BOOK III.

Pt. I. Ch. II.

a Cf. Holmes, ubi sup. ; Ste

phen, I. c.

pp. 39-41.

fuerit, in factum actione teneri: veluti si quis misericordia ductus alienum servum compeditum solverit, ut fugeret.—§ ult. I. h. t.'

Paul. Si quis alienum vinum vel frumentum consumpserit, non videtur damnum iniuria dare ideoque utilis danda est actio.—1. 30, § 2, D. h. t.

Id. In damnis, quae lege Aquilia non tenentur, in factum datur actio-1. 33, § 1 eod."

§ 134. INIURIA."

INIURIA in the narrower sense is every intentional®

* Cf. D. 47, 10, and illegal violation of honour, i.e., the whole personality of another.d

I pr.

c Animus iniurandi.

a Cf. § 57.

Generaliter iniuria dicitur omne quod non iure fit specialiter alias contumelia, quae a contemnendo dicta est, . . . alias culpa, alias culpa, . . . sicut lege Aquilia damnum iniuria accipitur, alias iniquitas vel iniustitia.-pr. I. h. t. (de iniur. 4, 4).*

Ulp. iniuria ex affectu facientis consistit. -Itaque pati quis iniuriam, etiamsi non sentiat, potest; facere nemo, nisi qui scit se iniuriam. facere, etiamsi nesciat, cui faciat.-1. 3, §§ 1, 2, D. h. t. (de iniur. 47, 10).3

1 But if no damage has been inflicted, nor a body injured by a physical act, but the damage happens in some other way.. it has been held that he who has been in fault is liable to an action upon the case; for example, if a man moved by sympathy has released another man's slave from his fetters, so that he might make his escape.

2 If a man has consumed wine or corn belonging to another, he is not regarded as doing wrongful damage, and so an analogous action is to be given.

3 In respect of damage not comprised by the 1. Aquilia an action is given upon the case.

In general everything is called iniuria which happens. wrongfully; in a special sense, sometimes contumely, insult, which is derived from contemnere . . . at other times culpability... as in the l. Aquilia damage is taken as iniuria, at other times iniquity and injustice.

-Iniuria lies in the will of the agent.

Therefore any

This may be committed by insulting oral or written words or signs (so-called verbal and symbolic injuries), by deeds (so-called real injuries), by slander, and speeches and acts which cast suspicion upon, or are prejudicial to, the social or pecuniary position of any one, or other acts interfering with the right of personality.

Id. Iniuriam autem fieri Labeo ait aut re aut verbis; re, quotiens manus inferuntur; verbis autem, quotiens non manus inferuntur, sed convicium fit.-1. 1, § 1 eod.'

Gai. iii. § 220: Iniuria autem committitur non solum cum quis pugno puta aut fuste percussus vel etiam verberatus erit, sed et si cui convicium factum fuerit sive quis bona alicuius quasi debitoris, sciens eum nihil sibi debere, proscripserit, sive quis ad infamiam alicuius libellum aut carmen scripserit, sive matremfamilias aut praetextatum adsectatus fuerit, et denique aliis pluribus modis.

Ulp. Si quis virgines appellasset, . iniuriarum tenetur.-Aliud est appellare aliud adsectari appellat enim, qui sermone pudicitiam adtemptat, adsectatur, qui tacitus frequenter sequitur; adsidua enim frequentia quasi praebet nonnullam infamiam.-1. 15, §§ 15, 22, D. h. t.3

one can suffer an iniuria, even if he feel it not; no one can commit an iniuria without knowing that he commits it, even if he know not against whom he commits it.

1 Now Labeo says that iniuria happens either by act or by words; by act, when hands are applied; but by words, when hands are not applied, but insult is committed.

2 Now an outrage is committed not only when a man shall be struck with the fist, say, or with a club, or even flogged, but also if abusive language has been used to one, or when a person knowing that some one, who he pretends is his debtor, owes him nothing has advertised his goods for sale, or when any one shall write a libel or a song defamatory of another or shall follow about a married woman or a lad, and, in short, in inany other ways.

If a man should have addressed virgins, . . . he is liable for outrage. It is one thing to address, another to follow about;

BOOK III.

Pt. 1. Ch. 11.

BOOK III.

Pt. I. Ch. 11.

Gai. Si creditor meus, cui paratus sum solvere, in iniuriam meam fideiussores meos interpellaverit, iniuriarum tenetur.-1. 19 eod.'

Ulp. Si quis me prohibeat in mare piscari, . . sunt qui putent iniuriarum me posse agere; et plerique esse huic similem eum, qui in publicum lavare, vel in cavea publica sedere, vel in quo alio loco agere sedere conversari non patiatur, aut si quis re mea uti me non permittat: nam et hic iniuriarum conveniri potest.-1. 13, § 7 eod.

It may have been done to the injured party directly or indirectly, i.e., in the person of those qui vel potestati eius vel affectui subiecti sunt.'

Gai. iii. §§ 221-222: Pati autem iniuriam videmur non solum per nosmet ipsos, sed etiam per liberos nostros quos in potestate habemus, item per uxores nostras, quamvis in manu nostra non sint: itaque si filiae meae, quae Titio nupta est, iniuriam feceris, non solum filiae nomine tecum agi iniuriarum potest, verum etiam meo quoque et Titii nomine.-Servo autem ipsi quidem nulla iniuria intelligitur fieri, sed domino per eum fieri videtur: non tamen iisdem modis, quibus etiam per liberos nostros vel uxores iniuriam pati videmur, sed ita cum quid atrocius commissum fuerit, quod aperte in contumeliam domini fieri videtur, veluti si quis alienum servum verberaverit.3

:

for he addresses who by speech tempts modesty he follows about who continually follows without speaking; for a constant following also works a kind of outrage.

If my creditor whom I am prepared to pay, has resorted to my sureties, in order to wrong me, he is liable for injuries.

2 If a man prevents my fishing in the sea, some are of opinion that I can take proceedings for injuries; and most that he is like the man who does not allow one to wash in public, or sit in a public seat in a theatre, or to loiter, sit and pass one's life in any other place, or if a man does not allow us to use our own property: for he also can be sued for injuries.

3 We are looked upon as suffering injury not merely in our

The punishment for iniuriae was

BOOK III.

Pt. I. Ch. 11.

(1) by the Twelve Tables, according to the nature of the case, sometimes capital punishment, sometimes 'talio,' a at other times a definite private, Upon retaliapecuniary penalty.

a

tion, sce Markby, ss.

Cf. August.

Cic. de Rep. iv. 10, 12: Nostrae XII tabulae 128-9. cum perpaucas res capite sanxissent, in his hanc de civ. dei. quoque sanciendam putaverunt, 'si quis occen- ii. 9. tavisset sive carmen condidisset, quod infamiam faceret flagitiumve alteri.'

Festus h. v. p. 363, M.: Talionis mentionem fieri in XII ait Verrius hoc modo: SI MEMBRVM RVPSIT, NI CVM EO PACIT, TALIO ESTO. Neque id quid significet indicat, puta quia notum est: permittit enim lex parem vindictam.

Gell. xx. 1, §§ 37-38: Nolo hoc ignores, hanc quoque ipsam talionem ad aestimationem iudicis. redigi necessario solitam. Nam si reus qui depacisci noluerat, iudici talionem imperanti non

own persons, but also in the persons of our children whom we have under power, and in the persons of our wives, although they may not be under manus.—If therefore you do an injury to my daughter who is married to Tit., not only can proceedings be taken against you for injury in the name of my daughter, but also in my name and in that of Tit. But to a slave himself it is considered no injury can be done, but it is regarded as done to his master through him. We are not however looked upon as suffering an injury through him in the same way as through our children or wives, but only when some gross act is done, which is plainly seen to be meant for the insult of the master; for example, when a person has flogged another's slave.

1 Whereas our Twelve Tables enacted punishment affecting caput for very few things, they contemplated amongst such also the enactment, whosoever should have sung a satirical song, or invented a rhyme to bring disrepute or outrage upon

another.'

2 V. states that talio is spoken of in the Twelve Tables thus: 'If he have maimed a limb, unless a compromise shall be made with such person, there shall be retaliation.' Nor does he show what this means, perhaps because it is known: for the lex allows equal compensation.

BOOK III.

Pt. 1. Ch. II.

a Coll. 11, 5, §5; Gell. I. c.

12.

§ 191

parebat, aestimata lite iudex hominem pecuniae damnabat, atque ita si res et pactio gravis et acerba talio visa fuerat, severitas legis ad pecuniae multam redibat.'

L. XII tab.: MANV FVSTIVE SI OS FREGIT LIBERO CCC, SI SERVO CL POENAM SVBITO-SI INIVRIAM ALTERI FAXIT, VIGINTI QVINQVE POENAE SVNTO.*

Gai. iii. § 223: Poena autem iniuriarum ex lege XII tabularum propter membrum quidem ruptum talio erat; propter os vero fractum aut collisum trecentorum assium poena erat, si libero os fractum erat, at si servo CL; propter ceteras vero iniurias XXV assium poena erat constituta : et videbantur illis temporibus in magna paupertate satis idoneae istae pecuniariae poenae.3

According to the Praetorian Edict, it is always an arbitrary, private, pecuniary penalty, to be pursued by the 'actio iniuriarum (aestimatoria),' conceived 'in bonum et aequum,' but involving infamy; the maximum amount of which, first of all to be estimated by the plaintiff himself, but in grave injuries by the Praetor (and equal to the summa vadimonii)," is always settled by the iudex according to the character of the

1 I would not have you ignorant that also this very recompense used of necessity to be diminished according to the assessment by the iudex. For if the defendant who had declined to enter into an agreement, disobeyed the order of the iudex to make recompense, the damages having been assessed, the iudex used to inflict a pecuniary penalty on the man, and so if a bargain had seemed onerous and the recompense harsh to the defendant, the severity of the statute was reduced to a pecuniary fine.

2 If with fist or club he have struck the face of a freeman, let him suffer a fine of 300 asses, if of a slave 150.'—‘If he have wronged another, the penalty shall be 25 asses.'

3 Now the penalty for injuries, according to the Twelve Tables, was retaliation for a limb destroyed; but for a bone broken or dislocated the penalty was 300 asses, if a freeman's bone was broken, but 150 if a slave's; whilst for other injuries the penalty was fixed at 25 asses, and those money-penalties seemed to be enough in those times of great poverty.