impropriation 2. In Eng. eccles. law: (a) The act of putting the revenues of a benefice into the hands of a layman or lay corporation. Impropriation, which was executed chiefly under Henry VIII., includes the obligation to provide for the performance of the spiritual duties of the parish from the impropriated revenues. To make an Impropriation, there was to be the Consent of the Incumbent, the Patron, and the King; then 'twas confirmed by the Pope. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 109. Appropriation is the term for the possession of a benefice by a spiritual corporation, impropriation for its possession by a layman. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 209. (b) That which is impropriated, as ecclesiastical property. With impropriations he hath turned preaching into private masses. Latimer, 6th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549. These impropriations were in no one instance, I be lieve, restored to the parochial clergy. Hallam. impropriator (im-pro'pri-a-tor), n. [= Pg. impropriador, ML. impropriator, impropriare, take as one's own: see impropriate.] One who impropriates; especially, in Eng. eccles. law, a layman who holds possession of the lands of the church or of an ecclesiastical living. While sacrilege abounds, while impropriators are seizing each their four or six or more parishes, and giving the cure of souls to their grooms or bailifs. = Bucer, in Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., xvii. This design he thought would be more easily carried on if some rich impropriators could be prevailed upon to restore to the Church some part of her revenues, which they had too long retained. R. Nelson, Bp. Bull. impropriety (im-pro-pri'e-ti), n.; pl. improprieties (-tiz). [< F. impropriété Pr. improprietat = Sp. impropiedad, impropriedad = Pg. impropriedade = It. impropietà, improprietà, L. improprieta(t-)s, inproprieta(t-)s, impropriety, <improprius, inproprius, improper: see improperl. Cf. improperty.] 1. The quality of being improper; unfitness or unsuitableness to character, time, place, or circumstances; unseemliness: as, impropriety of language or behavior. Elizabeth, however, had never been blind to the impropriety of her father's behavior as a husband. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, xlii. 2. That which is improper; an erroneous or unsuitable expression, act, etc. ... This was the sum of my speech, delivered with great improprieties and hesitation. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 3. =Syn. 1. Indelicacy, unseemliness.-2. Mistake, blunder, slip. Barbarism, Solecism, Impropriety. In treatises on rhetorical style these words have distinct meanings. "Purity implies three things. Accordingly in three different ways it may be injured. First, the words used may not be English. This fault hath received from grammarians the denomination of barbarism. Secondly, the construction of the sentence may not be in the English idiom. This hath gotten the name of solecism. Thirdly, the words and phrases may not be employed to express the precise meaning which custom hath affixed to them. This is termed impropriety." (G. Campbell, Philos. of Rhetoric, ii. 3, Pref.) "In the forms of words, a violation of purity is a barbarism; in the constructions, a viola, tion of purity is a solecism; in the meanings of words and phrases, a violation of purity is an impropriety." (A. Phelps, Eng. Style, i.) Examples of barbarisms in English are heft, pled, proven, systemize; of solecism, "Who did you see?" of improprieties, "There let him lay" (Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 180), and the use of enormity for enor mousness, or of exceptionable for exceptional. improsperity+ (im-pros-per'i-ti), n. [< OF. improsperite; as improsper-ous+ -ity, after prosperity.] Lack of prosperity or success. The prosperity or improsperity of a man, or his fate here, does not entirely depend upon his own prudence or imprudence. Jortin, On Eccles. Hist. improsperoust (im-pros'pèr-us), a. [= F. improspère Sp. impróspero = Pg. It. improspero, L. improsper, inprosper, not fortunate, inpriv. + prosper, fortunate: see prosperous.] Unprosperous. = Now seuen revolving years are wholly run, Since this improsperous voyage we begun. Dryden, Eneid, v. improsperouslyt (im-pros'pèr-us-li), adv. Unprosperously. The with'ring leaves improsp'rously doth cast. Drayton, Legend of Matilda. improvability (im-pro-va-bil'i-ti), n. [<improvable: see -bility.] The state or quality of being improvable; susceptibility of improvement, or of being made better, or of being used to advantage. improvable (im-pro'va-bl), a. [< improvel + Man is accommodated with moral principles, improva 3021 2. That may be used to advantage or for the The essays of weaker heads afford improvable hints to improvableness (im-prö'va-bl-nes), n. Improv- improvably (im-prö'va-bli), adv. So as to be Where lands lye in common unfenced, if one man shall Mass. Colony Laws, etc. (§ 7, A. D. 1642), quoted in Pick- 2. To turn to advantage or account; use profit- His [Chaucer's] Englysh well alowed, There is no English voyd. Skelton, Philip Sparow. Ann Cole... was taken with very strange fits, wherein one. It is quite as difficult to improve a victory as to win A lake behind II. intrans. 1. To grow better in any way; We take care to improve in our frugality and diligence. He does not consider in whose hands his money will reign. Milner. To improve on or upon, to make additions or amend ments to; bring nearer to perfection or completeness. improvidence Erasmus hath improved many false books, which ye have feigned and put forth in the name of St. Jerome, Augustine, Cyprian, Dionyse, and of other. Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1850), p. 135. emprovement, enprowement, empruement, enprueimprovement (im-prövʼment), n. [<OF. (AF.) ment, var. of aprowement, etc., improvement: see approvement2 and improve1.] 1. The act of improving or making better, or the state of being made better; advancement or increase in any good quality; betterment. The improvement of the ground is the most natural obtaining of riches. Bacon, Riches. This gift of God... was capable of improvement by industry, and of defailance by neglect. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 268. There is no faculty whatever that is not capable of imHuxley, Origin of Species, p. 146. provement. 2. Profitable use or employment; practical or advantageous application: as, the improvement of one's time. The concluding part of a discourse or sermon, enforcing the practical use or applica tion of the principles taught, was formerly called the improvement. It only remains that I conclude with a few words of farther improvement. Doddridge, Funeral Sermons, ii. They might be kept close together, both for more saftie and defence, and ye better improvement of ye generall imployments. Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 168. I shall make some improvement of this doctrine. Tillotson. Improvement as applied to the conclusion of a sermon is now obsolete, and was always a technicality of the pulpit only. A. Phelps, Eng. Štyle, p. 370. 3. Use; practice; indulgence. [Rare.] The corruption of men's manners by the habitual improvement of this vicious principle. South, Works, V. i. 4. A betterment; that by which the value or excellence of a thing is enhanced; a beneficial or valuable change or addition. In patent law an improvement is an addition to or change in some specific machine or contrivance, by which the same effects are produced in a better manner than before, or new effects are produced. An improvement in real property is something done or added to it which increases its value, as cultivation or the erection of or addition to buildings. This place [Gethsemane] was formerly covered with olive-trees, but it is now without any improvement. Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 24. But my aunt's bell rings for our afternoon's walk round the improvements. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, i. 1. I know of only one example of its use in England) in the purely American sense, and that is, "a very good improvement for a mill" in the "State Trials " (Speech of the Attorney-General in the Lady Ivy's case, 1684). Lowell, Biglow Papers, Int. Policy of internal improvements, in U. S. hist., the policy of constructing or developing roads, canals, harbors, rivers, etc., at national expense. The question at one time (about 1820-60) entered largely into politics, and the policy was on principle opposed by the Democrats as an undue stretch of the Constitution, and supported by the Whigs. Particular applications of it, however, have been favored by members of all parties, and for a long period for the improvement of rivers and harbors, and similar large appropriations have been made, generally each year, works. improver (im-pröʻvèr), n. 1. One who or that which improves. Cold and nakedness, stripes and imprisonments, racks and torments, are these the improvers of an excellent constitution? Stillingfleet, Sermons, I. ix. Chalk is a very great improver of most lands. Mortimer, Husbandry. 2. One who labors at a trade for the purpose of increasing his knowledge or skill, and who accepts the opportunity of improvement as compensation in whole or in part for services rendered.-3. A pad or cushion worn by women with the object of improving the figure or the hang of a dress; a bustle. improvidedt (im-pro-vi'ded), a. [<in-3 + provided.] 1. Unprovided. He was in ieopardye of his lyfe, and all improuided for improve2+ (im-pröv'), v. t. [A var. of approve1, 2. Unforeseen; unexpected. = The most improv'd young soldier of seven kingdoms. Middleton and Rowley, Fair Quarrel, ii. 1. improve3+ (im-pröv'), v. t. [< F. improuver Sp. Pg. improvar It. improvare, L. improbare, inprobare, disapprove: see improbate.] To disapprove; censure; blame. = None of the phisitions that have any judgement im- = = She suborned hath The house is gone; Wordsworth, Excursion, vii. =Syn. Imprudence, carelessness, thoughtlessness, shiftlessness, unthrift. See wisdom. improvident improvident (im-prov'i-dent), a. [= Pg. improvidente, <L. *improviden(t-)s, *inproviden(t-)s (in deriv.improvidentia and contr. impruden(t-)s: see imprudent), equiv. to improvidus (> It. Pg. improvido Sp. impróvido), unforesighted, < inpriv. + providus, foresighted: see provident.] Not provident; wanting foresight; neglecting to provide for future needs or exigencies; unthrifty. far before them, and prefer such things as are agreeable for the present. The followers of Epimetheus are improvident, see not Bacon, Physical Fables, ii., Expl. When men well have fed, the blood being warm, Then are they most improvident of harm. Daniel. The colonists... abandoned themselves to improvident idleness. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 106. =Syn. Imprudent, shiftless, careless, prodigal. See wisdom. With improvidently (im-prov'i-dent-li), adv. improving (im-prö'ving), n. [Verbal n. of im- improving (im-prö'ving), p. a. Tending to cause Poverty in rhyme is one of the reasons why the talent of improvisation, so common and so astonishingly developed in degree in Italy, is almost unknown in England and among ourselves. 3022 Charles attempted to improvise a peace. Motley. dances, and improvise the poetry of motion. Howells, Venetian Life, xvii. II. intrans. To compose verses or music ex- Theodore Hook improvised in a wonderful way that even- One improviser (im-pro-vi'zèr or -vēʼzėr), n. The sad accidents which afterwards happened did not improvisot (im-pro-vi'sō), a. [< L. improviso, = imprudent (im-prö'dent), a. [= F. imprudent And thus, by the imprudent and foolish hardines of the The spirit of the person was to be declared caitive and G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xxiii. 2. A product of extemporaneous composition; an impromptu poem or musical performance. Most of the Italian rispetti and stornelli seem to be improvisations; and to improvise in English is as difficult as to improvise in Italian is easy. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 272. He so imprudently demeaned hymselfe that within improvisatize (im-prō-vizʼa-tiz), v.; pret. and shorte space he came into the handes of his mortall eneHall, Hen. VI., an. 39. pp. improvisatized, ppr. improvisatizing. [Irreg. improvisate +-ize.] Same as improvisate. imp-treet (imp ́trē), n. [ME. impe tre, ympe tre; improvisator (im-prov'i-sa-tor), n. [= F. im- <imp + tree.] A grafted tree. provisateur Pg. improvisador It. improvvisatore, NL. *improvisator,< *improvisare, improvise: see improvise.] One who improvises; an improviser. improvisatore, n. Same as improvisator. improvisatorial (im-pro-viz-a-tō'ri-al), a. [< improvisator +-al.] Relating to or having the power of extemporary composition, as of rimes or poems. Hence, in the deepest and truest sense, Scott, often called the most improvisatorial, is the least improvisatorial of writers. Athenæum, No. 3068, p. 197. improvisatory (im-pro-viz'a-tō-ri), a. Same as improvisatorial. viser = = = That improvisatory knack at repartee for which he [Samuel Foote] was already conspicuous in certain fashionable circles. Jon Bee, Essay on Samuel Foote. improvise (im-pro-vīz′ or -vēz′), v.; pret. and pp. improvised, ppr. improvising. [< F. improSp. Pg. improvisar It. improvvisare, NL. *improvisare, improvise, < L. improvisus, inprovisus (> It. improvviso Sp. Pg. improviso), unforeseen, in- priv. + provisus, pp. of providere, foresee: see provide, provise.] I. trans. 1. To compose and recite or sing without premeditation; speak or perform extemporaneously, especially verse or music.—2. To do or perform anything on the spur of the moment for a special occasion; contrive or bring about in an offhand way. mies. Loke, dame, to morwe thatow be impugnation Come, leave the loathed stage, And the more loathsome Age, B. Jonson, Just Indignation of the Author. Fletcher (and another), False One, iv. 3. impudent (im'pu-dent), a. [< ME. impudent With that a joyous fellowship issewd A woman impudent and mannish grown 2. Offensively forward in behavior; intention- Nor that the calumnious reports of that impudent detractor... hath at all attached, much less dejected me. B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1. 3. Manifesting impudence; exhibiting or characterized by disrespect toward or disregard of others. There is not so impudent a thing in Nature as the sawcy Look of an assured Man, confident of Success. Congreve, Way of the World, iv. 5. Apartments so decorated can have been meant only for people for whom life was impudent ease and comH. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 203. fort. =Syn. 2. Bold, bold-faced, brazen-faced, presumptuous, pert, rude, saucy. See impudence. impudently (im'pu-dent-li), adv. In an impudent manner; insolently. At once assail With open mouths, and impudently rail. Sandys. impudicity (im-pu-dis'i-ti), n. [< F. impudi cité, ML. *impudicita(t-)s; equiv. to It. impudicizia = Sp. Pg. impudicicia, L. impudicitia, inpudicitia, immodesty; < impudicus, inpudicus, immodest, in- priv. + pudicus, modest, < pudere, feel shame.] Lack of pudicity; immodesty; shamelessness. = Sir Orfeo, quoted in Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 189. Apparently it is her sleeping under an ympe (or graft ed) tree that gives the fairies power over Heurodys. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 190. [<L. impubes, inimpuberal (im-pūʼbe-ral), a. pubes (-puber-), not grown up (< in- priv. + Many of them full of impudicitie and ribaudrie. pubes (puber-), grown up: see puberty), +-al.] Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 85. Not having reached puberty. [Rare.] impugn (im-pun'), v. t. [Formerly also empugn; In impuberal animals the cerebellum is, in proportion ME. impugnen, inpugnen, ‹ OF. (also F.) imto the brain proper, greatly less than in adult. =Pr. impugnar, enpugnar, empunhar : pugner Sir W. Hamilton. Sp. Pg. impugnar = It. impugnare, impungare, impuberty (im-pu'bėr-ti), n. [< in-3 + puber- L. impugnare, inpugnare, attack, assail, imreached the age of puberty. ty. Cf. impuberal.] The state of not having pugn, in, on, against, + pugnare, fight, < pugna, a fight: see pugnacious. Cf. expugn, opimpubic (im-pu'bik), a. [< L. impubes, inpu- pugn.] To attack by words or arguments; bes, not grown up, + -ic.] Below the age of contradict; assail; call in question; gainsay. puberty. impudence (im'pū-dens), n. [<ME. impudence, OF. (also F.) impudence Sp. Pg. impudencia shamelessness, impuden(t-)s, inpuden(t-)s, It. impudenza, L. impudentia, inpudentia, shameless: see impudent.] The character or quality of being impudent. (a) Want of modesty; shamelessness; indelicacy. = King. What dar'st thou venture? And which [what sort of] a pardoun Peres hadde alle the peple to conforte, And how the prest impugned it with two propre wordes. Piers Plowman (B), vii. 147. The Commons were insisting on severer measures against heresy, and still were impugning the laws and courts, by which only heresy could be extirpated. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 282. impugnable (im-pù'na-bl), a. [= Sp. impugnable = It. impugnabile; as impugn + -able.] Capable of being impugned. impugnation (im-pug-na'shọn), n. [= F. impugnation = Pr. Sp. impugnacion = Pg. impug impugnation nação = It. impugnazione, < L. impugnatio(n-), inpugnatio(n-), an attack, < impugnare, inpugnare, attack: see impugn.] Assault; opposition; contradiction. [Rare.] The fifth is a perpetual impugnation and self-conflict, either part labouring to oppose and vanquish the other. Bp. Hall, Remedy of Discontentment, § 18. No one can object any thing to purpose against præexistence from the unconceivableness of it, until he know the particular frame of the hypothesis, without which all impugnations relating to the manner of the thing will be wide of the mark, and but little to the business. Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, iv. impugner (im-pūʼnėr), n. One who impugns; one who opposes or contradicts. I mean not only the seditious libellers, but impugners of the king's regalities. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 99. impugnment (im-pun'ment), n. [<impugn + -ment.] The act of impugning, or the state of being impugned. [Rare.] It must not be an impugnment to his manhood that he cried like a child. E. Howard, Jack Ashore, xlvii. impuissancet (im-pū'i-sans), n. [ F. impuissance, impuissant, powerless: see impuissant.] Powerlessness; impotence; feebleness. As he would not trust Ferdinando and Maximilian for supports of war, so the impuissance of the one, and the double proceeding of the other, lay fair for him for occasions to accept of peace. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII. John de la Casse was a genius of fine parts and fertile fancy; and yet... he lay under an impuissance, at the same time, of advancing above a line and a half in the compass of a whole summer's day. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, v. 16. impuissantt (im-pu'i-sant), a. [<F. impuissant, powerless, in- priv. + puissant, powerful: see puissant.] Powerless; impotent; feeble. Craving your honour's pardon for so long a letter, carrying so empty an offer of so impuissant a service, but yet a true and unfeigned signification of an honest and vowed duty, I cease. Bacon, To the Lord Treasurer Burghley. impulse (im'puls, formerly im-puls'), n. Sp. Pg. It. impulso, < L. impulsus, inpulsus, a push, pressure, incitement, impellere, inpellere, pp. impulsus, inpulsus, push on, impel: see impel. 1. Force communicated suddenly; the effect of an impelling force; a thrust; a push. To-day I saw the dragon-fly.... The sensation of red is produced by imparting to the optic nerve four hundred and seventy-four millions of millions of impulses per second. Tyndall, Light and Elect., p. 66. A shuttlecock which has its entire state of motion suddenly changed by the impulse of the battledore. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 76. Specifically-2. In mech.: (a) An infinite force or action enduring for an infinitely short time, so as to produce a finite momentum. Strictly speaking, there is no such natural force; but mathematicians find it convenient to treat such actions as the blow of a hammer as if of this nature. (b) The resultant of all such forces acting on a body at any instant, resolved into a couple and a force along the axis of that couple. (c) The momentum produced by a force in any time. The product of the time of action of a force into its in tensity if it is constant, or its mean intensity if it is variable, is called the Impulse of the force. Clerk Maxwell, Matter and Motion, art. xlix. 3. A stimulation of the mind to action; the impelling force of appetite, desire, aversion, or other emotion; especially, a sudden disposition to perform some act which is not the result of reflection; sudden determination. He abandoned himself to the impulse of the moment, whether for good or evil. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 19. innate promptings of activity in which there is no clear The term impulse (Trieb) is commonly confined to those representation of a pleasure, and consequently no distinct J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 580. Does he take inspiration from the Church, Directly make her rule his law of life? Not he: his own mere impulse guides the man. Browning, Ring and Book, II. 225. desire. 3023 = impurity Impulse of a motion, the system of impulsive forces impuniblet (im-pūʼni-bl), a. [= Pg. impunivel required to produce the motion, compounded into a single It. impunibile, not deserving punishment, < vous impulse, the molecular disturbance which travels impulsive wrench.-Impulse-wheel. See wheel.-NerL. in- priv. + ML. punibilis, punishable, L. along a nerve from the point of stimulation. In the con- punire, punish: see punish.] Not punishable. duction of such impulses, which serve as stimuli to pe- impunibly+ (im-pu'ni-bli), adv. Without punripheral or central organs, the function of nerve-fibers con-ishment; with impunity. sists. Syn, 3. Inducement, etc. (see motive), incitement. impulse (im-puls′), v. t.; pret. and pp. impulsed, ppr. impulsing. [L. impulsus, inpulsus, pp. of impellere, inpellere, impel: see impel, v., and impulse, n.] To give an impulse to; incite; instigate. = I leave these prophetesses to God, that knows the heart, of the Lord. = whether they were impulsed like Balaam, Saul, and Caiaphas, to vent that which they could not keep in, or whether they were inspired like Esaias and the prophets Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, ii. 49. impulsion (im-pul'shon), n. [< F. impulsion Pr. impulsio = Sp. impulsion = Pg. impulsão : It. impulsione, L. impulsio(n-), inpulsio(n-), a pushing against, pressure, impellere, inpellere, pp. impulsus, inpulsus, push against: see impel, impulse.] 1. The act of impelling or imparting an impulse; impelling force or action. = Medicine... considereth the causes of diseases, with the occasions or impulsions. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 193. Beau, and F., Thierry and Theodoret, ii. 1. 2. Moving or inciting influence on the mind; instigation; impulse. Thou didst plead Divine impulsion prompting how thou mightst Find some occasion to infest our foes. Milton, S. A., 1. 422. Surely it was something in woman's shape that rose before him with all the potent charm of noble impulsion that is hers as much through her weakness as her strength. Lowell, Wordsworth. impulsive (im-pul'siv), a. and n. [= F. impulsif Pr. impulsiu Sp. Pg. It. impulsivo; driving or impelling; moving; impellent. as impulse +-ive.] I. a. 1. Having the power of = His quick eye, fixed heavily and dead, Poor men! poor papers! We and they Do some impulsive force obey. Prior. 2. Actuated or controlled by impulses; swayed by the emotions: as, an impulsive child.-3. Resulting from impulse: as, impulsive movements or gestures.-4. In mech., acting by instantaneous impulse, not continuously: said of forces. See force1, 8 (a). =Syn. 2. Rash, quick, hasty, passionate. II. n. That which impels; impelling cause or reason. [Rare.] Every need is an impulsive to this holy office. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 225. impulsively (im-pul'siv-li), adv. In an impulsive manner; by impulse. impulsiveness (im-pul'siv-nes), n. The character of being impulsive or actuated by impulse. That want of impulsiveness which distinguishes the Saxon. G. H. Lewes, Ranthorpe. impulsort (im-pul'sor), n. [=OF. impulseur,<L. impulsor, inpulsor, one who impels, impellere, inpellere, pp. impulsus, inpulsus, impel: see impel, impulse.] One who or that which impels. The greater compression is made by the union of two impulsors. Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, ii. Unable to account for his impunctuality, some of his 4. Any communication of force; any compel- intimates were dispatched in quest of him. ling action; instigation. impunctured (im-pungk'türd), a. Same as impunctate. Meantime, by Jove's impulse, Mezentius armed Succeeded Turnus. Dryden, Æneid, x. 976. He [Dean Stanley] was a constant preacher, and gave a impunet (im-pun'), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. impune, great impulse to the practice already begun of inviting dis-L. impunis, without punishment, in- priv, +pana, punishment, penalty: see pain, penal.] Unpunished. tinguished preachers to the abbey. Encyc. Brit., XXII. 452. 5. A mental impression; an idea. [Rare.] I had always a strong impulse that I should some time recover my liberty. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 8. 6. Shock; onset. [Rare.] Unmov'd the two united Chiefs abide, Prior, Ode to Queen Anne (1706), st. 13. The breach of our national statutes can not go impune by the plea of ignorance. Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 235. impunelyt (im-pūn'li), adv. Without punishment. Nares. Thou sinn'st impunely, but thy fore-man paid realised. The impunity with which outrages were committed in the ill-lit and ill-guarded streets of London during the first half of the eighteenth century can now hardly be Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., iii. 2. Freedom or exemption from injury, suffering, or discomfort. The thistle, as is well known, is the national emblem of Scotland, and the national motto is very appropriate, being "Nemo me impune lacesset," Nobody shall provoke me with impunity. Brande. impuration (im-pu-rā'shọn), n. [< L. *impuratio(n-), impurare, make impure: see impure, v.] The act of making impure. illumined with the saving doctrine of Jesus Christ, may And for these happy regions, which are comfortably it please you to forbid their impuration by the noysome fogges and mists of those mis-opinions, whose very principles are professedly rebellious. Bp. Hall, Christ and Cæsar. impure (im-pur′), a. [= F. impur = Sp. Pg. It. impuro, L. impurus, inpurus, not pure, inpriv. + purus, pure: see pure.] 1. Not pure physically; mixed or impregnated with extraneous, and especially with offensive, matter; foul; feculent; tainted: as, impure water or air; impure salt or magnesia. Breathing an impure atmosphere injures the mind as well as the body. Huxley and Youmans, Physiol., § 395. 2. Not simple or unmixed; mixed or combined with something else: said of immaterial things. Unless one surface of the prism be covered by an opaque plate, with a narrow slit in it parallel to the edge of the prism, the spectrum produced in this way is very impure, e. the spaces occupied by the various homogeneous rays overlap one another. P. G. Tait, Encyc. Brit., XIV. 593. 3. Not pure morally; unchaste; obscene; lewd: as, impure language or ideas; impure actions. Mine eyes, like sluices, Shall gush pure streams to purge my impure tale. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1078. One could not devise a more proper hell for an impure spirit than that which Plato has touched upon. Addison. 4. Of a contaminating nature; causing defilement, physical or moral; unclean; abominable. Defaming as impure what God declares Pure, and commands to some, leaves free to all. Milton, P. L., iv. 746. The notion that there is something impure and defiling, even in a just execution, is one which may be traced through many ages, and executioners, as the ministers of the law, have been from very ancient times regarded as unholy. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 41. 5. Not in conformity with a standard of correctness, simplicity, etc.: as, an impure style of writing.-Impure syllogism, a syllogism which involves an immediate inference. Syn. 1. Dirty, filthy.— impuret (im-pür'), v. [L. *impurare (in pp. 2. Coarse, gross, ribald, vulgar, immodest, bawdy. impuratus), make impure, < impurus, inpurus, impure: see impure, a.] I. trans. To make impure; defile. self grew so void of sincerity, and the greatest shows of What longer suffering could there be, when Religion it purity were impur'd? Milton, Hist. Eng., v. II. intrans. To grow impure. Davies. Pure, in she [the soul] came; there living, Shee impures; And suffers there a thousand Woes the while. Sylvester, tr. of P. Mathieu's Memorials of Mortality. impurely (im-pur'li), adv. In an impure manner; with impurity. impureness (im-pür'nes), n. The quality or condition of being impure; impurity. Impuritant (im-pu'ri-tan), n. [< in-3 + Puritan.] One who is not a Puritan. [Rare.] If those who are tearmed Rattle-heads and Impuritans would take up a Resolution to begin in moderation of haire, to the just reproach of those that are called Puritans and Round-heads, I would honour their manlinesse. N. Ward, Simple Cobler, p. 32. impurity (im-pūʼri-ti), n.; pl. impurities (-tiz). [= F. impureté Pr. impuritat = Sp. impuridad = Pg. impuridade = It. impurità, ‹ L. impurita(t-)s, inpurita(t-)s, impurity, < impurus, înpu = = impurity rus, impure: see impure.] 1. The condition or quality of being impure, in either a physical or a moral sense. The soul of a man grown to an inward and real impurity. Milton, Divorce, ií. 6. Our Saviour, to shew how much God abhors Impurity, declares that the unmortified Desires and inward Lusts are very displeasing to God; and therefore, that those who hope to see God must be Pure in Heart. Stillingfleet, Sermons, III. vii. 2. That which is or makes impure, physically or morally: as, impurities in a liquid. But no perfection is so absolute That some impurity doth not pollute. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 854. =Syn. 1. Uncleanness, dirtiness, filthiness; immodesty, ribaldry, grossness, vulgarity. impurple, c. t. See empurple. imputability (im-pū-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. imputabilité Sp. imputabilidad Pg. imputabilidade; as imputable + -ity: see -bility.] The character of being imputable. = If now we can say what is commonly presupposed by imputability, we shall have accomplished the first part of our undertaking, by the discovery of what responsibility means for the people. F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies, p. 5. imputable (im-pūʼta-bl), a. [= F. imputable = Sp. imputable = Pg. imputavel = It. imputabile; as impute +-able.] 1. That may be imputed, charged, or ascribed; attributable. These [sins), I say, in the law were imputable, but they were not imputed. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 434. This circumstance is chiefly imputable to the constancy of the national legislature. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., Int. 2t. Accusable; chargeable with fault. The fault lies at his door, and she is in no wise imputable. Ayliffe, Parergon. imputableness (im-pū ́ta-bl-nes), î. The quality of being imputable; imputability. = 'Tis necessary to the imputableness of an action that it be avoidable. Norris. imputably (im-pu'ta-bli), adv. By imputation. imputation (im-pu-tā'shon), n. [= F. imputation = Sp. imputacion Pg. imputação = It. imputazione, LL. imputatio(n-), inputatio(n-), a charge, an account, imputare, inputare, charge, impute: see impute.] 1. The act of imputing or charging; attribution; ascription: as, the imputation of wrong motives. If I had a suit to Master Shallow, I would humour his men with the imputation of being near their master. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 1. This [self-conscious volition] is the condition of imputation and responsibility, and here begins the proper moral life of the self. F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies, p. 267. 2. That which is imputed or charged; specifically, an attribution of something censurable or evil; censure; reproach. Truly I must needs lay an imputation of great discretion upon myselfe. Coryat, Crudities, I. 189. Let us be careful to guard ourselves against these groundless imputations of our enemies, and to rise above them. Addison. Doctrine of imputation, in theol., the doctrine that the sin of Adam is attributed or laid to the charge of his posterity, so that they are treated as guilty because of it, and that the righteousness of Christ is attributed or cred ited to the believer, so that he is treated as righteous be cause of it. Mediate imputation, the doctrine that not the guilt, but only the consequences of Adam's sin, attach to his descendants. imputative (im-pu'ta-tiv), a. [= F. imputatif = Sp. Pg. imputativo, ‹ LL. imputativus, charging, accusatory, L. imputare, charge, impute: see impute.] Coming by imputation; imputed. Some say they have imputative faith; but then so let the sacrament be too: that is, if they have the parents' faith, then so let baptism be imputed also by derivation from them. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 394. The fourth is the imputative righteousness of Christ, either exploded or not rightly understood. R. Nelson, Bp. Bull. imputatively (im-pu'ta-tiv-li), adv. By imputation. impute (im-pūt'), v. t.; pret. and pp. imputed, ppr. imputing. [< F. imputer = Sp. Pg. imputar It. imputare, L. imputare, inputare, enter into the account, reckon, set to the account of, attribute, in, in, to, + putare, estimate, reckon: see putative. Cf. compute, depute, repute.] 1. To charge; attribute; ascribe; reckon as pertaining or attributable. = 3024 We impute deep-laid, far-sighted plans to Cæsar and Napoleon; but the best of their power was in nature, not in them. Emerson, Spiritual Laws. 2. To reckon as chargeable or accusable; charge; tax; accuse. [Rare.] All that I say is certain; if you fail, Do not impute ine with it; I am clear. Fletcher (and another), Noble Gentleman, i. 1. And they, sweet soul, that most impute a crime, Are pronest to it, and impute themselves. Tennyson, Merlin. 3. To attribute vicariously; ascribe as derived from another: used especially in theology. See doctrine of imputation, under imputation. Thy merit Imputed shall absolve them who renounce Their own both righteous and unrighteous deeds. Milton, P. L., iii. 291. 4. To take account of; reckon; regard; consider. [Rare.] If we impute this last humiliation as the cause of his death. Gibbon. Imputed malice. See malice.-Imputed quality, in metaph., the power of a body to affect the senses, as color, smell, etc. Secondary and imputed qualities, which are but the powers of several combinations of those primary ones, when they operate without being distinctly discerned. Locke. = = = = = = =Syn. Attribute, Ascribe, Refer, etc. See attribute. imputer (im-pū ́tėr), n. One who imputes or attributes. imputrescible (im-pu-tres'i-bl), a. [<im-3 + putrescible.] Not putrescible; not subject to putrefaction or corruption. imrigh, imrich (im'rich), n. [< Gael. eanraich, soup.] A sort of strong soup, made of parts of the ox, used in the Highlands of Scotland. A strapping Highland damsel placed before Waverley, Evan, and Donald Bean, three cogues or wooden vessels containing imrich. Scott, Waverley, xvii. in1 (in), prep. and adv. [With the simple form in became merged in later ME. and early mod. E. several deriv. forms, inne, etc. I. prep. (a) OFries. D. MLG. LG. ME. in, yn, ‹ AS. in OHG. MHG. G. in Icel. i Sw. Dan. i = Goth. in OIr. in W. yn = L. in = Gr. Ev, iví, dial. iv, in; related to Gr. àvá = Goth. ana OHG. ana, MHG. ane, an, G. an = AS. an, on, E. on: see on1, and cf. in2, an-1, ana-, in-1, in-2, etc. (b)< ME. inne, ine, earlier innen, AS innan, in, within, OS. innan = OFries. inna = OHG. innana, innan, innena, MHG. G. innen = Icel. innan: Dan. inden, inde = Sw. innan, inne = Goth. innana, from within, within. (c) <ME. inne, < AS. inne = OS. inne = OFries. inne = OHG. inna, inni, inne, MHG. G. inne, within, etc. II. adv. (a) ME, in, ‹ AS. in OS. OFries. in OHG. MHG. in, also, with lengthened vowel, OHG. MHG. în, G. ein = Icel. inn = Sw. in = Dan. ind Goth. inn, adv., in. (b) < ME. inne, innen, < AS. innan, etc. (c) < ME. inne, < AS. inne = Goth. inna, etc.: in forms similar to those of the prep. See I. With these are associated numerous other deriv. forms. In early use (AS. and early ME.) the prep. in was often interchangeable with the related on, which was indeed generally used in AS. where in now appears. In ME. and mod. poet. and dial. use, in G. dial., and reg. in Scand., the prep. in is reduced to i, in present E. commonly printed.] I. prep. A word used to express the relation of presence, existence, situation, inclusion, action, etc., within limits, as of place, time, condition, circumstances, etc. 1. Of place or situation: (a) Within the bounds or limits of; within: as, in the house; in the city; to keep a subject in mind. His word was in mine heart as a burning fire. Jer. xx. 9. These letters lay above fourteen days in the bay, and some moved the governour to open them. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 359. The king pitched his tents in a plantation of olives, on the banks of the river. Irving, Granada, p. 66. Ordinary language justifies us in speaking of the soul as in the body, in some sense in which this term does not apply to any other collection of material atoms. G. T. Ladd, Physiol. Psychology, p. 635. (b) Among; in the midst of. Than the hete was so hoge, harmyt the Grekes, Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), l. 8410. 2. Of time: (a) Of a point of time, or a period taken as a point: At. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. i. 1. in He had of me a chain. In the instant that I met with you, Shak., Č. of E., iv. 1. (b) Of a course or period of time: Within the limits or duration of; during: as, in the present year; in two hours. In the while that kynge Leodogan toke thus his counseile of his knyghtes, entred in the kynge Arthur and his companye in to the Paleise. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 203. Whosoever were vanquished, such as escape vpon their submission in two dayes after should liue. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 135. We left Alexandria in the afternoon. Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 17. (c) Of a limit of time: At the expiration of: as, a note due in three months. In a bond "payable in twenty-five years" means, at the end of that period, not within nor at any time during the period. Anderson, Dict. Law, p. 529. 3. Of action: Under process of; undergoing the process or running the course of: used especially before verbal nouns proper, or the same used participially. Forty and six years was this temple in building. John ii. 20. This space, extending Eastward from Ob, a Russe was a Summer in trauelling, and liued there 6 yeares. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 431. Not much better than that noise or sound which musicians make while they are in tuning their instruments. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, II. xxiv. § 1. The Moorish cavaliers, when not in armor, delighted in dressing themselves in Persian style. Irving, Granada, p. 5. 4. Of being: Within the power, capacity, or possession of: noting presence within as an inherconstituent element or part, or intimacy of reent quality, distinguishing characteristic, or lation: as, he has in him the making of a great man; it is not in her to desert him. At that day ye shall know that I am in my Father, and ye in me, and I in you. John xiv. 20. If any man be in Christ, he is a new creature. 2 Cor. v. 17. Why, thou dissemblest, and It is in me to punish thee. Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iii. 1. But to giue him his due, one wel-furnisht Actor has enough in him for fiue common Gentlemen. Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Player. 5. Of state, condition, circumstance, or manner: In the condition, state, etc., of: as, in sickness and in health; painted in yellow; in arms (armed); in doubt; in very deed; paper in quires; grain in bulk; the party in power. He in the red face had it. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1. Look to my shop; and if there come ever a scholar in black, let him speak with me. Beau. and Fl., Woman-Hater, iii. 3. I am at this instant in the very agonies of leaving college. Gray, Letters, I. 16. Muley Abul Hassan received the cavalier in state, seated on a magnificent divan. Irving, Granada, p. 12. How could I know that your son would arrive in safety? E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 67. 6. Of range, purview, or use: With regard to; within the range of: as, in politics; in theology or philosophy; in botany, etc.-7. Of number, amount, quantity, etc.: (a) Within the body or whole of; existing or contained in: as, there are ten tens in a hundred; four quarts in a gallon; the good men in a community. (b) To the amount of; for or to the payment of, absolutely or contingently: as, to amerce, bind, fine, or condemn in a thousand dollars. Whereupon the Thebans at their returne home condemned euery man in the summe of ten thousand Drachmes. North, tr. of Plutarch, Pelopidas, p. 321. Lord Elibank, a very prating, impertinent Jacobite, was bound for him in nine thousand pounds, for which the Duke is determined to sue him. Walpole, Letters, II. 40. 8. Of material, form, method, etc.: Of; made of; consisting of; with: as, a statue in bronze; a worker in metal; to paint in oils; a book written in Latin; a volume in leather or cloth; music in triple time. . Crispe heris & clene, all in cours yelowe, All the borders blake of his bright ene. Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3968. For I will raise her statue in pure gold. Shak., R. and J., v. 3. It [a newspaper] is in Turkish and Arabic. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 351. But besides these statues in wood and stone, a few in bronze have also been discovered. Lucy M. Mitchell, Hist. Ancient Sculpture, ii. 9. Of means or instruments: By means of; with; by; through. In thee shall all nations be blessed. Gal. iii. 8. in I, very providently preventing the worst, dismounted from my horse, and lead him in my hand. Coryat, Crudities, I. 89. 10. Of cause or occasion: From; because of; on account of; for the sake of: as, to rejoice in an ancient lineage; in the name of God. If tears must be, I should in justice weep 'em, and for you. Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4. Old Ali Atar had watched from his fortress every move. ment of the Christian army, and had exulted in all the errors of its commanders. Irving, Granada, p. 68. Every feature in that marvelous scene delighted him, both in itself and for the sake of the innumerable associations and images which it conjured up. Trevelyan, Macaulay, I. 322. 11. Of end: With respect to; as regards; concerning. And they glorified God in me. Gal. i. 24. For the slaughter committed, they were in great doubt what to do in it. Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 300. There is nothing else I could disobey you in. Sheridan, The Duenna, i. 3. Men adroit In speech, and for communion with the world Accomplished. Wordsworth, Prelude, xiii. 12. Of proportion or partition: From among; out of: as, one in ten. Few in millions Shak., Tempest, ii. 1. 13. Of motion or direction: Into: as, to break a thing in two; to put in operation. I wil the, withouten drede, In suche another place lede. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1914. Hence, villain! never more come in my sight. Shak., Rich. II., v. 2. His Pipe in pieces broke. Congreve, Death of Queen Mary. 14. Of purpose, intent, or result: For; to; by way of: as, to act in self-defense; in conclusion. It is not many years ago since Lapirius, in wrong of his elder brother, came to a great estate by gift of his father. Steele, Spectator, No. 248. In answer to the breath of prayer. Whittier, Cypress-Tree of Ceylon. 15. According to: as, in all likelihood. In all decencie the stile ought to conforme with the nature of the subject. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 126. 16t. Occupied with. he had committed, both since and before he began to be He was much in the troublesome thoughts of the sins a Pilgrim. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 212. 17. On; upon: as, in the whole; in guard: in various archaic uses now more commonly expressed by on. And on this daye it was founden of Helayne in the mounte of caluarye. Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 154. "In condicioun," quod Conscience, "that thow konne defende And rule thi rewme in resoun.' " Piers Plowman (B), xix. 474. In the third day of May, To Carleile did come A kind curteous child. The Boy and the Mantle (Child's Ballads, I. 8). In his returne he discovered the Towne and Country of Warraskoyack. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, I. 156. between buyer and seller, though much labor had been A certain rule could not be found out for an equal rate bestowed in it. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 380. We were forced to cut our mainmast by the board; which so disabled the ship that she could not proceed in her voyage. R. Knox (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 342). In act, actual; existing. In action. (a) See action. (b) In law. See the extract. A thing is said to be in action when it is not in possession, and for its recovery an action is necessary. Rapalje and Lawrence. In act to. See act. In all. See all.-In and for itself, in the Hegelian philos., in the relations and connections which are really essential to it, and developed out of it.— In as far as, to the extent that. Self-fertilization is manifestly advantageous in as far Darwin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 57. In as much as, or inasmuch as, seeing that; considering that; since.-In battery. (a) Prepared for action: said of a field-gun. (b) Having the top carriage run forward to the front end of the chassis: applied to heavy guns in the firing position.-In blank. (a) With blank spaces to be filled out; in outline: as, to issue commissions in blank. (b) With the name only: said of the indorsement of a bill or note by merely writing one's name on it.-In boards, in bookbinding: (a) Having the sideboards laced or tipped to the rounded back, preparatory to covering with cloth or leather. (b) Bound with boards. See board, 11.-In bulk, in the heap; not packed in bags, barrels, boxes, or other separate packages: as, a cargo of grain in bulk.-In course. See course1. as it insures a full supply of seed. In course... it must have been the owner of the chest nut, and no one else. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. 27. In energy, in operation.-In itself (as a thing), apart from what is not essential to it; apart from its relations, = A thing known in itself is the (sole) presentative or in- in2 (in), prep. [L., AS. and E. in, etc.: see in1.] tuitive object of knowledge, or the (sole) object of a presentative or intuitive knowledge. A thing known in and A Latin preposition, cognate with English in. through something else is the primary, mediate, remote, It occurs in many phrases more or less current in English real, existent or represented, object of mediate knowuse, as in loco parentis, in absentia, in esse, in posse, in ledge.... A thing to be known in itself must be known statu quo, etc. as actually existing, and it cannot be known as actually inst, n. An obsolete spelling of inn. existing unless it be known as existing in its when and In. In chem., the symbol for indium. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaphysics, xvii. in. An abbreviation of inch or inches. in-1. [ME. in-, ‹ AS. in- = OS. OFries. D. in= OHG. MHG. G. in-, with long vowel OHG. MHG. in-, G. ein- = Icel. i-, inn- = Dan. ind-= Sw. in--Goth. in- L. in- (E. in-2, q. v.) = Gr. -; being the prep. and adv. in comp.: see in1.] A prefix of Anglo-Saxon origin, being the preposition and adverb in so used. It is ultimately identical with in-2 of Latin origin; but the latter in Eng its where. In that, for the reason that; because. Some things they do in that they are men;... some things in that they are men misled and blinded with error. Hooker, Eccles. Polity. In the abstract, viewed abstractly; not taking account of inessential conditions.-In the concrete, as things are found in the real world. II. adv. 1. In or into some place, position, or state indicated by the context: an elliptical use of the preposition in: as, the master is not in (in the house, or at home); the ship is in (in port); come in (into the room, house, etc.); to keep one's temper in (in restraint, or within bounds). Whiche havyn ys callyd Swafane, in Turkey, And whanne we war inne we cowd nott get owt nor kast our Anker. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 62. They went in to Hezekiah the king. 2 Chron. xxix. 18. Well, would I were in, that I am out with him once. B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 2. I am in, And what was got with cruelty, with blood Must be defended. Fletcher, Double Marriage, i. 2. It being for their advantage to hold in with us, we may safely trust them. Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 133. The old Finn stood already with a fir torch, waiting to light us in. B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 146. 2. Inward; coming in, as to a place. I see that there are three trains in and three out every Trollope, Barchester Towers, p. 29. 3. Close; home. They [left-handed fencers] are in with you, if you offer to fall back without keeping your guard. 4. In law, in possession; in enjoyment; invested: used in expressing the nature or the mode of acquiring an estate, or the right upon which Sabbath. Tatler. a seizin is founded: thus, a tenant is said to be in by the lease of his lessor (that is, his title or estate is derived from the lease).-5. Naut., furled or stowed: said of sails.-6. In advance or in addition; beyond what was the case, was expected, or the like; to the good; thrown in: as, he found himself five dollars in. [Colloq.] And so you have the fight in, gratis. Dickens. 7. Into the bargain: as, ten cents a dozen and one thrown in. [Colloq.]-To be in for (a thing), to be destined to receive, suffer, or do (something); be bent upon or committed to: as, to be in for a beating; to be in for a lark. I was in for a list of blunders. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, iv. To be or keep in with. (a) To be or keep close or near: as, to keep a ship in with the land. (b) To be or keep on terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with. To bind in, come in, give in, etc. See the verbs. To was thrown in. breed in and in. See breed.—To have one's hand in. See hand. To throw in, to add in excess; give beyond what is bargained or paid for: as, the remnant of the piece inl (in), n. [<in1, adv.] 1. A person in office; specifically, in politics, a member of the party in power. And doom'd a victim for the sins Chatterton, Prophecy. There was then [1755] only two political parties, the ins and the outs. The ins strove to stay in, and keep the outs out; the outs strove to get in, and turn the ins out. J. Hutton. The disappointed Outs are lukewarm and often envious of the Ins. New Princeton Rev., I. 67. The "ins"... always have . . . averred, with a fervor which can only spring from heartfelt conviction, that the incoming of the "outs" will be shortly followed by the N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 459. 2. A nook or corner: used chiefly in the phrase ins and outs.-Ins and outs. (a) Nooks and corners; turns and windings: as, the ins and outs of a garden, or of final crack of doom. an old house. Take my arm; I can guide you better so. It's dark, and I know the ins and outs. C. F. Woolson, Jupiter Lights, xv. Hence (b) All the details or intricacies of a matter: as, the ins and outs of a question. Mrs. Harper was standing moralizing on the ins and outs of family life. Mrs. Craik, Agatha's Husband, xiii. in1t (in), v. t. [Also inn, now with ref. only to inn, n.; < ME. innen, < AS. innian, get in, lodge, <inn, in, in: see in1, prep.] To get in; take or put in; house. And Goddis mercy schal ynne my corn, Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 69. = obres the distinct sense of in' or 'into, as in inborn, lish apprehension is often unmeaning, while in-1 always inbred, income, inland, inlet, inmate, inside, insight, insnare, inwrap, etc. In ingot, however, the prefix is unfelt, the word being no longer recognized as a compound. In consequence of its formal and original identity with in-2, it may assume the same phases, becoming im- before a labial, as in impark, impen, imbitter, imbody, immesh, immingle, or varying to en-, as in encloud, enfetter, before a labial to em-, as in embed, embody, embitter, etc., the distinction being purely historical and depending on the ori gin, native or foreign, of the primitive. In the etymologies of this dictionary it depends on the origin of the primitive whether the prefix in-, meaning 'in,' is marked in-1 or in-2. in-2. [ME. in-, en-, < OF. in-, reg. en-, mod. F. in-, en- = Sp. in-, en- = Pg. in-, en- It. in-, < L. in-, being the prep. in (see in2) in comp., and conveying, according to the verb, the notion of rest or existence in, or of motion, direction, or inclination into, to, or upon; often merely intensive, and in later use sometimes without assignable force. In classical L. in- generally remained unchanged in all positions, but later was usually assimilated, ini- before a labial, il- before 1, ir- before r, whence the same in mod. languages. In OF., and hence in ME. and mod. F. and E., reg. en-, but with a constant tendency to revert to the L. in-, the form in enoften ceasing to be used in E. or being used alongside of in- without distinction.] A prefix of Latin origin, being the Latin preposition in so used. It is ultimately identical with in-1 of English origin, having the same literal sense; but it is often merely intensive, and in many words has in modern apprehension no assignable force. Before a labial in- in later Latin, and hence in Romance, English, etc., becomes im-, as in imbibe, imperil, immanent, etc.; before 7 it becomes il-, as in illation, illude, illumine, etc.; before r it becomes ir, as in irradiate, irrigate, etc. In many words derived in fact or form through the French, in- interchanges with or has disbeing to use in- whenever there is a corresponding Latin placed the earlier English and French en-, the tendency form in in-, as in inclose or enclose, inquire or enquire, etc. See in-1, en-1, en-2. This prefix occurs unfelt, with the accent, as en- in envy. in-3. [ME. in-, en-, OF. en-, in-, F. en-, in- = Sp. Pg. in- It. in-, < L. in- = Gr. av-, before a consonant à-, called á- privative, = Goth. OHG. AS. E., etc., un-, not, -less, without: see un-1, an-5, a-18. In classical L. the negative ingenerally remained unchanged in all positions; but later it was subject to the same assimilations and changes as in-2 above. In OF., and hence in ME. and mod. F. and E., sometimes en-, but then in E. unfelt as a negative, as in en-emy (cf. in-imical, etc.).] A prefix of Latin origin, having a negative or privative force, 'not, -less, without.' It is cognate with the English prefix un-1, with which it may interchange in English formations; but the rule is to use in with an obvious Latin primitive and un- with a native or thoroughly naturalized primitive, as in inanimate, incredulous, inaccessible, inequality, as against unliving, unbelieving, unapproachable, unequal, etc. The two forms coexist in inedited, unedited, incautious, uncautious, etc. This prefix in-3 assumes the same phonetic phases as in-1, in-2, as in impartial, immense, immeasurable, illiterate, irregular, etc.; it is reduced to i- in ignore, ignorant, etc. It occurs unfelt, with the accent, in enemy, enmity. in1, -ine1. [1. ME. -in, -ine, OF. and F. -in, -ine Pr. -in, -ina Sp. Pg. It. -ino, -ina, ‹ L. (a) -inus, -ina, -inum = Gr. -ivos, -ivn, -ivov, forming adjectives, as in adamantinus (< Gr. adaμávτivos), adamantine, pristinus, pristine, etc.; and sometimes nouns, as cophinus, Kópoç, a basket; (b) -īnus, -ina, -inum, forming adjectives, and nouns thence derived, from nouns, as in caninus, canis, a dog, divinus, < divus, a god, equinus, < equus, a horse, femininus, femina, a woman, peregrinus, ‹ pereger, a traveler, etc.; very common in proper names, orig. appellatives, as Augustinus, Calvinus, Crispinus, Justinus, etc. 2. ME. -in, -ine, OF. and F. -ine Sp. Pg. It. -ina, L. -ina, forming fem. abstracts from verbs (from the inf. or through derivatives) or from undetermined roots, as in rapina, rapine (E. also, through F., ravin, raven2), < rapere, snatch, ruïna, ruin, < = = = Gr. |