Et cito rapturus de nobilitate comesa Quod superest; quem Massa timet, quem munere palpat 35 informers in Domitian's time. Carus Met- 37. Quum te summoveant] "De hereditate justa tanquam de via; proprie enim " summovere' verbum lictorum." This is Grangaeus' note; and it is true as respects the lictors. (See Hor. C. ii. 16, 10, n.) 'Summovere is a term used in the Roman law also. But there is nothing in the text about an hereditas.' Juvenal means 'when 40 men elbow you out of the way who have got rich by scandalous means.' 38. summi Nunc via processus,] 'Processus' means advancement; and summi processus' advancement to the highest place. So Ovid (Trist. iv. 5. 25): "Haec tua processus habeat fortuna perennes.' Rigault quotes an inscription, "OB SPEM PROCESSUS EJUS." It was by these means that Otho got into favour with Nero (Sueton. Otho, c. 2): "libertinam aulicam gratiosam quo efficacius coleret etiam diligere simulavit, quamvis anum ac paene decrepitam: per hanc insinuatus Neroni facile summum inter amicos locum tenuit." 40. Unciolam Proculeius habet] Proculeius has a twelfth part of the estate left him, and Gillo eleven-twelfths: the first is 'heres ex uncia;' the second 'heres ex deunce.' The divisions of the 'as' represented the portions of the estate devised to each heres' (see Hor. S. ii. 5. 53, n. fin.). The men are unknown. 'Unciola' does not occur elsewhere. It does not mean, as Ruperti says, 'less than an uncia;' but 'a poor uncia,' as we say. 42. Accipiat sane] There is contempt in this: "Let him take it with all my heart." 43. pressit qui calcibus anguem,] Heinrich thinks this is an allusion to Homer (Il. iii. 33) : ὡς ὅτε τίς τε δράκοντα ἰδὼν παλίνορσος ἀπέστη ψ τ' ἀνεχώρησεν, ὠχρός τέ μιν εἷλε παρ ειάς. Quid referam quanta siccum jecur ardeat ira, Dion Cassius relates that games were cele- πάθοιεν οἱ καταλείξαντες βιβλία καὶ καλάμους. Lib. ii. 40. 7. ἀλλ ̓ ὅτι τοῦτο ποιεῖς καὶ δίχα τοῦ καλά μου. Ib. 12. 8. Juvenal seems to refer to the competitors on these occasions who had reason to be afraid their speeches might offend, and who tremIbled for the consequences. In some cases they would probably be more serious than those Suetonius mentions. 46. populum gregibus comitum premit] P. and all the older and more trustworthy MSS. have the indicative mood: several of the later have 'premat;' and Heinrich adopts it. Ruperti and Jahn have 'premit,' in reliance on the MSS. and the indicatives that follow; and that mood is, I believe, the right one. As to pupillus,' see Dict. Ant., Art.Tutor;' and Hor. Epp. i. 1. 21, n. This 'tutor' went out to the forum or to the walks, attended, deductus' (see Hor. S. i. 9. 59), by crowds of parasites, supported by the fortune of his pupillus,' who was left to starve or to support himself by the vilest means. 'Comites' is the word used below, ver. 119. Ruperti thinks 'pupillae' must be the proper word, but does not adopt it. It would be less offensive; but that is not much to the purpose. 47. Et hic damnatus inani Judicio] We have the private thief and the public brought together. Marius Priscus, proconsul of Africa, was convicted (A.D. 100) of 'repe 45 50 tundae,' and banished from Italy. Marius was compelled to refund a part of his bad gains, and retired with the remainder to live comfortably, though not at home. The offence of repetundae,' which was that of a magistrate getting money by foul means from the provincials under his government, was punished with different penalties at different times. The latest 'lex' on the subject was the lex Julia,' passed in the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, which abolished the punishment of exile; but it appears to have been revived under the empire. The refunding of the money proved to have been received was always part of the penalty ; and in this instance it appears that 700 sestertia (about 55001. sterling) were paid by Marius into the treasury. An interesting account of the whole affair is given by the younger Pliny, who acted for the provincials (Epp. ii. 11). See Long's Excursus on Cic. in Verr. on Repetundae,' and Dict. Ant. under the same head. 'Infamia' (concerning which see Dict. Ant.) did not result from the offence of 'repetundae;' but Juvenal uses the word loosely. Ab octava bibit' means that he sat down to dinner earlier than usual; the ninth hour in summer, and tenth in winter, being those at which industrious persons generally dined (see Hor. C. i. 1. 20, n.). Fruitur dis iratis,' he enjoys the anger of the gods; that is, he makes himself comfortable under his punishment. 50. victrix provincia,] Grangaeus supposes this to be a play upon the words. Even if it were (which is not likely), it would be only from the similarity of sound, and would not support Festus' derivation of 'provincia' from 'vinco.' It is a shortened form of 'providentia,' and "properly designated the particular functions of a magistrate." See Long's note on Cic. in Verr. ii. 2. 1. Vincere' is the legal word for succeeding in a cause. On 'ploras' Grangaeus adds, "tibi enim fuit victoria Cadmea, in qua jocatur victus plorat victor." 51. Venusina digna lucerna ?] Horace and Juvenal had not much in common; but Horace seems to have been looked upon by Haec ego non agitem? Sed quid magis Heracleas Et mare percussum puero fabrumque volantem, Persius and Juvenal as the representative oil.' 52. Sed quid magis Heracleas] 'Agitem' must be repeated, but in a different sense. He asks why he should rather write on such hackneyed subjects as the labours of Hercules, the wanderings of Diomed, the adventures of Theseus, Icarus, and Daedalus, than attack the vices of the day? Jahn punctuates differently and badly, Sed quid magis? Heracleas,' &c. 55 60 "Ipse miser vidi cum me dormire putares Sobrius apposito crimina vestra mero.' The Scoliast Acron quotes this verse on Hor. C. iii. 6. 29: "Sed jussa coram non sine conscio Surgit marito." "When that 58. Quum fas esse putet] man thinks he has a right to look for a tribune's place who, while yet a boy, wasted his substance on his stables, and lost his patrimony with flying on swift coach down the Flaminian road: for he was Automedon and held the reins while the great man made himself pleasant to his man-mistress." This person may have been some favourite of Domitian's, who had been made, or hoped to be made, a' tribunus militum' (see xvi. 20, n.). The Scholium on praesepibus' is "Neronem tangit;" but this seems to bependently for 'the great man' (S. v. 86, long to 'ipse,' which is often used inden.), and is here opposed to Automedon, as Achilles to his charioteer. Madvig (Opusc. i. 36) denies that there is any alluthe driver. There may be two opinions on sion to Nero, and says that 'ipse' is plainly the subject; but after much reflection I have adopted the other with Heinrich. 'Lacerna' is a man's cloak, and ' 'lacernatae means that the amica' was a man. men are recorded as having been formally married to Nero, named Sporus and Pythagoras (Sueton. c. 28, and Tacitus, Ann. self off,' or something of that sort. Madvig xv. 37). Jactaret' may be 'showed himfinds great difficulty in this interpretation. Two 55. Quum leno accipiat moechi bona,] This man connives at his wife's intrigues at his own table, like the man Galba, mentioned below (S. v. 4), and gets her paramour to make him his 'heres,' which the woman could not be under the 'lex Voconia,' if the man's census exceeded a certain amount. (Savigny, Ueber die Lex Voconia. Vermischt. Schrift. vol. i.) 'Accipiat bona' Heinrich understands to mean that he was made heres ex asse,' heir of the man's whole estate. (See Long's Cicero, vol. i. p. 121 sqq., for a full discussion of the 'lex Voconia.') Suetonius (c. 8) says that Domitian took away from women of loose character 'lecticae usum, jusque capiendi legata hereditatesque;' but these must be women 63. Nonne libet ceras implere capaces] notorious and convicted, whereas Juvenal "Does not one feel inclined to take out one's is attacking the vices of private society, as Heinrich observes. tablets, and fill pages, even while the scene As to lacunar,' see Hor. S. ii. 3. 272, n. is passing under his eyes in the middle of the street?" The tabulae,' waxed wooden tab57. vigilanti stertere naso?] So Ovid says lets, of the Romans, are fully described in (Amor. i. 5. 13): Dict. Antiqq. The pages were called Quadrivio, quum jam sexta cervice feratur, simply 'cerae.' 'Quadrivia' were the crossings of two streets, compita,' where numbers of passengers would be found; and he says it is enough to make a man take out his tablets in the public streets, to note the shameless proceedings of these people. · 64. sexta cervice feratur,] This thief was carried in a cathedra,' borne by six slaves, 'hexaphoron;' the sides were thrown open, by the drawing back of the curtains by which they were usually closed in. This represents the impudence of the man, who ought to have been ashamed to show his face, and his laziness, in which he is said to look very much like Maecenas. The character of Maecenas, in this respect, is mentioned in my note on Hor. S. i. 2. 25, "Maltinus tunicis demissis ambulat," where authorities are quoted. See also below, S. xii. 39. 'Multum referens de Maecenate' is, literally, ' representing much of Maecenas.' So Virgil has "Invalidique patrum referunt jejunia nati" (G. iii. 127). 'Supino' means no more than lying lazily on his back. The 'cathedra' was so constructed that the person half reclined and half sat. In the 'lectica' he lay at full length; and in the 'sella' he sat upright, as on an arm chair. 'Cathedrae' were chiefly used by women, and were considered effeminate carriages for men. "Cujus apud molles minima est jactura cathedras" (vi.91). Its shape and furniture are described in ix. 52: "Strata positus longaque cathedra." They were all carried by a single pole in front, and another behind, resting on the bearers' shoulders. The Indian tonjon' represents the 'sella,' and in some instances the cathedra.' 67. Signator falso,] This is the punctuation of most editions. Ruperti puts the stop after 'signator,' which Madvig says is right, or else Juvenal wrote signato falso,' which no one I think will adopt (Op. i. 40). Signator falso' is one who has put forged seals and signatures to a false will, or has got knaves like himself to witness such a will with him. A testamentum' required five witnesses, who put a seal and their names on the outside of it (see Dict. Ant. 'Testamentum'). The common way of writing wills was on waxed tablets (exiguis tabulis), whence come the expressions cera prima,'' secunda,' 'ima' (see Hor. S. ii. 5. 53, n.). 'Gemma uda' is a seal moistened before the impression was made. 'Lautus' is 'fine;' and 'beatus,' 'well to do' (see Hor. C. i. 4. 14, n.). 69. molle Calenum] The wine of Cales (Calvi) in Campania was among the best in Horace's time. It seems to have been one of the milder wines, from this epithet. This woman, who is represented as a person of family (Ruperti says Agrippina is meant, which Madvig (i. 40) rightly denies), Juvenal says, when she was going to hand her husband some wine, mixed poison with it; and being well skilled in such matters, taught her simpler neighbours how to get rid of their husbands in the same way, and to carry them out to their burial without any regard to the notoriety of the murder and the crowds that collected to see the funeral. 'Rubeta' is a poisonous sort of toad (see below, vi. 659). 'Nigros' expresses the effect of the poison on the dead body. The woman is called 'Locusta,' after her who poisoned Claudius by the direction of Agrippina, and Britannicus by the order of Nero. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 66; xiii. 15. See also Suetonius (Nero, c. 33), who says she was handsomely rewarded for the latter of these murders. She was put to death by Galba, Nero's successor. The Scholiast on this place calls her 'Lucusta,' in one version of his text; and Jahn adops that form. Valla's Scholiast says that Nero employed her to teach him her art, and many young women besides, "ut et illum doceret et plures puellas ;" and Suetonius says, he gave her "impunitatem (she had been convicted of witchcraft) praediaque ampla, sed et discipulos." Scholiast quotes two corrupt lines from Turnus, the satiric poet, thus amended by Valla: "Ex quo Caesareas soboles Locusta cecidit Horrendum, curas dum liberat atra Neronis." See The Per famam et populum nigros efferre maritos. 72. Per famam et populum] This forms one subject, in the midst of the whispers or talking of the citizens. It seems, therefore, that the corpse was carried out with the face exposed. 73. brevibus Gyaris] This was a small barren island (still called Giura) in the Aegean, one of the Cyclades, to which a few of the worst sort of criminals were transported in the time of the empire. When it was proposed that Silanus should be sent thither, Tiberius to shew his clemency chose another place of banishment for him, saying that Gyara (or Gyarus) "insulam immitem et sine cultu hominum esse" (Tac. Ann. iii. 69). It was ill supplied with water ('egena aquae:' Ib. iv. 30); and it was little better than death to be sent there. See vi. 563; x. 170. 'Brevibus' is equivalent to 'parvis.' 74. Probitas laudatur et alget.] These words are often quoted and imitated. Gifford quotes from Massinger's Fatal Dowry (Act ii. sc. 1): "In this partial, avaricious age, What price bears honour? virtue? long ago It was but praised and freezed: but now-adays 'Tis colder far, and has nor love nor praise." John of Salisbury (Policr. iii. 9) quotes these words: "Quis Themistoclis diligentiam, Frontonis gravitatem, continentiam Socratis, Fabricii fidem, innocentiam Numae, pudicitiam Scipionis, longanimitatem Ulyssis, Catonis parcitatem, Titi pietatem imitatur? quis non cum admiratione veneratur? probitas siquidem laudatur et alget." For aliquis,' some of the MSS. have aliquid;' but the masculine is right. Persius has it (i. 129), seque aliquem credens;" and Cicero (Ad Att. iii. 15, sub fin.), " meque ut facis velis esse aliquem." The Greeks used Tic in the same way; and the same is common in most languages. To be "somebody" is the great object of ambition with half the world. 75. praetoria,] Fine houses fit for an 75 emperor (x. 161). As to the Roman tables and their vessels of silver and bronze, see Hor. S. i. 4. 28, n.; ii. 2. 4, n. 76. stantem extra pocula caprum.] The Scholiast quotes Martial (viii. 51.9): "Stat caper Aeolio Thebani vellere Phrixi Cultus." Grangaeus asks, not with his usual judgment, whether 'stantem' means "pedibus erectis ut solent pascere caprae, an eminentem ?" It means standing out in bold relief, as in Ovid (Met. xii. 235): "Forte fuit juxta signis extantibus asper Antiquus crater." 'Stare' is occasionally used in this sense absolutely, as in Hor. C. i. 9. 1: "Vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte," 'see you how white Soracte with deep snow stands out' (see note). Such figures on cups, &c., when they were moveable, were called 'emblemata,' after the Greek. The Latin name seems to have been 'crustae.' On the ancient Greek vessels they were very handsome and curious. Verres laid his hands upon many. Cicero calls them 'scyphos sigillatos,' cups with signa,' or carved figures, upon them (in Verr. ii. 4. 14. See Long's note). The art, though continued till the latter years of the Roman republic, was suddenly dropped, as Pliny says (H. N. xxxiii. 12). The latest artist of the kind whom he mentions, and whom he calls a 'crustarius,' of note, was named Teucer, no doubt a Greek. 6 78. praetextatus adulter?] Heinrich and Madvig take this for a boy paramour, who has learnt his lesson of vice before he has put on the 'toga virilis.' It may be so. Compare ii. 170: "Sic praetextatos referunt Artaxata mores." There is more force in this than in taking the words for a senator, or others who wore the 'toga praetexta,' concerning which, see Dict. Ant., and Hor. S. i. 5. 34, n. As to 'sponsae,' see iii. 111, n. 79. facit indignatio versum,] These words also are used by John of Salisbury, whose quotations are always well chosen (Curial. iii. 13): "Disposueram tamen silere de mollibus qui sicut ignominiosi ita sunt et |