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Ulp. Miles pro parte testatus potest decedere, pro parte intestatus.-D. 29, 1, 6.' In certain cases a Legal succession obtains even contrary to the testament: 'successio contra tabulas,' the law of NECESSARY succession."

BOOK III.
Part III.

a § 167.

iacens: sce

From the death of the testator until acquisition of the inheritance the heritage remains as an independent Hereditas property, regarded yet as still controlled and kept to- Brown and Bell, gether by the will of the testator-upon whose con- English Law: tinued action, indeed, the very significance and operation of the testament are based.

Ulp. Hereditas' iuris nomen est, quod et accessionem et decessionem in se recipit.-1. 178, § 1, de V. S.

Hermog. Hereditas in multis partibus iuris pro domino habetur adeoque hereditati quoque ut domino per servum hereditarium adquiritur.D. 41, 1, 61 pr.3

Ulp. Hereditas non heredis personam sed defuncti sustinet.-1. 34 eod.*

Iavol. Heres et hereditas tametsi duas appellationes recipiunt, unius personae tamen vice funguntur.-D. 41, 3, 22.5

Gai. Res hereditariae, antequam aliquis heres existat, nullius in bonis sunt.-D. 1, 8, 1 pr.

Iavol. Inter hereditarium servum et eum, qui

1 A soldier can die with a testament in respect of part of his property, intestate in respect of (the other) part.

2 'Inheritance' is the name of a right which admits both of increase and decrease.

3 An inheritance in many parts of the Law is regarded in the light of its owner, and so an acquisition is made for the inheritance as owner by a slave appertaining to the inheritance, just as for his owner.

The inheritance represents not the person of the heir, but that of the deceased.

Although heir and inheritance are two different designations, both nevertheless represent one person.

Inheritances belong to no one previous to the coming forward of an heir.

s. vv. Contra, in

mortuus saisit

vivum' (Paterson, s. 779).

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Part III.

a Cf. ibid. § 83.

pro derelicto habetur, plurimum interest, quoniam alter hereditatis iure retinetur nec potest relictus videri, qui universo hereditatis iure continetur.— D. 45, 3, 36.a1

Scaevola ait . . . hereditati furtum non fieri, quia possessionem hereditas non habet, quae facti est et animi.-D. 47, 4, 1, 15.2

§ 154. THE PRAETORIAN SUCCESSIONAL SYSTEM OF BONORUM POSSESSIO.

Besides the civil successional system of hereditas,' which rests essentially on the Twelve Tables, there arose already during the Republic the Praetorian D. 37, 1, 3 pr. successional system of bonorum possessio,' which, as the Praetorian Law in general, taking account of the growing and more elastic conceptions and requirements of Law-- adiuvandi, supplendi, corrigendi iuris civilis gratia '-connected itself with the system of the ius civile.

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Ulp. Lege obvenire hereditatem non improprie quis dixerit et eam, quae ex testamento defertur, quia lege xii tabularum testamentariae hereditates confirmantur.-D. 50, 16, I 30.3

Paul.: Hereditatis appellatione bonorum quoque possessio continetur.-1. 138 eod.*

1 There is much difference between a slave of the inheritance and him that is regarded as abandoned, since the former is retained by the right belonging to the inheritance, and he cannot be regarded as abandoned who is embraced in the aggregate of the rights of the inheritance.

2 Scaev. says.

an inheritance cannot be stolen, because the inheritance has not possession, which is a matter of fact and of intention.

3 One might not improperly say that even such an inheritance devolves by Law which is offered by virtue of a testament, because testamentary inheritances are confirmed by the Law of the Twelve Tables.

Under the designation hereditas is also comprised possession of the goods.

Ius bonorum possessionis introductum est a praetore emendandi veteris iuris gratia.--§ Aliquando tamen neque emendandi neque impugnandi veteris iuris, sed magis confirmandi gratia pollicetur bonorum possessionem.—§ Adhuc autem et alios complures gradus praetor fecit in bonorum possessionibus dandis, dum id agebat, ne quis sine successore moriatur: nam angustissimis finibus constitutum per legem XII tabularum ius percipiendarum hereditatum praetor ex bono et aequo dilatavit.—pr., § § 1, 2, I. h. t. (de B. P. 3, 9).'

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The name bonorum possessio' springs from the assignment by the Praetor to certain persons of possession of the heritage, in the event of their making an application to him at the proper time (petere, admittere, adgnoscere bonorum possessio). Originally the Praetor only granted the bonorum possessio to non-civil heirs, after a preliminary causae cognitio for the particular case, by a special decree (bonorum possessio decretalis). But after the Praetorian Edict had gradually developed and set up fixed principles as to what persons should be admitted to bonorum possessio, and after what intervals and in what order of succession they should be a Successorium admitted, the grant of bonorum possessio was made, as a rule, upon the simple declaration by the applicant of his entry and evidence afforded of his right, without further investigation (de plano). This was 'bonorum possessio edictalis, ordinaria.'

1 The right to possession of the goods was introduced by the Praetor with the view of amending the ancient law.-Sometimes, however, he promises possession of the goods with no intention either of amending or of impeaching the ancient law, but rather with the view of confirming it.-Now the Praetor has also created several other degrees in the grant of possession of the goods, whilst taking care that no one die without a successor; for, in accordance with what is fair and reasonable, he has extended the right of taking inheritances which, through the Law of the Twelve Tables, had been confined within very narrow limits.

edictum.'

BOOK III.
Part III.

a See Dirksen,

s v. (p. 838).

Ulp. Bonorum possessionem ita recte definiemus ius persequendi retinendique patrimonii sive rei quae cuiusque, cum moritur, fuit.-Invito autem nemini bonorum possessio adquiritur.-1. 3, §§ 2, 3, D. h. t. (de B. P. 37, 1).'

Id. xxviii. 10, 11: Bonorum possessio datur parentibus et liberis intra annum ex quo petere potuerunt; ceteris intra centum dies.-Qui omnes intra id tempus si non petierint bonorum possessionem, sequens gradus admittitur, perinde atque si superiores non essent.

Id. Successorium edictum idcirco propositum est, ne bona hereditaria vacua sine domino diutius iacerent et creditoribus longior mora fieret. E re igitur praetor putavit praestituere tempus his, quibus bonorum possessionem detulit, et dare inter eos successionem, ut maturius possint creditores scire, utrum habeant cum quo congrediantur, an vero bona vacantia fisco sint delata, an potius ad possessionem bonorum procedere debeant, quasi sine successore defuncto.-D. 38, 9, I pr.3

3

a

1 We shall accordingly be right in defining possession of goods as the right of legally recovering and maintaining property or an inheritance which belonged to some one at the time of his decease.-The possession of goods is acquired for no one against his will.

2 Possession of the goods is granted to the ascendants and descendants within a year from the time when they were in a position to claim it; to other persons within one hundred days. When all of these have forborne to claim the bon. poss. within such time, the next degree is admitted, just as if those preceding did not exist.

3 The Edict as to succession has been put forth lest hereditary property should lie longer void without a master, and the creditors suffer longer delay. The Praetor therefore considered it advantageous to prescribe a respite for those to whom he has offered possession of the goods, and to grant the succession amongst them, that the creditors may be sooner able to know whether there is any one against whom they can proceed, or whether the goods as without an owner have devolved upon the

The grounds of delatio in bonorum possessio are the same as in hereditas; it is given by the testament, in the absence of such, and contrary to such :-'si tabulae testamenti exstabunt (bonorum possessio contra tabulas and secundum tabulas); si tabulae testamenti nullae exstabunt (bonorum possessio intestati).'

Paul. Bonorum possessionis beneficium multiplex est: nam quaedam bonorum possessiones competunt contra voluntatem, quaedam secundum voluntatem defunctorum, nec non ab intestato habentibus ius legitimum vel non habentibus propter capitis deminutionem.-1. 6, § 1, D. h. t.1

...

Sunt autem bonorum possessiones ex testamento quidem hae: prima, quae . . . vocatur contra tabulas; secunda, quam omnibus iure scriptis heredibus praetor pollicetur ideoque vocatur secundum tabulas; et cum de testamentis prius locutus est, ad intestatos transitum fecit.—§ 3, I. h. t.2

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Part III.

As concerns the effect of the grant of bonorum possessio the bonorum possessor is in the first place not heres, but only heredis loco,' and therefore the actions. of inheritance also are given to him and against him, as ficticiae actiones; a whilst to effect the acquisition of a Cf. Gai. iv. possession of the hereditary property, a peculiar inter- 37; iii. 80. dict is at his command, the interdictum QUORUM BONORUM.

Treasury, or whether they should rather proceed to appropriate the property as if the testator had died without successors.

1 The beneficial result of bon. poss. is manifold; for some kinds of bon. poss. obtain against the will, some in accordance with the will of the deceased persons, and indeed they either belong to those who have a statutory right from intestacy, or to those who have not got it by reason of loss of status.

Now the species of bon. poss. which arise from a testament are in fact the following: first, that . . . which is styled

¿§ 176, ad fin.

' against the (contents of) the testament'; secondly, that which⚫ Strictly,

the Praetor promises to all legally instituted heirs, and there- 'tablets.' fore styled according to the contents of the testament'; and, having first spoken of testaments, he passes to intestates.

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