ness in the police force. How long will this metropolis of America allow citizens

M

Traveling

By LAWRENCE F. ABBOTT Contributing Editor of The Outlook

AN is a traveling animal. No matter how civilized, he is by taste and habit a nomad. My faunal knowledge is limited, and yet, at the risk of being set down as a "nature faker," I venture the assertion that man is the only creature that roams the earth for mere pleasure. Other animals of the field or forest go from place to place in a limited degree, but only in search of food or safety. Animals as a rule do not make seasonal changes of habitat to escape climatic hardships or to seek climatic comforts. The bear dislikes zero weather, but he does not go to Floridahe goes to sleep. I think I hear somebody saying that the migratory birds demolish my theory. But is there any evidence that the birds enjoy their long and exhausting journeys? On the contrary, they put them off until the last moment, and then only make them as a final resort to save themselves from starvation and death. Some of them, like the wild geese, are alert to the dangers of travel and migrate only under the guidance of experienced and capable leaders.

I hope there is no unpleasant implication in the suggestion that geese may have been the inventors of personally conducted tours. For the personally conducted tour is the latest product of the art of traveling. One may now travel around the world or into its uttermost parts by means of palatial steamships or de luxe trains or luxurious automobiles with every annoyance of travel reduced to an almost invisible minimum. At this very moment I am writing this article in the library of the club car of one such train on my way to the Mississippi River. It would be an old story to transcontinental travelers to mention the barber-shop, the bath-room, the lady's maid, and the stenographer carried by the train for the convenience of its passengers. But I confess that I was surprised, although I am a fairly wellseasoned migratory animal, to find in the dining-car fresh mushrooms and Russian caviar, in my compartment a kind of latticework of webbing to keep the restless sleeper from falling out of the upper

ern.

There lies before me as I write a letter which one of my fellow-passengers has shown me. It was written by her grandfather, who was making a visit in Washington, to her grandmother at her home in Boston, and is dated Wednesday, March 4, 1835, ninety years ago. A passage from it is apropos:

Last evening at 9 o'clock we went to the Capitol to witness the closing scene

The Outlook jor

of the session, and such a scene I never witnessed before. The House had voted an appropriation of three millions of dollars for the President to use at his pleasure in preparing for war. The Senate rejected the bill and it was returned to the House. Then came the tug of war. The clamor and tumult was excessive. The splendid and spacious room occupied by the Representatives was filled to overflowing. On the floor of the House behind the seats occupied by the members there is an area extending the whole breadth of the room and about twenty feet in width. Here we were so fortunate as to obtain a position amid the throng of ladies and gentlemen with which it was filled. As the night wore away the tumult increased to a deafening roar. The Speaker lost all control over the House. It was a perfect mob. The House was filled with outcries of "Mr. Speaker," "Mr. Speaker,” “Order," "Order." Every one seemed to have a tongue and to use it. The Speaker was pounding the table and in vain calling to order. The Members were all over the House, anywhere and everywhere, some standing, some sitting, some lounging on sofas, others on their chairs, some with their heads higher than their heels, others with. their heels higher than their heads. Nothing could be heard and no business could be done. According to the Constitution this Legislature could only be in office till twelve o'clock at night on the third of March. moment the hour of twelve should arrive they would no longer be in office and would have no more right to be making laws than any body of men in any part of the country. They still had several very important bills to act upon and the object seemed to be to make so much noise and disturbance that no business could be done till the clock should strike the hour of twelve, and then the body would have no legal existence. The other party, to frustrate this endeavor, a few minutes before twelve, put the clock back to half-past ten! But about half-past twelve some began to cry out "adjourn," "adjourn." Others said they had no right to pass any motion whatever after twelve o'clock, and that the House was in reality dissolved. Others said that it was only eleven by the clock and no one could prove that it was after twelve. No language can describe the noise and uproar and confusion. Every one was interested to see how it would terminate and though I did not find my bed till one o'clock the night before, I still, in defiance of weariness, kept my place. There were many gentlemen there with whom I was acquainted and I was furnished with a very comfortable seat in the chair of one of the members. I was surprised to see the perseverance with which the ladies lingered there hour

The

after hour. One young lady, about half-past one in the morning, could no longer resist the influence of drowsiness, and there she was, in the midst of the crowd, with her head hanging back upon the chair, her mouth wide open, and her eyes half-closed, sleeping most soundly, though I cannot say most beautifully. At two o'clock my patience was exhausted, and as I saw no reason why they might not continue in the same state two or three hours longer, I sallied out of the Capitol and hurried along the deserted

pavement of Pennsylvania Avenue till I reached my warm and pleasant chamber. . . .

We cannot leave the city in any direction till Friday. All the seats in all the stages are engaged till then and indeed for some days after. But we were so fortunate, by an early application, to engage seats for Baltimore on Friday. The severity of the weather has covered the Potomac with thick ice which renders travelling further South at present entirely impracticable.

We have made some progress in the art of transportation since visitors to Washington were marooned for lack of stage-coaches and steamboats. But we do not seem to have traveled so far in the art of politics. The stage-coaches have gone, but Congress is still setting the clock back and still tries to put the President "in a hole" on questions of armament and World Peace.

On board the Southwestern Limited
January 7, 1926.

E

VERY four years our country is

turned upside down with excite

ment. Much money and, what is more, much nerve tissue are spent in our Presidential elections.

Here in Switzerland they may not have so much fun as we do, but their elections are certainly calmer and less costly.

The Swiss President is elected every year! And, still more surprising, there is but one Presidential candidate! The Swiss know perfectly the candidate's name. He is the Vice-President of the Federal Council; the year after his term of office, though the form of an election. takes place (as it just has done) he really automatically becomes President of the Swiss Confederation.

THE

HE Federal Council consists of seven members. They are elected for three years by the Federal Assembly.

As are our Cabinet members, so each Swiss Federal Councilor is the head of some Government department-for example, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Justice. Instead of investing the President or his Prime Minister with the power of appointing Cabinet members, the Swiss prefer to elect them. With us the trend is the other way. The Swiss President has thus in this and other respects far less power than has our President; he has not even as much as has his colleague of France. We have here the spectacle, rather, of a Chairman of an Executive Committee.

The President is always chosen from among the Federal Councilors. Hence

International

Switzerland's New President

the necessity of electing the right men to the Council.

Sometimes the President is a radical, as is the case with the incoming one. Sometimes he is more conservative, as is the case with the outgoing incumbent. No two Councilors may come from the

same canton.

Each Councilor receives a salary of 25,000 francs (not quite $5,000); the President's salary is 27,000 francs.

Neither the President nor the VicePresident of the Federal Council is re

eligible to the same offices before a year's eligible to the same offices before a year's

expiry.

joint session of the two houses of Parliament-the National Council, like our House of Representatives, and the Council of States, like our Senate. The representatives in the National Council are elected every three years in proportion of one to twenty thousand voters.

With the same proportion as our Senate-namely, two Senators from each State there are forty-four members in the Council of State from the twenty-two

cantons.

O

N January 1, 1926, Herr Haeberlin will doubtless be inaugurated Swiss President. He is fifty seven years old. Coming from the German-speaking canton of Thurgau, he succeeds M. Musy, who comes from the French-speaking canton of Fribourg.

Twenty-one years ago Herr Haeberlin was elected to the National Council, Parliament's lower house, and nearly six years ago to the Federal Council, the Cabinet. In this latter body he has been head of the Department of Justice. This seems strange, for Herr Haeberlin is a formidable radical. He even opposes the principle we emphasize in America that the Supreme Court shall have the last word in interpreting the Constitution and the laws. Herr Haeberlin's conception that the political and not the judicial authority should have this privilege often brings him in conflict with his country

men.

On the other hand, Herr Haeberlin has wide popularity because Socialist attacks do not intimidate him. This is

A

BRITISH military observer, watching the campaign against the Spaniards in Cuba, remarked that it was not a war but a popular uprising. An observer of athletics to-day, watching the recent meetings of the leading and powerful amateur sports-governing bodies of this country, an annual feature of the holidays, discovered in them another popular uprising. This time it is a popular uprising against the encroachment of the professional promoter on college football and college football players. The professional baseball scout has been tolerated at the colleges, if not encouraged, and the professional coaches of college baseball teams have often recommended certain of their players to the big league teams. Professional baseball has been recognized as an honorable career for a college graduate, dignified by the presence on the professional diamond of such men as Jake Stahl, Carl Lundgren, the late Christy Mathewson, and quite a number of other real stars. But professional baseball would survive without their presence.

Professional football, on the other hand, cannot survive and draw the "gate" necessary to the sustained interest of the really big promoters without recruiting constantly from the college stars. And this recruiting must be done in the middle of the college year to get the benefit of the player's reputation. College faculties have it in their power to put an end to that. Friends of the game have feared that the college faculties, in sheer disgust, might go further, and put an end to the game itself. In order to forestall such action and save a game in its very nature fit to be played by ama

teurs only, the powerful organizations of the country have already stepped in.

Amateurism in football in this country is represented by such bodies as the American Football Coaches' Association, the National Amateur Athletic Federation, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the Intercollegiate Association, and others of their kind. In them every State in the Union is represented, and ably represented. Against these organizations, with ample moral and financial backing, the professional promoter in the long run, and if he is so

more than two seasons at best. And I know of many instances in which the player's real business has suffered while he has been absorbed in the business of football. And sometimes it has suffered to such an extent that his reputation has gone with it.

Another thing-the profession has broken down the honor of the college player, a thing intolerable. I doubt if any games have been "sold" yet, but that will come when the wreckage of the college player's ideals is complete.

There are other influences at work. Since the redoubtable and now rather pathetic "Red" Grange raised the issue I have talked with hundreds of employers who look to the colleges to recruit their business forces. The answer is unanimous. "I want no professional football players in my employ." Call it a boycott if you like, but the fact remains that this deadly weapon is already beginning to shoot.

The professional football promoter cannot offer the college player a career, such as he might have in baseball. The season is too short, even though prolonged into the Florida real estate zone, where, by the way, the crowds have not enthused greatly even over "Red" Grange or Nevers, of Stanford. The average run, even of All-America stars, has been getting $3,500 for a series of ten games. He must perforce, even in the season, continue in his business or profession. As a professional football plaver, unless he is a blacksmith or a miner or a farmer, he is unlikely to last

of this last season is the trail of the broken word. The New York promoters started with fair promises, and with men of reputation not merely as football players but as high-class college types. They meant well. But then suddenly the game was "granged." To "grange" a game-the word is well established in the language of sport already is to exploit it. The promise not to approach college players was broken when the Chicago Bears, with Grange at their head, were organized. Grange was a professional when he played his last game against Ohio State. Here was the first broken word by the promoters. The moment that those teams which had tried to keep faith played against the Chicago Bears the professional word was broken throughout the country. Is it any wonder that employers do not want. in their offices men who have been under such influences?

Even the players themselves realize that the professional game on any such scale as this season cannot last. It cannot be made to pay large salaries without

large gates, and large gates are not to be expected without more games a week than any player can stand. Thus it is that the eleventh-hour recruits, men practically in the same class as Grange, accepted what they could get-fees that are not two per cent of what Grange is supposed to receive, always granting that his promoter is really working with him on a fifty-fifty basis.

PRC

ROFESSIONAL football will never do as a substitute for real lovers of the game, even those who are supposed to be unable to get tickets to the big college games. They know that, while there is often great skill in the passing and kicking, the game is not played as hard and as whole-heartedly as the amateur brand. And the other element that demands a "show" will be satisfied with nothing less than All-American stars. When these fail to appear, the professional game will drop back to normal, which means in most cases an attendance averaging between 4,000 and 8,000.

What will kill professional football on a large scale is ostracism. Oddly enough, this first move toward ostracism was made by the professional football coaches themselves. They have barred from membership in their organization any man connected with professional football in any capacity. Officials are now under the same ban. This strips the last rag of respectability from the game. Some may be surprised that action so drastic should be taken by men who are themselves professionals. I have known practically every member of the Coaches' Association, an organization founded by Charley Daly, of Harvard and the Army, ever since it came into being. These men have given their lives to the game, and therefore need to be adequately paid; but with few exceptions they are real amateurs at heart, working with real enthusiasm with the faculty. And with these few exceptions they hate professional football with a holy hatred.

To return for a moment to the Chicago Bears and Grange. It early became apparent that, great as he was, Grange could not play the game single-handed. So he coaxed his specially coached interferer, Britton, to leave college at the same time he did. Not satisfied himself with being a deserter, he caused another to desert. With the aid of men a year or two out of the University of Illinois, a typical Illinois-Zuppke team was built up around him. If any man should have received fifty per cent of the gate receipts, it should have been Zuppke. Zuppke, however, is not for sale.

It is well to remember, too, that University of Illinois football would have

gone serenely on its way-yes, and filled the huge memorial stadium-had Grange never appeared at Urbana. This fact

was well on its way toward demonstration. The cold fact is that the very efficient publicity department, organized in good faith as a help to sports writers of the newspapers, has awakened at last to the fact that it is by way of being a Frankenstein monster.

Incidentally, I received every bit of publicity matter that came out of Urbana, and must absolve the publicity department from overplaying Grange.

Ellis Parker Butler

lives in a town which once was chiefly famous for the variety of its trees. Now it has started a real estate boom which would do credit to Florida. The man who attained fame by celebrating the guinea pig's ability to multiply has prepared for The Outlook an equally humorous report on the fecundity of apartment-houses.

An honest and persistent effort was made to gain adequate recognition for the other members of the team.

THE present strongest and most active

foe of professional football is E. K. Hall, chairman of the Football Rules Hall, chairman of the Football Rules Committee, and practically the successor to Walter Camp. And he has a tremendous backing. He is in even a stronger position than was Camp, since he is not writing football or any other sport for a newspaper syndicate. An able and fearless lover of amateur sport is Hall. The Rules Committee cannot dabble in eligibility rules, but it can cast the weight of its influence, which is very great, against "granged" football, and I know that this will be done.

Now a word about an element that will be powerful in time if not heard of at the moment. That is the younger That is the younger schoolboy-ten to fourteen and fifteen. I have talked with many of them, and so has William S. Langford, an advisory has William S. Langford, an advisory member of the Rules Committee, and a man whose influence on college football is wide and deep. "There are youngsters is wide and deep. "There are youngsters in this office," he said to me, "who would not go across the street to see Grange play professional football. They have been inoculated against professionalism in sport, and it is taking. They are a tremendous bulwark of amateurism, this

coming generation." And I know of my own experience that he is right.

Grange himself has been hurt, and terribly hurt, as only those who have been close to him on the field where his promoter could not get at him know. It was one thing to be stopped in the early season and hear from his college mates in the stands the shout: "You're all right, Red; you'll be there when the time comes!" and quite another to have ringing in his ears at the Polo Grounds, "Run, you red-headed bum!"

CONS

ONSIDER the famous Four Horsemen of Notre Dame. Beaten the other day by men with little football reputation for the most part, they are not worth fifty dollars apiece per game to any promoter. And this is the reward of the beaten professional: "Listen, fella. Yuh gotta win, if yuh wanna eat from my roll."

There is a man who makes a living every fall betting on college football. He is personally much above the class of the ordinary gambler, but he is a gambler none the less. This man knows college football and college football psychology so well that he generally finishes the season with more than merely comfortable winnings. In doing this he is, of course, favored by the propensity of college men to bet at least something on their own. team even when it appears to have very little chance of victory.

I asked him what he thought of pro

fessional football. His reply was char

acteristic: "What? Me bet on that game? Whaddya think I am? A dummy? Who'd ya git that professional stuff off of? Take it from me, it's boloney."

A white-haired, quiet, well-dressed man approached me one day in the course of the football season. I knew him to be a retired bookmaker, prizefight promoter, manager of boxers, wrestlers, and even many years ago mixed up with the crookedest of all sports, the professional runners and walkers. He conducts to-day a legitimate, respectable, and profitable business, which is why I do not mention his name.

"Do you think," he asked, "you could possibly get me a chance to buy one good seat for the Harvard-Princeton game?"

"Why," I replied, "I thought you went only to professional sports. What's the idea of wanting to see this game?"

"My friend," he said, "listen; I am going for pleasure, and when I go for pleasure I want to see something that I know to be on the level."

The thorough "de-granging" of football is well on its way, and this will have an influence on other amateur sports that are threatened from time to time.

A

By DAVID F. HOUSTON

CHANGE has been taking place

in the ownership of industry in the United States. It is highly significant. It has come silently and it has come quickly. It has come so silently and so quickly that even many close observers have not noted it or fully appreciated it. Demagogues and professional reformers, of course, have not observed it, and they continue to direct their attack at conditions which have largely passed.

This change is from family or limited ownership of big business enterprises to widely diffused or popular ownership. It has been made possible by the appearance of incorporated businesses. Broadly speaking, corporate organizations did not appear in this country until after the Civil War; and they have had their largest development within the last generation. In 1890 individual and firm manufacturers listed in the Census produced a total value of a little more than $5,000,000,000, while incorporated manufacturing enterprises, numbering 40,743, produced $7,733,000,000 worth of commodities, or about 59 per cent. Between 1904 and 1919 it is estimated that corporate manufacturing organizations increased more than 80 per cent; and therefore, while individual enterprises in 1919, numbering 138,000, produced $3,500,000,000 worth of commodities, incorporated businesses, numbering 91,000, produced approximately $55,000,000,000 worth, or nearly 80 per cent. It is probably safe to say that to-day 90 per cent of the business of manufacturing, mining, and quarrying, and of railroads, public utilities, and banks, is carried on by corporations.

These corporate organizations, with their enormous resources and output, so far from shutting the door of opportunity to people of small means, and particularly the laborers, have, as a matter of fact opened the door of opportunity to them and furnished them a chance to become owners. In earlier days, when business was transacted by individuals or firms, there was no desire on the part of the owners to admit outsiders to the

1 See editorial comment elsewhere.-The Editors.

businesses. The public was not invited to become interested; and very few people of small means had the funds required for participation. Towards the close of the last century a number of the large concerns began to seek to increase the number of those financially interested in them. Progress was made in this direction, but it was small compared with that which was made during the World War and which has been increasingly witnessed since the war.

The operations of many businesses are now on a vast scale. They necessitate large amounts of new capital for development. Since the war the incomes of big investors, in large measure, have been taken by the Government through taxation. The experience of the Government in floating Liberty Bonds demonstrated that there are vast sums in the hands of the small investors of the Nation which can be attracted to sound productive enterprises; and therefore managers of big businesses, desiring to broaden their financial foundation, have more and financial foundation, have more and more recognized the necessity and wisdom of appealing to the small investors. It has become the settled policy of many corporate businesses to promote their ownership, not only by their own employees, but also by the public generally. They have devised special plans and machinery to interest employees and investors and to aid them to become owners and capitalists.

N this movement the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and its Associated Companies of the Bell System have been leaders. The Bell System has as its settled policy not only to invite its own employees but also people generally to become owners in the Sys

tem.

The American Telephone and Telegraph Company organized the Bell Telephone Securities Company to aid small investors especially to become its owners. With the co-operation of the Associated Companies of the Bell System, the Securities Company has been presenting the facts concerning the stock of the American Telephone and Telegraph

Company to investors, indicating its safety as an investment and how it can be purchased in the market. Under the plans formulated, it facilitates the purchase of such stock either for single cash payments or in installments. The purchase of the stock in the market or its acquisition through the purchase of rights in the case of new issues are normally the only ways in which the public may become owners in the American company, since, under the law of New York State, in which the company is incorporated, new issues of stock must be offered to old stockholders.

THE

HE results of the System's efforts to interest the public in becoming owners have been striking. Within the last four years five of the Associated Companies have offered preferred stock to the public within their territories. In the aggregate there was offered by them approximately $65,000,000 worth. In three

of the territories-the Southwestern Bell

Telephone Company, the Wisconsin Telephone Company, and the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Baltimore City-banks and investment houses co-operated in the distribution of the stock. Using all their normal machinery to reach their clients, they took applications from 8,288 investors, while the employees in the three companies concerned took applications from 44,400 people. In the case of the other two companies-the New York Telephone Company and the Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania—applications were taken only by the employIn a very few days, through the employees, 197,264 persons applied for 1,421,599 shares. In the five preferred stock operations 249,960 small investors applied for a total of 1,806,219 shares.

ees.

At the beginning, in the work of aiding small investors to secure stock of the American Company in the market, they were told that they could secure the aid of bankers and brokers and purchase the stock through them. It soon developed that very few people had experience in dealing in securities, and had few or no banking connections or experience. Peo