and yet do not wish to possess it, you will at once lose possession. Thus, although it cannot be acquired, possession can be lost even by animus alone.

A madman cannot cease to possess by his intent.

3 It is settled that a pupil can lose possession without his guardian's concurrence, not that he cease to possess by animus, but by corpus. The case is different if he happen to wish to lose possession by his will; for this he cannot do.

aspect may be treated the actio finium regundorum,' which is indeed a special, and not Real, action.

The REI VINDICATIO (s. specialis in rem actio) is the action with which the proprietor (originally alone the Quiritarian) of a thing makes good his ownership against every one that withholds the possession of it against his will.

The following are the requisites of the action.

(1) In the person of the plaintiff, ownership, proof of which is incumbent upon him."

Paul. In rem actio competit ei, qui aut iure gentium aut iure civili dominium adquisivit.1. 23 pr., D. h. t. (= de R. V. 6, 1).'

BOOK III. Pt. 1. Ch. I.

a Inst. 4, 15, 4.

(2) In the person of the defendant, Juristic or Natural possession. In the light of a possessor o D. 44, 7, 25(fictus possessor) is accounted 'is qui liti se obtulit' (alleged possessor) as well as 'qui dolo desiit possidere' (he that has fraudulently divested himself of possession); false repudiation of possession, as a generally defective defensio on the part of the § 195. defendant, results in its transfer to the plaintiff.

Ulp.: Officium autem iudicis in hac actione in hoc erit, ut iudex inspiciat, an reus possideat ; nec ad rem pertinebit, ex qua causa possideat: ubi rem probavi rem meam esse, necesse habebit possessor restituere, qui non obiecit aliquam exceptionem. Quidam tamen, ut Pegasus, eam solam possessionem putaverunt hanc actionem complecti, quae locum habet in interdicto uti possidetis' vel utrubi’: denique ait ab eo, apud quem deposita est vel commodata vel qui conduxerit, . . . quia hi omnes non possident, vindicari non posse. Puto autem ab omnibus, qui tenent et habent restituendi facultatem, peti posse.-1. 9, h. t.2

A real action belongs to him who has acquired ownership either by the i. g. or by the i. c.

Now the duty of the iudex in this action consists in his

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