out one's will. The in or round. 3176 involucrum invulnerable involve.] 1. In zool., a kind of sheath or involu- involuted (in'vo-lu-ted), a. Same as involute. involutive (inʼvo-lū-tiv), a. [< involute + -ive.] cre about the bases of the thread-cells of aca- involution (in-vo-lu'shon), n. [= F. involution In bot., same as involute, 1 (a). lephs.-2. In bot.: (a) Same as involucre. (b) = Pr. envolucio = It. involuzione, < LL. involu- involutorial (in"vo-lu-to'ri-al), a. [< involute Same as velum. Persoon. tio(n-), a rolling up, < L. involvere, pp. involutus, +-ory + -al.] Of the nature of geometrical involuntarily (in-vol'un-ta-ri-li), adv. In an roll up: see involve.] 1. The act of involving, involution; connecting a system of objects in involuntary manner; not spontaneously; with- infolding, or inwrapping; a rolling or folding pairs. Involutorial homology, a homology whose parameter is 1.-Involutorial relation, a relation beFx and x = Fy: tween two variables, x and y, such that y a term introduced by Siebeck. involve (in-volv'), v. t.; pret. and pp. involved, Ppr. involving. [OF. involver = Sp. envolver Pg. involverIt. involvere, < L. involvere, roll in, roll up, wrap up, < in, in, on, + volvere, roll: see volute. Cf. convolve, devolve, evolve, revolve.] 1. To roll or fold in or wrap up so as to conceal; envelop on all sides; cover completely; infold; specifically, in zool., to encircle completely: as, a mark involving a joint; wings involving the body. involuntariness (in-vol'un-tā-ri-nes), n. The gathering number, as it moves along, This at least I think evident, that we find in ourselves a power to begin or forbear, continue or end several actions of our minds, and motions of our bodies, barely by a thought or preference of the mind ordering, or, as it were, commanding the doing or not doing such or such a particular action. . . consequent to such order or command of the mind, is The forbearance of that action, called voluntary; and whatsoever action is performed without such a thought of the mind is called involuntary. Locke. Steals down my cheek the involuntary tear. Pope, Imit. of Horace, IV. i. 38. Involuntary action. See action, 7 (b).-Involuntary bankruptcy. See bankruptcy.-Involuntary escape. See escape, 3. involuntomotory (in-volun-to-mō'tō-ri), a. [< involuntary) + motory.] Having or pertaining to motor influence or effect which is not subject to the will, as the involuntary muscular action of the heart, intestines, etc.: specifically applied by Remak to that one of the four germ-layers of the embryo which corresponds to the splanchnopleure of other writers. This is the inner division of the mesoblast, distinguished from the voluntomotory or somatopleural division. The involunto-motory, corresponding to the visceral wall or splanchno-pleure. Encyc. Brit., VIII. 167. involutant (in-vo-lū ́tant), n. [ involute + -ant.] In math., the topical resultant of the powers and products of powers of two matrices of the same order. involute (in'vō-lūt), a. and n. [= OF. involu It. involuto, L. involutus, pp. of involvere, roll up, wrap up: see involve.] 1. a. 1. Rolled up; wrapped up. Specifically-(a) In bot., rolled inward from the edge or edges: 2 said of leaves in vernation, of the petals of flowers in estivation, and of the margin of the cup in the Discomycetes, etc. Also involutive. (b) In conch., having the whorls closely wound round the axis, and nearly or entirely concealing it, as the shells of Cypræidæ, Olividæ, etc. Also in(c) In entom., volved. curved spirally, as the antennæ of certain Hymenoptera. 2. Involved; confusedly mingled. [Rare.] The style is so involute that one cannot help fancying it must be falsely constructed. Poe, Marginalia, cxvii. II. n. 1. That which is involved. [Rare.] Far more of our deepest thoughts and feelings pass to us through perplexed combinations of concrete objects, pass to us as involutes (if I may coin that word) in compound experiences incapable of being disentangled, than ever reach us directly, and in their own abstract shapes. De Quincey, Autobiog. Sketches, i. 1. Branch of Poplar, showing involute leaves; 2, outline of transverse section of an involute leaf. 2. In geom., the curve traced by any point of Involute of a Circle. being parallel, and their corresponding points, situated on the same normal, being at a constant distance from one another. Gloom that sought to strengthen itself by tenfold in- The faculty to be trained is the judgment, the practical Such the clue Great conceits are raised of the involution or membra- 5. In gram., complicated construction; the The long involutions of Latin periods. Lowell. 6. In math.: (a) The multiplication of a quan- be thus written: The six elements are said to be an involution of six, or, if stant number by a continuous law. According = If it [the sun] should, but one Day, cease to shine, Th' vnpurged Aire to Water would resolue, And Water would the mountain tops involve. Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 4. A rolling cloud Involv'd the mount; the thunder roar'd aloud. Pope, Iliad, xvii. 671. The further history of this neglected plantation is involved in gloomy uncertainty. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 85. 2. To entwine; entangle; implicate; bring into entanglement or complication, literally or figuratively: as, an involved problem; to involve a nation in war; to be involved in debt. Judgement rashly giv'n ofttimes involves the Judge him. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xii. Some of serpent kind, Wondrous in length and corpulence, involved self. Their snaky folds. past might involve us in another difficulty, that of miss- We seem to have certain direct perceptions, and to attain to others by a more or less involved process of reasoning. Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 12. 3. To bring into a common relation or connec tion; hence, to include as a necessary or logical consequence; imply; comprise. The welfare of each is daily more involved in the welfare of all. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 483. A knowledge of the entire history of a particle is shown to be involved in a complete knowledge of its state at any moment. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 3. All kinds of mental work involve attention. J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 13. 4. In arith. and alg., to raise to any assigned power; multiply, as a quantity, into itself a given number of times: as, a quantity involved to the third or fourth power. Syn. 2. Entangle, etc. (see implicate); twine, intertwine, interweave, interlace.— 3. Imply, Involve (see imply); embrace, contain. involved (in-volvd'), p. a. 1. In conch., same as involute, 1 (b).—2. In her., same as enveloped. involvedness (in-vol'ved-nes), n. The state of being involved; involvement. [Rare.] But how shall the mind of man... extricate itself out of this comprisure and involvedness in the bodies, passions, and infirmities? W. Montague, Devoute Essays, II. x. § 1. involvement (in-volv'ment), n. [< involve + -ment.] The act of involving, or the state of being involved or implicated; entanglement: as, involvement in debt, or in intrigues. The spectators were shivering at the Athenian's mishap, It did so much invile the estimate invulgart (in-vulʼgär), a. = It. in Drayton, Moses, i. invulnerability (in-vul ne-ra-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. invulnérabilité Sp. invulnerabilidad vulnerabilità; as invulnerable + -ity: see -bility.] The quality or state of being invulnerable. invulnerable (in-vul'ne-ra-bl), a. [= F. invulSp. invulnerable = Pg. invulneravel = It. invulnerabile, L. invulnerabilis, invulnerable, in- priv. + (LL.) vulnerabilis, vulnerable: see vulnerable.] 1. Not vulnerable; incapable of being wounded, hurt, or harmed. nérable = Achilles is not quite invulnerable; the sacred waters did not wash the heel by which Thetis held him. Emerson, Compensation. Hence-2. Not to be damaged or injuriously affected by attack: as, invulnerable arguments or evidence. invulnerable He exhorted his hearers to lay aside their prejudices, and arm themselves against the shafts of malice or misfortune by invulnerable patience. Johnson, Rasselas, xviii. invulnerableness (in-vul ́ne-ra-bl-nes), n. Invulnerability. invulnerably (in-vul'ne-ra-bli), adv. In an invulnerable manner; so as to be proof against wounds, injury, or assault; of an argument, irrefutably. invulneratet (in-vul'ne-rāt), a. [= Pg. invulnerado, L. invulneratus, unwounded, <in- priv. + vulneratus, pp. of vulnerare, wound: see vulnerate.] Without wound; unhurt. Not at all on those [skulls] S. Butler, Satire upon Marriage. invultuation (in-vul-tu-ā'shọn), n. [< ML. invultuatio(n-), invultuacio(n-),*invultuare, invultare (OF. envouter, F. envoûter), stab or pierce the face or body of (a person), that is (to medieval superstition the same thing), of an image of him made of wax or clay (see def.), < L. in, in, into, vultus, face.] The act of stabbing or piercing with a sharp instrument a wax or clay image of a person, under the belief that the person himself, though absent and unconscious of the act, will thereupon languish and die: a kind of spell or witchcraft believed in in ancient times and in the middle ages. The practice was so common, and belief in its fatal effects so general, that laws were enacted against it. It was called in Anglo-Saxon stacung, 'staking. invyet, n. A Middle English form of envy. inwall' (in-wal'), v. t. [Also enwall; <in-1 + wall; cf. immure.] To wall in; inclose or fortify with a wall. Dr. H. More, Psychozoia, iii. 31. A mountainous range... swept far to the north, and ultimately merged in those eternal hills that inwall every horizon. S. Judd, Margaret, i. 3. inwall (in'wâl), n. [< in1 + wall1.] 1†. An inner wall. The hinges piecemeal flew, and through the fervent little rock did knock. Thunder'd a passage; with his weight th' inwall his breast Chapman, Iliad, xii. 448. 2. Specifically, the interior wall of a blast-fur nace. 3177 As the dog (in dreams] inwreathe 4. Deep; low; muffled; half-audible: as, he inwheel (in'hwēl), n. [<in1 + wheel.] The spoke in an inward voice. inner wheel of a mill. Halliwell. inwick (in'wik), n. [<in1 + wick3.] In the game of curling, a stroke by which the stone comes very near the tee after passing through a wick. With inward yelp and restless forefoot plies His function of the woodland. Tennyson, Lucretius. Inward euthanasia, light, etc. See the nouns.-Inward part (of a sacrament), that part of a sacrament which is not perceptible to the senses, as the body and blood of Christ in the Lord's Supper, or the gift of regeneration in baptism. Also called res sacramenti.- Inward place, in logic, a place which yields an argument appertaining to the nature and substance of the matter in question. Syn. 1 and 2. Internal, Interior, etc. See inner. II. n. 1. The inside; especially, in the plural, the inner parts of an animal; the bowels; the viscera. The thought whereof Doth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw my inwards. Shak., Othello, ii. 1, 306. The little book which in your language you have called Saggi Morali. But I give it a weightier name, entitling it Faithful Discourses, or the Inwards of Things. Bacon, To Father Fulgentio, 1625. 24. pl. Mental endowments; intellectual parts. To guide the Grecian darts, Juno and Pallas, with the god that doth the earth embrace, And most for man's use, Mercurie (whom good wise inwards grace), Were partially, and all employ'd. Chapman, Iliad, xx. 3t. An intimate. Sir, I was an inward of his: A shy fellow was the duke. Shak., M. for M., iii. 2, 138. Salute him fairly; he's a kind gentleman, a very inward of mine. Middleton, Michaelmas Term, ii. 3. inwardly (in'wärd-li), adv. [ME. inwardliche, inwardlike, inwardlie, inwardli, < AS. inweard lice (= OHG. inwertlīhho), < inweard, inward: see inward.] 1. In an inward manner; internally; privately; secretly. Let Benedick, like cover'd fire, Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly. Shak., Much Ado, iii. 1, 78. Thou art inwardly desirous of vain-glory in all that thou sayest or dost. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 127. 2. Toward the center: as, to curve inwardly. -3t. Intimately; thoroughly. I shall desire to know him more inwardly. Beau. and Fl., Woman-Hater, ii. 1. inwandering (in'won"der-ing), n. [<in1 + 4. In a low tone; not aloud; to one's self. wandering.] A wandering in. [Rare.] = This inwandering of differentiated cells. A. Hyatt. inward, inwards (in'wärd, -wärdz), adv. [< ME. inward, < AS. inwëard, adv., < ́in, in, ✈ -weard, E. -ward. The form inwards (= D. inwaarts G. einwärts: = Dan. indvortes Sw. invertes) is later, with adv. gen. suffix -s.] 1. Toward the inside; toward the interior or center. Sewed Furres with bones and sinewes for their clothing, which they ware inward in Winter, outward in Summer. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 431. Primitively, however, in all animals, and permanently in some (e. g. Tortoises), both these joints (the elbow and the knee] are so conditioned as to open inwards. Mivart, Encyc. Brit., XXII. 117. 2. Into the mind or soul. Celestial Light, Milton, P. L., iii. 52. I would ask what else is reflecting besides turning the mental eye inwards? A. Tucker, Light of Nature, I. i. 11. [The forms inward and inwards are used either indifferently or with some reference to euphony.] inward (in'wärd), a. and n. [ ME. inward, inneward, < AS. inneweard (also innanweard) (= OHG. inwart, inwarti, inwerti, MHG. inwart, inwerte), inward, < inne, in (< in, in), +-weard: see in1 and -ward.] I. a. 1. Situated or being within; pertaining to the interior or internal parts: as, the inward parts of a person or of a country. So, stubborn Flints their inward Heat conceal, 'Till Art and Force th' unwilling Sparks reveal. Congreve, To Dryden. To gritty meal he grinds The bones of fish, or inward bark of trees. J. Dyer, Fleece, i. 2. Pertaining to or connected with the intimate thoughts or feelings of the soul. So, bursting frequent from Atrides' breast, Behold! as day by day the spirit grows, Jones Very, Poems, p. 64. 3+. Intimate; familiar; confidential; private. Sir, the king is a noble gentleman; and my familiar, I do assure you, very good friend. For what is inward between us, let it pass. Shak., L. L. L., v. 1, 102. Come, we must be inward, thou and I all one. Marston and Webster, Malcontent. [He was] so inward with my Lord Obrien that, after a few moneths of that gentleman's death, he married his widow. Evelyn, Diary, July 22, 1674. He shrunk and muttered inwardly. Wordsworth, White Doe of Rylstone, ii. Half inwardly, half audibly she spoke. Tennyson, Geraint. The stone, in a graceful parabola, curls gently inwards, takes an inwick off the inner edge of another, and circles in to lie-a pot-lid in the very tee. Montreal Daily Star, Carnival No., 1884. inwitt (in'wit), n. [ME. inwit, inwyt, < AS. inwit, consciousness, conscience, <in, in, + wit, knowledge: see wit, n.] Inward knowledge; understanding; conscience. This word is best known in the title of a Middle English work in the Kentish dialect, "The Ayenbite of Inwyt," that is, Remorse of Conscience, translated in the year 1340 by Dan Michel, a monk, from a French work entitled "Le somme des vices et des vertues." Inwit in the hed is and helpeth the soule, inwitht, prep. [ME. inwith, inewith, iwith; < in1 +with. Cf. within.] Within; in. His wyf and eek his doghter hath he left inwith his hous. Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus. in-wonet, v. t. [ME. (= D. MLG. inwonen = G. einwohnen), < in, in, + wonen, dwell: see won2.] To dwell in; inhabit; hold. [She] enfourmet hym fully of the fre rewme, inwoodt (in-wůd'), v. t. [<in-1 + wood1.] To hide in woods. He got out of the river, and inwooded himself so as the ladies lost the farther marking his sportfulness. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii. inwork (in-wèrk′), v. ; pret. and pp. inworked or inwrought, ppr. inworking. [<in1+ work.] I. trans. To work in or into: as, to inwork gold or any color, as in embroidery: commonly used in the past participle. His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge, Milton, Lycidas, 1. 105. And from these dangers you will never be wholly free till you have utterly extinguished your vicious inclinations, and inwrought all the virtues of religion into your natures. J. Scott, Christian Life, I. iv. § 5. II. intrans. To work or operate within. [Rare.] inworking (in'wer-king), n. [Verbal n. of ininwardness (in'wärd-nes), n. [< ME. inward-work, v.] Operation within; energy exerted innesse; inward + -ness.] 1. The state of be- wardly, as in the mind or soul: as, the inworking inward or internal; inclosure within. ing of the Holy Spirit. Such a name (antrum] could not have been given to any inworn (in-wōrn'), a. [<in1 + worn, pp. of individual cave unless the idea of being within, or inward wear.] Worn or worked into; inwrought. ness, had been present in the mind. Max Müller, Sci. of Lang., p. 375. 2. Internal state; indwelling character or quality; the nature of a thing as it is in itself. Sense cannot arrive to the inwardness Of things, nor penetrate the crusty fence Of constipated matter. Dr. H. More, Psychozoia, i. 28. 3. Inner meaning; real significance or drift; essential purpose. I should without any difficulty pronounce that his [Homer's] fables had no such inwardness in his own meaning. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 146. The true inwardness of the late Southern policy of the New York Tribune, April, 1877. Republican party. I perswade me that whatever faultines was but superficial to Prelaty at the beginning, is now by the just judgment of God long since branded and inworn into the very essence thereof. Milton, Church-Government, ii. 1. inwrap1, enwrap1 (in-, en-rap'), v. t.; pret. and pp. inwrapped, enwrapped, ppr. inwrapping, enwrapping. [ME. inwrappen, enwrappen, also by or as if by wrapping; infold; hence, to ininwlappen; in-1, en-1, + wrap.] 1. To cover clude. David might well look to be inwrapped in the common destruction. Bp. Hall, Numbering of the People. So when thick clouds inwrap the mountain's head, O'er heav'n's expanse like one black ceiling spread. Pope, Iliad, xvi. 354. Here comes to me Roland, with a delicacy of sentiment leading and inwrapping him like a divine cloud or holy ghost. Emerson, Behavior. 2. To involve in difficulty or perplexity; perplex. The case is no sooner made than resolved, if it be made not inwrapped, but plainly and perspicuously. Bacon. And though 'tis wonder that enwraps me thus, Yet 'tis not madness. Shak., T. N., iv. 3, 3. Wyclif, 2 Cor. vi. 12. inwrap2t, enwrap2+ (in-, en-rap'), v. t. [Prob. for *inrap, *enrap; < in-2, en-2, + rap2. Cf. rapt.] To transport; enrapture. 4t. Intimacy; familiarity; attachment. You know my inwardness and love Is very much unto the prince and Claudio. Shak., Much Ado, iv. 1, 247. And [the Duke of York] did, with much inwardness, tell me what was doing. Pepys, Diary, Aug. 23, 1668. 5+. The inwards; the heart; the soul. 3he ben not angwischid in us, but ghe ben angwischid in ghoure ynwardnessis. inwards, adv. See inward. inweave (in-wēv'), v. t.; pret. inwore, pp. inwoven (sometimes inwove), ppr. inweaving. [< in1 + weave.] 1. To weave together; intermingle by or as if by weaving. Down they cast Their crowns inwove with amarant and gold. Milton, P. L., iii. 352. The dusky strand of Death inwoven here With dear Love's tie. Tennyson, Maud, xviii. 7. 2. To weave in; introduce into a web in the process of manufacture, as a pattern, an inscription, or the like. inwheelt, enwheelt (in-, en-hwēl'), v. t. [< in-1 +wheel.] To encircle. Heaven's grace inwheel ye! For, if such holy song Enwrap our fancy long. Time will run back, and fetch the age of gold. Milton, Nativity, 1. 134. inwrapment, enwrapment (in-, en-rap'ment), n. [inwrap1, enwrap1, +-ment.] 1. The act of inwrapping, or the state of being inwrapped. -2. That which inwraps; a covering; a wrapper. They wreathed together a foliature of the fig-tree, and made themselves enwrapments. Shuckford, The Creation, p. 203. inwrapped, enwrapped (in-, en-rapt'), p. a. Same as annodated. inwreathe, enwreathe (in-, en-rēтH'), v. t.; pret. and pp. inwreathed, enwreathed, ppr. in Hark! how around the hills rejoice, And rocks reflected ios sing. Congreve, Ode on Namur, st. 10. Io2 (i'o), n. [L. Io, < Gr. 'I.] 1. In myth., a daughter of Inachus, metamorphosed into a heifer and caused to be tormented by a terrible gadfly by Hera, in jealous revenge for the favors of Zeus. See Argus, 1.-2. The innermost of the four satellites of Jupiter.-3. In entom.: (a) A genus of vanessoid butterflies. (b) [l. c.] The peacock butterfly, Vanessa io: used both as the technical specific name and as an English word. (e) [1. c.] A showy and beautiful moth of North America, Hyperchiria io, or Saturnia io, of yel Hyperchiria io, natural size. low coloration, with prominent pink and bluish eyes on the hinder wings. The larva is covered with bunches of stinging spines, and feeds on many plants and trees, as Indian corn, cotton, hops, clover, elm, and cherry. The eggs are laid in clusters on the under side of the leaf. 3178 is electronegative. It is very sparingly soluble in water, but dissolves copiously in alcohol and in ether, forming dark-brown liquids. It possesses strong powers of combination, and forms with the pure metals and most of the simple non-metallic substances compounds which are named iodides. With hydrogen and oxygen it forms iodic acid; combined with hydrogen it forms hydriodic acid. Like chlorin, it destroys vegetable colors, but with less energy. Iodine has a very acrid taste, and its odor somewhat resembles that of chlorin. It is an irritant poison, and is of great service in medicine. It is used externally painted with the tincture; and also internally, both as as a counter-irritant, the skin or mucous membrane being fodine and in combination, especially as iodide of potash. Starch is a characteristic test of iodine, forming with it a deep-blue compound. This test is so delicate that a solution of starch dropped into water containing less than a millionth part of iodine is tinged blue.-Iodine green. See greeni. Iodine scarlet. Same as pure scarlet (which see, under scarlet). iodism (i'o-dizm), n. [< iod(ine) +-ism.] In pathol., a peculiar derangement of the system produced by the excessive use of iodine or its salts. iodize (i'o-diz), v. t.; pret. and pp. iodized, ppr. iodizing. [<iod(ine) +-ize.] 1. In med., to treat with iodine; affect with iodine.-2. In photog., to impregnate, as collodion, with iodine; add iodine or an iodide to. iodizer (i'o-di-zér), n. [< iodize+-er1.] One who or that which iodizes. iodobromite (i"o-do-bro'mit), n. [<iod(ine) +bromide) +-ite2.] A sulphur-yellow mineral, occurring in isometric crystals at Dernbach, Nassau, consisting of the iodide, bromide, and chlorid of lead. iodoform (i'o-do-form), n. [<iod(ine) + (chloro) form.] A solid compound (CHI3) analogous to chloroform, produced by the action of iodine with alkalis or alkali carbonates on alcohol. It forms lemon-yellow crystals, with an odor like that of saffron, which are somewhat volatile at the ordinary temperature, insoluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and ether. It is an anesthetic and antiseptic, and has been considerably used in surgical dressings. iodoform (i'o-do-form), v. t. [< iodoform, n.] To apply iodoform to; impregnate with iodoform. iodoformize (i'o-do-for"miz), v. t.; pret. and pp. iodoformized, ppr. iodoformizing. [< iodoform iodal (i'o-dal), n. [<iod(ine) + alcohol).] Anize.] To iodoform. oleaginous liquid (CI,CHO) obtained by the iodohydric (i'o-do-hi'drik), a. [ iod(ine) + action of alcohol and nitric acid on iodine. Its hydrogen) +ic.] Same as hydriodic. effects are said to be similar to those of chloral. iodol (i'o-dol), n. [< iod(ine) +-ol.] A yellowjodargyrite (i-o-där'ji-rit), n. Same as iodyrite. ish-brown substance (C4L4NH) composed of iodatel (i'o-dat), n. [<iod(ine) +-ate1.] Any long prismatic crystals, used in medicine as an compound of iodic acid with a base. The iodates antiseptic. form deflagrating mixtures with combustibles, and when they are heated to low redness oxygen gas is disengaged, and a metallic iodide remains. None of them have been found native. They are all of very sparing solubility, excepting the iodates of the alkalis. See iodic. iodate (i'ō-dat), v. t.; pret. and pp. iodated, ppr. iodating. [<iod(ine) +-ate2.] To combine, impregnate, or treat with iodine. One variety of iodated paper. Ure, Dict., III. 567. iodic (i-od'ik), a. [<iod(ine) +-ic.] Containing iodine: as, iodic silver.-Iodic acid, HIO, an acid formed by the action of oxidizing agents on iodine in presence of water or alkalis. Iodic acid is a white semitransparent solid substance, which is inodorous, but has an astringent, sour taste. It is very soluble in water, and detonates when heated with charcoal, sugar, and sulphur. Deoxidizing agents reduce it partly to hydriodic acid, which then reacts upon the remaining iodic acid to form iodine and water. It combines with metallic oxids, forming salts, which are named iodates, and these, like the chlorates, yield oxygen when heated, and an iodide remains. = iodide (i'-did or -did), n. [<iod(ine) + -ide1.] A compound of iodine with an element more electropositive than itself: thus, sodium iodide, etc.-Iodide of ethyl, ethyl iodide (C2H5I), a colorless liquid insoluble in water, having a penetrating ethereal odor and taste, used in medicine, by inhalation, to introduce iodine rapidly into the system. iodiferous (i-o-dif'e-rus), a. [<iod(ine) + L. ferre E. bear1.] Yielding iodine: as, iodiferous plants. iodine (i'o-din or -din), n. [= F. iodine, < Gr. iúdns, like a violet (< iov, a violet, = L. viola, >ult. E. violet), +-ine2.] Chemical symbol, I; atomic weight, 126.9. In chem., a peculiar non-metallic elementary solid substance, forming one of the group of halogens. It exists in the water of the ocean and mineral springs, in marine molluscous animals, and in seaweeds, from the ashes of which it is chiefly procured. At ordinary temperatures it is a solid crystalline body. Its color is bluish-black or grayish-black, with a metallic luster. It is often in scales, resembling those of micaceous iron ore; sometimes in brilliant rhomboidal plates or in elongated octahedrons. The specific gravity of solid iodine is 4.947. It fuses at 225° F., and boils at 347°. Its vapor, which is very dense, is of an exceedingly rich violet color, a character to which it owes the name of iodine. It is a non-conductor of electricity, and, like oxygen and chlorin, iodometric (1o-do-met'rik), a. [<iod(ine) + metric.] In chem., measured by iodine: used of analytical operations in which the quantity of a substance is determined by its reaction with a standard solution of iodine. iodyrite (i-od'i-rit), n. [<iod(ine) + Gr. äpyvpos, silver, +-ite2 (cf. argyrite).] Native silver iodide, a sectile mineral of a bright-yellow color and resinous or adamantine luster, occurring sparingly in Chili and elsewhere. iolite (i'o-lit), n. [< Gr. iov, a violet, +21005, stone.] A silicate of magnesium, aluminium, and iron, a mineral of a violet-blue color with a shade of purple or black. It often occurs in sixsided rhombic prisms. The smoky-blue peliom and steinheilite are varieties. Iolite is very subject to chemical alteration, and many names have been given to the more or less distinct compounds so formed, as pinite, fahlunite, gigantolite, etc. Also called dichroite (because the tints along the two axes are unlike) and cordierite. = L. ire, go: see iter.] One of the elements of ion (i'on), n. [< Gr. iv, neut. iov, ppr. of iéval, an electrolyte, or compound body undergoing electrolyzation. Those elements of an electrolyte which are evolved at the anode are termed anions, and those which are evolved at the cathode cations, and when these are spoken of together they are called ions. Thus, water when electrolyzed evolves two ions, oxygen and hydrogen, the former being an anion, the latter a cation. -ion. [ME. -ion, -ioun, -iun (-on, -un), < OF. -ion, -iun (-on, -un), F. -ion (-on) Pr. -ion, -io Sp. ion Pg. -ão = It. -ione, < L.-io(n-), a common suffix forming (a) abstract (fem.) nouns from verbs, either from the inf., as legio(n-), a legion, legere, collect, optio(n-), a choice, optare, choose, suspicio(n-), suspicion, < suspicere, suspect, etc., or from adjectives, as communio(n-), communion, communis, common, unio(n-), union, <unus, one, etc.; or (b) appellative (masc.) nouns, of various origin, as centurio (n-), a centurion, histrio(n-), an actor, etc. See -tion, -ation, etc.] 1. A suffix in abstract nouns (many also used as concrete) of Latin origin, as in legion, opinion, option, region, religion, suspicion, communion, union, etc.-2. A similar suffix occurring in a few concrete nouns designating per Ionic sons or things, as in centurion, histrion, union (a pearl), onion, pavilion, etc. Ionian (i-o'ni-an), a. and n. [< L. Ionius, < Gr. 'Iovios, < 'Iovia, Ionia, 'Iwveç, the Ionians.] I. a. Relating to Ionia or to the Ionians; Ionic. -Ionian chiton, mode, etc. See the nouns.-Ionian school. Same as Ionic school (which see, under Ionic).Ionian sea, that part of the Mediterranean which lies between Greece and Sicily. II. n. A member of one of the three or (as some count) four great divisions of the ancient Greek race, the others being the Dorians and Eolians, or the Dorians, Eolians, and Acheans. Originally they inhabited Attica. Euboea, and the district in the Peloponnesus afterward known as Achæa. From Attica they spread over most of the islands (the Ionian Islands) of the Egean sea, and settled in Ionia on on the shores of the Euxine, Propontis, and the gean, and the coast of Asia Minor. They founded various colonies in the west they planted Catana and other colonies in Sicily; Rhegium, Cume, etc., in Italy; and Marseilles and others in Gaul. The Asiatic Ionians especially did much to introduce Asiatic civilization and luxury into Greece, and were often reproached by the other Greeks with ef feminacy. Also (rarely) called Iastian, and in the plural Jones. Ionic (i-on'ik), a. and n. [L. Ionicus, <Gr. IVIKós, Iavia, Ionia: see Ionian.] I. a. 1. Of, pertaining, or relating to the Iones or Ionians as a race, or to one of the regions named from them, Ionia or the Ionian Islands: as, the Ionic dialect or school; the Ionic order.-2. In anc. pros., constituting a foot of two long syllables followed by two shorts, or vice versa; pertaining to or consisting of such feet: as, an Ionic foot, colon, verse, or system; Ionic rhythm.-Axis of the Ionic capital. See axis1.-Ionic dialect, the most important of the three main branches of the ancient Greek language (the other two being the Doric and Æolic), including the Attic. Homer's Iliad was written in Old Ionic, the works of Herodotus in New Ionic, and nearly all the great Greek works in its later form, the Attic.-Ionic foot, in pros., a foot consisting of four syllables, either two short and two long or two long and two short.- Ionic meter, a meter consisting of Ionic feet.-Ionic mode. See mode.Ionic order, in arch., one of the three Greek orders, so named from the Ionic race, by whom it was held to have been developed and perfected. The distinguishing characteristic of this order is the volute of its capital. In the true Ionic the volutes have the same form on the front and rear, and are connected on the flanks by an ornamented roll or scroll, except in the case of the corner capitals, which have three volutes on their two outer faces, that on the external angle projecting diagonally. The debased Roman form of Ionic gave the capital four diagonal volutes, and curved the sides of the abacus. The spiral fil lets of the Greek volute are continued along the face of the capital, beneath the abacus, whereas in the Koman Ionic Architecture.-Temple of Wingless Victory, on the tom of the volute, is normally about 9 diameters high, imitation the origin of the fillet is behind the echinus. The shaft, including the base and the capital to the botand is generally fluted in 24 flutes, separated by fillets. The bases used with this order are various. The Attic base often occurs, and is the most beautiful and appropri ate. The architrave is normally formed in three bands, each projecting slightly beyond that below it, the whole crowned by a rich molding. The frieze frequently bears figures in relief. The cornices fall under three classes: the simple but richly molded and strongly projecting Greek cornice, and the less refined dentil and modillion (Roman) cornices. The best examples of the Ionic order are the temple on the Ilissus, and the Erechtheum and the temple of Wingless Victory on the Acropolis of Athens. The details of the Erechtheum are notable for the delicate elaboration of their ornament; but the interior capitals of the Propylæa are, in their simple purity of line, perhaps the noblest remains of the Greek Ionic. The order was probably evolved by the Ionian Greeks from forms found in Assyrian architecture. See also cut under Erechtheum.Ionic sect or school, the earliest series of Greek philosophers, Thales (who is said to have predicted an eclipse 585 B. C.). Anaximander, Anaximenes (in the sixth century B. C.), all of Miletus, and their later adherents. They are called the early physicists, because they mainly studied the material universe, and that in a rudely observational manner. The characteristic of the school is the prominence they gave to the question out of what the world is made (Thales said water, Anaximenes air), believing apparently that, this answered, the secret of the universe was solved. They made little of efficient causes, and, as distinct from living agents, Ionic probably had no conception of such.-Ionic school of painting, in the history of ancient Greek art, an important school of painters in the latter part of the fifth and the early part of the fourth century B. C.: so called as distinguished from the Attic and Sicyonian schools. Its greatest masters were Zeuxis and Parrhasius. 3179 Hee teacheth od fellowes play tricks with their creditors, II. n. In pros.: (a) An Ionic foot. (b) An Ionic verse or meter. Ionicize (i-on'i-siz), v. t.; pret. and PP. Ionicized, ppr. Ionicizing. [Ionic + -ize.] make Ionic; confer an Ionic form upon. He essays to dissect out a primitive Aeolic core, afterward Ionicized, and enlarged by interpolations and accretions. New Princeton Rev., V. 412. Ionidium (i-o-nid'i-um), n. [NL., irreg. < Gr. lov, a violet, + dim. suffix -idiov.] A genus of plants of the natural order Violarica, tribe Violew, characterized by the sepals not being extended at the base, and by the five unequal petals, one of which is much larger than the rest. They are herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate or sometimes opposite leaves and generally solitary axillary or racemed flowers. About 50 species are known, of which 4 are found in tropical Asia and Africa, 6 in Australia, and the rest in America, chiefly tropical. The roots of several of the species contain an emetic, and have been used as a substitute for ipecacuanha. I. parviflorum and I. Papaya are so used by the South Americans. The so-called white ipecacuanha is I. Ipecacuanha. I. concolor (Solea concolor), the green violet, is a common plant of the eastern United Ionism (i'o-nizm), n. [< Gr. as if *ivioμós, < iwview, speak in Ionic fashion: see Ionize.] An Ionic idiom; the use of Ionic idioms or dialect. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 205. Ionist (i'o-nist), n. [< Ion(ize) +-ist.] One who uses Ionic idioms or dialect. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 209. ionite (i'o-nit), n. [< Ione (see def.) +-ite2.] A mineral resin found in Ione valley, Amador county, California. Ionize (i'o-niz), v. t.; pret. and pp. Ionized, ppr. Ionizing. [Gr. iwview, speak in Ionic fashion, 'Iwveç, Ionians: see Ionic.] To Ionicize. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 234. States. Ionornis (i-o-nôr'nis), n. [NL., irreg. < Gr. 2. A very small quantity; a tittle; a jot. You will have the goodness then to put no stuffing of any description in my coat; you will not pinch me an iota tighter across the waist than is natural to that part of my body. Bulwer, Pelham, xliv. iotacism (i-o'ta-sizm), n. [< L. iotacismus, < Gr. iwrakiouós, too much use of iota, repetition of iota, ira, iota: see iota.] Conversion of other vowel sounds into that of iota (English e); specifically, in pronunciation of Greek, the practice of giving the sound of iota () also to the vowels and v, and to the diphthongs et, 7, ot, and v indiscriminately. This is the rule in modern Greek. Also called itacism. Opposed to etacism. Compare lambdacism, rhotacism. Unquestionably the most characteristic feature of the present pronunciation is its iotacism. J. Hadley, Essays, p. 139. iotacist (i-o'ta-sist), n. [<iotac(ism) + -ist.] One who advocates the system of Greek pronunciation called iotacism. ioterium i-o-tē'ri-um), n. n.; pl. ioteria (-). [NL., Gr. ios, poison, + repew, pierce.] In entom., a poison-gland, as that at the base of the sting in a hymenopterous insect, or at the base of the chelicera in a spider. See cut under cheli cera. IOU (i'ō'u'), n. [So called from the letters IOU (standing for I owe you) used in the acknowledgment.] A memorandum or acknowledgment of debt less formal than a promissory note, and in England sometimes containing only these letters, with the sum owed and the signature of the debtor. It is not a promissory note, because no direct promise to pay is expressed. and -ous. Iowan (i'o-wan), a. and n. I. a. Of or pertain- II. n. An inhabitant of Iowa. = ipse dixit black, the under parts yellowish white. The feet are small, with the inner finger clawless; the eyes are large. Iphisida (i-fis'i-de), n. pl. [NL., < Iphisa + ida.] A family of South American lizards, based by J. E. Gray upon the genus Iphisa. It is now inerged in the family Teiida. Iphthimus (if'thi-mus), n. [NL., < Gr. ipoos, strong, lo, strongly, earlier *Fiot, perhaps inion2, vim.] A genus of tenebrione beetles, dat. of iç, Fis L. vis, strength, might: see founded by Truqui in 1837. I. opacus is a species about three fourths of an inch long, with coarsely punctured thorax and elytra. It is found under bark. Ipina (i-pi'ne), n. pl. [NL. (Erichson, 1843), Ips+ina.] A subfamily of clavicorn bee tles, of the family Nitidulide, whose typical ipecac (ip e-kak), n. [An abbr. of ipecacuanha.] genus is Ips, mainly characterized by the proSame as ipecacuanha.-American ipecac, an herb of tuberance of the epistoma. the genus Gillenia.-Indian ipecac, the root of a twinAn obsolete form of hippocras. ing, shrubby, asclepiadaceous plant, Tylophora asthmatica, ipocrast, n. used in India as a substitute for ipecacuanha. ipocrisiet, ipocritet, n. Obsolete (Middle Engipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'ä), n. [< Pg. ipe-lish) forms of hypocrisy, hypocrite. cacuanha (= Sp. ipecacuana), Braz. (as usu- Ipomea (ip-o-me'ä), n. [NL., improp. Ipomoea ally given) ipecaaguen, the native name of the (Linnaeus), Ips, a name given by Linnæus to < plant, said to mean 'smaller roadside sick- Convolvulus, bindweed (< Gr. iv, a worm: see making plant.'] The dried root of Cephaëlis Ips), + Gr. ouoios, like.] A genus of dicotyleIpecacuanha, a small shrubby plant, a native of donous gamopetalous plants, of the natural Brazil, the United States of Colombia, and oth-order Convolvulacea, tribe Convolvuleæ, characer parts of South America. There are three varie- terized by having a 2- to 4-celled ovary, which ties, the brown, red, and gray, all products of the same is 4-ovuled, or rarely 3-celled and 6-ovuled. plant, and their differences are due to little more than The capsule is 2- to 4-valved, rarely with an operculum, age, place of growth, or mode of drying. The root is hard, or rupturing irregularly. The stems are prostrate or erect, and breaks short and granular (not fibrous), exhibiting a herbaceous or woody and climbing, and the leaves alterresinous, waxy, or farinaceous interior, white or grayish. It nate, usually entire. The corolla is hypocrateriform or is emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic, and is much used in campanulate and 5-lobed. About 400 species have been medicine, in large doses (1.5 grams) as an emetic, in smaller described, but according to Bentham and Hooker this numdoses as a depressant and nauseant, in still smaller doses ber should be reduced to 300 good species. They occur in the warm parts of the world. The most important product as a diaphoretic, and in the smallest as a stimulant to the stomach to check vomiting and produce appetite. Its of the genus is the sweet potato, furnished by the roots physiological effects seem to depend on the presence of the of I. Batatas, which is very extensively cultivated in all alkaloid emetin. The root of Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha is the only thing recognized as ipecac by the British or the United States Pharmacopoeia, but the name has been applied to various other plants with emetic properties, as to the root of Psychotria emetica, also called Peruvian, striated, or black ipecacuanha, said to contain emetin; also to the roots of various species of Richardsonia, called white, amylaceous, or undulated ipecacuanha. The name American ipecacuanha or ipecacuanha sponge is given to Euphorbia Ipecacuanh. Gillenia is also called American ipecac. See cut under Cephaelis. Iphidea (i-fid'e-a), n. [NL., appar. as Iphis Iphioneæ (if-i-o'ne-e), n. pl. [NL. (C. H. Iphis (i'fis), n. [NL., L. Iphis, Gr. 'Ipic Iphisa elegans. Flowering Branch of Wild Potato-vine (Ipomea pandurata). a, root; b, fruit; c, seed. tropical countries. Jalap, a well known medicine, is obtained from the roots of I. purga, a native of Mexico. The he-jalap, male-jalap, or jalap-tops is I. Orizabensis, and I. Turpethum is the Indian falap. The wild potato of the West Indies is I. fastigiata, and I. Pes-Capro is the seaside potato of the East and West Indies. I. Quamoclit, the cypress-vine, Indian-pink, American red bell flower, or sweet-william of the Barbados, was originally a native of tropical America, but is now widely naturalized. I. tuberosa of the East and West Indies is the Spanish arbor-vine, Spanish woodbine, or seven-year vine. I. purpurea, a native of tropical America, is the common morning-glory of cultivation. I. Nil is also cultivated for ornament. I. pandurata of the eastern United States is the wild potato-vine or man-of-the-earth, the mecha-meck of the North American Indians. I. Gerrardi is the wild cotton of Natal. Also written Ipomea. ippocrast, n. An obsolete Ips fasciatus. (Line shows natural size.) ipse dixit himself (is, he (see he1), + -pse for -pte, an emphasizing suffix, 'self,' 'same,' connected with potis, powerful: see potent); dixit, 3d pers. perf. ind. of dicere, say: see diction.] An assertion without proof; a dogmatic expression of opinion; a dictum. It requires something more than Brougham's flippant ipse dixit to convince me that the office of chancellor is such a sinecure and bagatelle. Greville, Memoirs, March 15, 1831. Whately. To acquiesce in an ipse dixit. J. H. Newman, Letters (1875), p. 146. ipsedixitism (ip-se-dik'sit-izm), n. [< ipse dixit +-ism.] The practice of dogmatic assertion. [Rare.] It was also under Weigel's influence that he [Pufendorf] developed that independence of character which never bent before other writers, however high their position, and which showed itself in his profound disdain for ipsedixitism, to use the piquant phrase of Bentham. Encyc. Brit., XX. 99. ipsissima verba (ip-sis'i-mä vèr bä). [L.: ipsissima, neut. pl. of ipsissimus, the very same, superl. of ipse, he himself, the same (see ipse dixit); verba, pl. of verbum, word: see verb.] The very same words; the self-same words; the precise language, word for word. It is his (the medical man's] duty to make, on the spot, a note of the words actually used. There should be no paraphrase or translation of them, but they should be the ipsissima verba of the dying man. A. S. Taylor, Med. Jurisprudence, p. 7. ipso facto (ip'so fak'to). [L.: ipso, abl. neut. of ipse, he himself (see ipse dixit); facto, abl. of factum, fact: see fact.] By the fact itself; by that very fact. The religion which is not the holiest conceivable by the man who holds it is condemned ipso facto. F. P. Cobbe, Peak in Darien, p. 6. i. q. An abbreviation of Latin idem quod, 'the same as.' ir-1. Assimilated form (in Latin, etc.) of in-2 before r. In the following words, in the etymology, the prefix ir-1 is usually referred directly to the original in-2 or in2. ir-2. Assimilated form (in Latin, etc.) of in-3 before r. In the following words, in the etymology, the prefix ir-2 is usually referred directly to the original in-3. Ir. 1. An abbreviation of Irish.-2. In chem., the symbol for iridium. iracund (i'ra-kund), a. [= OF. iracond = Sp. Pg. iracundo It. iracundo, iracondo, < L. iracundus, angry, ira, anger: see ire2.] Angry; irritable; passionate. [Rare.] = A spirit cross-grained, fantastic, iracund, incompatible. Carlyle, Misc., IV. 87. iracundiously+ (i-ra-kun'di-us-li), adv. [<*iracundious (cf. OF. iracondieux), for *iracundous (cf. OF. iracondos) ( L. iracundus, angry: see iracund), + -ly2.] Angrily; passionately. Drawing out his knife most iracundiously. Nashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 166). irade (i-rä'de), n. [Turk. irade, a decree, command, order, will, volition.] A written decree of the Sultan of Turkey. For the ministers were already obliged to exercise many of the attributes of the Sovereign, and had constantly to act upon their own authority in cases where an imperial irade was strictly requisite. Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 292. I-rail (i'ral), n. An iron rail shaped in section like the letter I; a reversible rail. iraint, n. A Middle English form of arain. Iranian (i-ra'ni-an), a. and n. [< Iran (see def.), Pers. Iran, Iran, Persia (see Aryan), + -ian.] I. a. Relating or pertaining to Iran or the people of Iran, the ancient name of the region lying between Kurdistan and India, and the modern Persian name of Persia: specifically applied to a branch of Indo-European or Aryan tongues, including Persian, Zend, Pehlevi, Parsi or Pazend, and cognate tongues. The word is derived from the legendary history of the Persian race given in Firdusi's "Book of Kings," according to which Iran and Tur were two of three brothers, from whom the tribes Iran (Persians) and Turan (Turks and their cognate tribes) sprang. See Turanian. The word Iranian, as yet unappropriated as an alphabetic designation, is perhaps less unsatisfactory than any other name that can be found, since it may fairly be applied to the oldest as well as to the more modern forms of the alphabet of the old Persian empire. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 229. II. n. An inhabitant of Iran; a member of one of the races speaking Iranian languages. For the ornamentation of their buildings, externally, and to some extent internally, the Iranians, imitating their Semitic predecessors, employed sculpture. G. Rawlinson, Origin of Nations, p. 102. Iranic (i-ranʼik), a. [< NL. Iranicus, < Iran: irent, n. and a. A Middle English form of iron. see Iranian.] Of or pertaining to ancient Iran Irena (i-re'nä), n. [NL. (Horsfield, 1820; later or to its inhabitants; Iranian in the widest Irene-Boie, 1826), Gr. Eipin, a personificasense: as, the Iranic family of languages. tion of eipin, peace: see Irene.] In ornith., a irascibility (i-ras-i-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. irasci- remarkable genus of old-world passerine birds bilité Pr. iracibilitat Sp. irascibilidad Pg. of uncertain position, type of the subfamily Ireirascibilidade It. irascibilità; as irascible + nina; the so-called fairy bluebirds. They are -ity: see -bility.] The quality of being irasci- brilliantly blue and black in color, about as large as robins, ble; irritability of temper. with stout, somewhat shrike-like bill, whose nasal fossa = = = = = The irascibility of this class of tyrants is generally exerted upon petty provocations. Johnson, Rambler, No. 112. irascible (i-ras 'i-bl), a. [< F. irascible-Sp. irascible Pg. irascivel It. irascibile, < LL. irascibilis, L. irasci, be angry, < ira, anger: see ire2.] 1. Susceptible of anger; easily provoked or inflamed with resentment; choleric: as, an irascible man; an irascible temper. Middleton when young was a Dilettante in music; and Dr. Bentley, in contempt, applied the epithet "fiddling Conyers." Had the irascible Middleton broken his violin about the head of the learned Grecian, and thus terminated much less than it afterwards did. the quarrel, the epithet had then cost Bentley's honour D'Israeli, Quarrels of Authors, p. 395. 2. Excited by or arising from anger; manifesting a state of anger or resentment. I know more than one instance of irascible passions subdued by a vegetable diet. Arbuthnot, Aliments. I have given it as my opinion that the Irascible emotion and the strong antipathies are to a certain extent outbursts of the sentiment of power, resorted to, like the tender outburst, as a soothing and consoling influence under painful irritation. A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 467. Syn. 1. Irascible, Irritable, Passionate, hasty, touchy, cible indicates quicker and more intense bursts of anger testy, splenetic, snappish, peppery, fiery, choleric. Iras than irritable, and less powerful, lasting, or manifest bursts than passionate. irascibleness (i-ras'i-bl-nes), n. Irascibility. irascibly (i-ras'i-bli), adv. In an irascible man When Antenor had tolde & his tale endit, Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1860. My gode fader, tell me this, What thing is ire? Sone, it is That in our englissh wrath is hote. Gower, Conf. Amant., I. 280. Language cannot express the awful ire of William the Testy on hearing of the catastrophe at Fort Goed Hoop. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 222. =Syn. Vexation, Indignation, etc. See anger1. ire2t, v. t. [< ME. iren; <ire2, n.] To anger; fret; irritate. Eke to noo tree thaire dropping is delite, Her brere thorne and her owne kynde it ireth. Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 57. ireful (ir'fül), a. [< ME. ireful, irefull, yreful; <ire2+-ful.] Full of ire; angry; wroth. An yreful body is neuer quyet, nor in rest where he doth One amonge .x. is ix. to many, his malyce is so cruell. Quoted in Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. cxxx. The ireful bastard Orleans. I soon encountered. dwel Fairy Bluebird (Irena puella). are densely feathered, with rictal and nuchal bristles, and even tail of 12 feathers. There are several species characteristic of the region from India to the Philippines, as I. puella, I. cyanea, and I. turcosa. irenarch (i're-närk), n. [Also eirenarch; <LL. peace (see Irene), apxn, government, rule, irenarcha, irenarches, Gr. eipnvápxns, <εiphon, apxe, rule.] A justice or guardian of the peace in the eastern part of the Roman empire and under the Eastern and Byzantine empires. Irene (i-re'nē), n. [< Gr. Eiphon, a personificaplanetoid, discovered by Hind at London in tion of eipin, peace, quiet.] 1. The fourteenth 1851.-2. In zoöl.: (a) A genus of acalephs. Also written Eirene. Eschscholtz, 1820. (b) Same as Irena. [ Gr. eipnikóç, of or for irenic (i-ren'ik), a. peace, peaceful, siphon, peace: see Irene.] Promoting or fitted to promote peace; peaceful; pacific: chiefly used in theology. See iren icon and irenics. Mark has no distinct doctrinal type, but is catholic, irenic, unsectarian, and neutral as regards the party questions within the apostolic church. Schaff, Hist. Christ. Church, I. § 81. irenica, n. Plural of irenicon. irenical (i-ren'i-kal), a. [<irenic +-al.] Of the character of an irenicon; conciliatory; irenic: as, irenical theology. The bishop of Carlisle, whose thoughtful essays are essentially irenical, is an instructive companion. Science, III. 131. irenicon (i-ren'i-kon), n.; pl. irenica (-kä). [< Gr. eipnikov, neut. of eipnvikós, of or for peace: see irenic.] 1. A proposition, scheme, or treatise designed to promote peace, especially in the church. They must, in all likelihood (without any other irenicon), have restored peace to the Church. South. No doubt it [the Gospel of St. John] is an Irenicon of the church, in the highest and best sense of the term; .. but it is not an Irenicon at the expense of truth and facts. Schaff, Hist. Christ. Church, I. § 83. 2. pl. The deacon's litany (diaconica) or great synapte at the beginning of the liturgy of the Greek Church: named from the petitions "In peace let us pray of the Lord For the For the peace of the peace from above whole world let us pray, etc." (response "Kyrie eleison"), with which it opens. irenics (i-ren'iks), n. [Pl. of irenic: see -ics.] Irenical theology: opposed to polemics. Schaff, Hist. Christ. Church, VI. 650. Ireninæ (i-re-ni'nē), n. pl. [NL., < Irena + Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 6, 16. -ina.] A subfamily of birds, typified by the Many an ireful glance and frown, between, genus Irena, of uncertain systematic position. The angry visage of the Phantom wore. The Irenina have been considered as related to the drongoBarham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 105. shrikes, and placed under Dicrurida, as by G. R. Gray irefully (ir'fül-i), adv. In an ireful or angry (1869) and others, and to the bulbuls, Pycnonotida, as by manner; angrily; wrathfully. Jerdon and Blyth; and later they have been referred to Timeliida. ... The people... began... irefully to champ upon the bit they had taken into their mouths. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., ii. irefulness (ir'fül-nes), n. [ME. irefulnesse; irefulness.] The condition of being ireful; wrath; anger; fury. Some through couetousnes, and some through irefulnes and rashnesse, . . . riffled ye goods of the Romane citizens. Golding, tr. of Caesar, fol. 204. Iresine (i-re-si'ne), n. [NL. (Linnæus), so called in ref. to the woolly calyx, < Gr. eipeovn, a branch of laurel or olive entwined with fillets of wool, borne in processions at festivals, irreg. elpoc, wool.] A genus of plants of the natural order Amarantacea, tribe Gomphrenea. They are herbs, with opposite petioled leaves and minute scarious white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked and branching panicles. About 18 species are known, all natives of |