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The com-
1. The tenth letter in the jabbering-crow (jab'er-ing-kro), n.
English alphabet. The char- mon crow of Jamaica, Corvus jamaicensis. It is
acter is only another form of i, the a small species, closely related to the fish-crow
(C. ossifragus) of the United States.
jabberingly (jab'er-ing-li), adv. In a jabber-
ing manner.
jabberment (jab'èr-ment), n. [<jabber
ment.] The act of jabbering; idle or nonsen-
sical talk. [Rare.]

We are come to his farewell, which is to be a conclud-
ing taste of his jabberment in the law. Milton, Colasterion.
Same as jobbernoll.

jabble1t (jab'l), v. i. [Early mod. E. jabil (for
jabel); an assibilated form of gabble, as jabber
is of gabber.] To jabber; gabble.

To iabil, multum loqui.

two forms having been formerly used indifferently, or j preferred when final or affording a terminal flourish (as in writing the numerals, iiij, etc.: see 2). The differentiation in use was established about the year 1630. In Latin, for example, i was written where we write both i and j-e. g., iuris instead of juris-and had now the vowel-value of i (see I), and now the consonant-value of y (see Y), being pronounced as y where we now write and pronounce j. The only quasi-English word in which jabbernowlt, n. we now give it such a value is hallelujah (better written halleluiah); elsewhere, j is written only where the original y-sound has been thickened into the compound dzh, the sonant counterpart of the ch-sound, and identical with what we call the soft sound of g (see G); and, with a consistency very rare in English orthography, it has always (with the exception mentioned above) this value and this only. It occurs chiefly in words of Latin descent, being found only exceptionally, as a late variant of ch (Anglo-Saxon c), in words of Anglo-Saxon descent (see jarl, jar, jowl). Owing to the equivalence in Latin of i and j, words beginning with these letters (as those beginning with u and v) respectively have, notwithstanding their great difference in pronuncia tion, only within a short time been separated in dictionaries. They are not separated in Bailey (1721-1755 and later), nor in Johnson (1755), nor in Todd's revision of Johnson (1818), nor in Nares's Glossary (1822; ed. Halliwell and Wright, 1859). 2. (a) As a numeral, a variant form of I: used chiefly at the end of a series of numerals, and now only in medical prescriptions: as, vj (six); viij (eight).

Also ther was a grett Vesell of Sylver, And it had at every ende rounde rymys gylte and it was iiij cornarde. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 13. (b) In math., -j stands for the second unit vector or other unit of a multiple algebra. Jusually denotes the Jacobian. (c) In thermodynamics, Jis the mechanical equivalent of heat (being the initial of Joule).-J function. See function. jaal-goat (ja'al-gōt), n. [Also jael-goat; <jaal, an African name, + goat.] The Abyssinian ibex, Capra jaala or jaela, a wild goat found in the mountains of Abyssinia, Upper Egypt, and elsewhere.

jab (jab), v. t.; pret. and pp. jabbed, ppr. jabbing. [A dial., orig. Sc., form of job, in same sense: see job1.] 1. To strike with the end or point of something; thrust the end of something against or into; poke.

The Missouri stoker pulls and jabs his plutonic monster as an irate driver would regulate his mule.

Putnam's Mag., Sept., 1868. 2. To strike with the end or point of; thrust: as, to jab a stick against a person; to jab a cane into or through a picture. [Scotch, and colloq. U. S.]

jab (jab), n. [= job1, n.; from the verb.] A stroke with the point or end of something; a thrust. [Scotch, and colloq. U. S.]

"O yes, I have," I cried, starting up and giving the fire a jab with the poker. C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 279. jabber (jab'er), v. [Early mod. E. jaber, also jabble,jabil, assibilated form of gabber and gabble, freq. of gabl: see gab1, gabber, gabble, gibber1.] I. intrans. To talk rapidly, indistinctly, imperfectly, or nonsensically; utter gibberish; chatter; prate.

We dined like emperors, and jabbered in several lan-
Macaulay, in Trevelyan, I. 213.

guages.

II. trans. To utter rapidly or indistinctly. He told me, he did not know what travelling was good for but to teach a man to ride the great horse, to jabber French, and to talk against passive obedience. Addison, Tory Foxhunter. jabber (jab'er), n. [< jabber, v.] Rapid talk with indistinct utterance of words; chattering. There are so many thousands, even in this country, who only differ from their brother brutes in Houyhnhnmland because they use a sort of jabber, and do not go naked. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, Gulliver to his Cousin Sympson. jabberer (jab'èr-ér), n. One who jabbers.

Levins, Manip. Vocab. (E. E. T. S.), p. 126.
jabble2 (jab'l), v. t.; pret. and pp. jabbled, ppr.
jabbling. [Also jable; prob. freq. of a form rep-
resented by jaup: see jaup, v., 2.] To splash, as
water; cause to splash, as a liquid. [Scotch.]
jabble2 (jab'l), n. [<jabble2, v.] A slight agi-
tation on the surface of a liquid; small irregu-
lar waves running in all directions. [Scotch.]

The steamer jumped, and the black buoys were dancing
in the jabble. R. L. Stevenson, Silverado Squatters, p. 12.
jabelt, n. A variant of javel1. [Prov. Eng.]
What, thu jabell, canst not have do?
Thu and thi cumpany shall not depart
Tyll of our distavys ye have take part.
Candlemas Day, 1512 (Hawkins, Eng. Drama, I. 18).
jabiru (jab'i-rö), n. [Braz. name.] A large
stork-like bird, Mycteria americana. The jabiru
and the maguari are the only American representatives of
the subfamily Ciconiine. The jabiru inhabits tropical and
subtropical America, occasionally north to Texas. The plu-
mage is entirely white; the bill, legs, and bare skin of the
neck are black, with a red collar around the lower part of

American Jabiru (Mycteria americana).

the neck. The wing is 2 feet long; the bill is a foot long,
extremely thick at the base, and somewhat recurved at
the tip. See Mycteria.
Jablochkoff candle. See electric candle, under
candle.
jaborandi (jab-o-ran'di), n. [Braz. (Guarani).]
A Brazilian plant, Pilocarpus pennatifolius;
also, the drug obtained from it. The leaves and
bark of the plant furnish an agreeable, prompt, and pow-
erful sudorifle and sialogogue, with some diuretic effect,
and it has become the leading drug of its class. The name
is also locally applied to several other plants and drugs
having similar properties- for example, some species of
Piper and Herpestis, and several other Rutacea, the order
to which Pilocarpus belongs. Also jamborandi.
jaborine (jab'o-rin), n. [<jabor(andi) +-ine2.]
An alkaloid extracted from the leaves of jabo-
randi, and also derivable from pilocarpine. Its
physiological effects are said to resemble those
of atropin.

Jaborosa (jab-o-ro'sä), n. [NL. (Jussieu), said
to be Ar. jaborose, a name of allied plants.] A
South American genus of the natural order
Solanacea, containing 6 or 7 species of small
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. ii. 152. herbs, having flowers with long funnelform,

Both parties join'd to do their best. . .
T' out-cant the Babylonian labourers

At all their dialects of jabberers.

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jabot (zha-bo'), n. [F.] A frilling or ruffle worn by men at the bosom of the shirt in the eighteenth century; also, a frill of lace, or some soft material, arranged down the front of a woman's bodice.

They wore men's shirts, with ruffles and jabots; their hair was clubbed, and their whips were long and formidable. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLII. 290.

frill of lace.

She is debited with une paire de mari. Fortunately, however, for the Comtesse's good repute, the "pair of husbands" turn out to be a double jabot, or projecting bosom Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLII. 287. jacamar (jak'a-mär), n. [S. Amer. name.] Any South American bird of the family Galbulida. In general aspect the jacamars resemble the beeeaters of the old world, and have to a considerable extent the habits of the arboreal and insectivorous kingfishers.

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Jacamar (Galbula viridis).

They nest in holes, and lay white eggs. The plumage in most cases is brilliant, and as a rule the bill is long, slender, and sharp; the feet are very weak, with the toes in pairs (in one genus there are but three toes). Jacamaralcyon (jak"a-ma-ral'si-on), n. [NL. (Lesson, 1831), < jacamar + alcyon.] A genus of jacamars with three toes; the only three-toed genus of Galbulida. There is but one species, J. tridactyla of Brazil, 7 inches long, slaty-black with a bronze tint, with white belly, black bill, and brown-streaked head. Jacamarops (ja-kam'a-rops), n. [NL. (Lesson, 1831, but used as a F. vernacular name by Cuvier, 1829), <jacamar + Gr. p, eye.] A genus of Galbulida, consisting of the great jacamars. They are of large size, with a long curved bill dilated at the base and with ridged culmen, a graduated tail of 12 rectrices, and very short feathered tarsi. There is but one species, J. grandis, a native of tropical America, 11 inches long, golden-green in color, with rufous under parts and a white throat. jacana (ja-ka'nä), n. [Braz. jaçaná.] 1. A bird of the genus Parra or Jacana, as P. jacana or J. spinosa; the book-name of any bird of the family Parrida or Jacanida. There are several

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jacana

genera and species, of both the old and the new world. These remarkable birds resemble plovers and rails, but are

most nearly related to the former. In the typical American

forms the tail is short, and the legs and toes are long, with enormous straight claws which enable the birds to run easily over the floating leaves of aquatic plants. There is a horny spur on the bend of the wing, and a naked frontal leaf and wattles at the base of the bill. Parra gymnostoma is the Mexican jacana, which is also found in the United States. The pheasant-tailed jacana of India, Hydropha sianus chirurgus, has no frontal or rictal lobes, and has a very long tail like a pheasant. The Indo-African jacanas

belong to the genus Metopodius; that of the East Indies is Hydralector cristatus.

2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of jacanas, the same as Parra, lately made the name-giving genus of Jacanida. Brisson, 1760. Also written Iacana. Jacanidæ (ja-kan'i-dē), n. pl. [NL., Jacana +ida.] A family of grallatorial aquatic birds of the order Limicole, named from the genus Jacana; the jacanas. They are birds of the warmer parts of both hemispheres, represented by the genera Ja cana (or Parra), Metopodius, Hydralector, and Hydrophasi anus. In technical characters they are charadriomorphic, though they are ralliform in external aspect. The skull is schizognathous and schizorhinal, with basipterygoid processes and emarginate vomer, but no supra-orbital impres

sions. A metacarpal spur is present in all these birds, and in some of them the radius is peculiarly expanded. The family is more frequently called Parrida. Jacaranda (jak-a-ranʼdä), n. [NL. (A. L. Jussieu, 1789); a Brazilian name.] A genus of the natural order Bignoniacea, type of the tribe Ja

carandeæ. It contains about 30 species of tall trees of elegant habit, native in tropical America. It is separated from kindred genera by its panicled flowers with short campanulate calyx, its short pod with flat, transparently winged seeds, and its twice, or sometimes once, pinnate leaves. The Brazilian J. mimosifolia, J. Braziliana, and J. obtusifolia furnish a beautiful and fragrant palisanderwood, bluish-red with blackish veins, sometimes, in common with numerous other timbers, called rosewood. (See rosewood.) As a popular name jacaranda is not confined strictly to this genus, but applies to various trees having similar wood. Three fossil species are described, from the Lower Tertiary of Italy and Tyrol.

Jacarandeæ (jak-a-ran ́dē-ė), n. pl. [NL. (Bentham and Hooker, 1876), < Jacaranda +-ea.] A tribe of Bignoniacea, embracing the genus Jacaranda and four others. The ovary is 1-celled or becomes so, with parietal placenta and a 2-valved pod.

They are mostly trees or shrubs, all native of tropical

America except the genus Colea, which belongs to Madagascar.

jacare (jak'a-re), n. [Pg. jacaré, jacareo; of Braz. origin.] 1. A South American alligator; a cayman. Several species or varieties are described, such as the Orinoco or black jacare, Jacare nigra. Also written jackare, yackare.

2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of South American alligators. J. E. Gray, 1862. jacatoot, n. [Appar. an error for *cacatoo: see cockatoo.] A cockatoo.

A rarely colour'd jacatoo, or prodigious huge parrot. Evelyn, Diary, July 11, 1654. jaca-tree (jak'a-tre), n. [Also jak, jak-tree, jacktree; jaca, the native name, + E. tree.] Same as jack-tree.

jacchus (jak'us), n. [NL.] 1. A small squirrel-like monkey of South America, a kind of marmoset, Hapale jacchus.-2. [cap.] A genus of marmosets: same as Hapale. Also Iacchus.

See Midida.

jacconet, n. See jaconet.

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jacent (ja'sent), a. [= Sp. yacente Pg. jacente, L. jacen(t-)s, ppr. of jacere, lie, be prostrate, jacere, throw, cast: see jet1, jactation, jaculate, etc. Cf. adjacent, circumjacent, etc.] Lying at length; prostrate. [Rare.]

Because so laid, they [brick or squared stones] are more apt, in swagging down, to pierce with their points than in the jacent posture, and so to crevice the wall.

Sir H. Wotton, Reliquiæ, p. 20. jacinth (ja'sinth), n. [Accommodated in term. to orig. hyacinth; formerly jacint, iacint; <ME. jacint, jacynte, jacynet, < OF. jacinthe = Pr. jacint = Sp. jacinto = Pg. jacintho It. jacento, giacinto, L. hyacinthus, Gr. vakvoog, hyacinth: see hyacinth.] Same as hyacinth. jacitara-palm (jas-i-tar'ä-päm), n. [<S. Amer. jacitara + E. palm2.] The plant Desmoncus

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macroacanthus. See Desmoncus. jack1 (jak), n. [< ME. Jacke, Jake, Jak, as a personal name, and familiarly, like mod. Jack, dial. Jock, as a general appellative; (OF. Jaque, Jaques (AF. also Jake, Jaikes), later Jacques, mod. F. Jacques, a very common personal name, James, Jacob,

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jack

rare ME. James, Jamys, early mod. E. Jeames 10. (a) The jackdaw, Corvus monedula. (b) D. The jack-curlew, Numenius hudsonius. (c) A (dim. Jem, Jim), now James; AS. Iacob G. Dan. Icel., etc., Jakob; LL. Jacobus, < kind of pigeon; a jacobin.-11. One of various Gr. 'Iákos, Heb. Ya'aqób, Jacob, lit. 'one convenient implements or mechanical contriwho takes by the heel,' a supplanter, < 'āqab, vances obviating the need of an assistant: used take by the heel, supplant (see Gen. xxv. 26, alone or compounded with some other word xxvii. 36). The name Jack is thus a doublet designating the special purpose of the imof Jake (still used as a conscious abbr. of Ja- plement or some other distinguishing circumstance: as, a pegging-jack; cob, and occasionally in the same general sense as Jack, as in country jake, applied in the U. S. a shackle-jack, or thill-jack. to a rustic), as well as of James, all being Specifically-(a) A bootjack. (b) A reduced forms of Jacob; but on passing into contrivance for raising great weights by force exerted from below. A secE. Jack came to be regarded as a familiar syn- tion of the usual form of this machine onym or dim. of John (ME. Jan, Jon, etc., dim. is given in the annexed figure. By Jankin, Jenkin, etc.), and is now so accepted. turning the handle a, the screw b the upper end of which is brought The F. name Jacques, being extremely cominto contact with the mass to be mon, came to be used as a general term for a raised, is made to ascend. This is man, particularly a young man, of common or effected by means of an endless menial condition; so E. Jack, and its synonym screw working into the worm-wheel John, which is similarly used, in its various c, which forms the nut of the screw. On the lower end of the screw is fixed forms, in other languages. From this use of the claw d, passing through a groove Jack, as equiv. to 'lad, boy, servant' (cf. jock, in the stock; this claw serves at once jockey), has arisen its mod. E. use as a purely to raise bodies which lie near the to prevent the screw b from turning common noun, alone or in comp., applied to ground. various contrivances which do the work of a common servant or are subjected to rough usage. Cf. billy2, jemmy1, jimmy1, betty, etc., likewise from familiar personal names, jemmy or jimmy being ult. identical with jack.] 1. [cap.] An abbreviation or diminutive of the name Jacob, now regarded as a nickname or diminutive of the name John.

For sweet Jack Falstaff, . . . banish not him thy Harry's company. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4, 522. 2. A young man; a fellow: used with jill, a young woman, both being commonly treated as proper names.

And aryse up soft & stylle,
And iangylle nether with Tak ne Iylle.
Babees Book (E. E. T. 8.), p. 22.
That every man should take his own,
In your waking shall be shown:
Jack shall have Jill;
Nought shall go ill.

Shak., M. N. D., iii. 2, 461.

3t. [cap. or l. c.] A saucy or impertinent fellow; an upstart; a coxcomb; a jackanapes; a sham gentleman: as, jack lord, jack gentleman, jack meddler, and similar combinations.

Since every Jack became a gentleman, There's many a gentle person made a Jack. Shak., Rich. III., i. 3, 72. Marc. What men are these i' th' house? Tap. A company of quarrelling Jacks, an' please you; They say they have been soldiers, and fall out About their valours.

Beau. and Fl. (?), Faithful Friends, i. 2. 4. [cap.] A familiar term of address used among sailors, soldiers, laborers, etc.; hence, in popular use (commonly Jack Tar), a sailor.

For says he, do you mind me, let storms e'er so oft
Take the top-sails of sailors aback,
There's a sweet little cherub that sits up aloft,
To keep watch for the life of poor Jack.
C. Dibdin, Poor Jack.

5. Same as jack in the water (which see, below).
6. [l. c. or cap.] A figure which strikes the
bell in clocks: also called jack of the clock or
clock-house: as, the two jacks of St. Dunstan's.
I stand fooling here, his Jack o' the clock.
Shak., Rich. II., v. 5, 60.
This is the night, nine the hour, and I the jack that gives
warning. Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, ii. 2.
The jack of the clock-house, often mentioned by the writ-
ers of the sixteenth century, was ... an automaton, that
either struck the hours upon the bell in their proper rota-
tion, or signified by its gestures that the clock was about
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 244.
7. Any one of the knaves in a pack of playing-
cards.
disdain, before our first game was out.

to strike.

"He calls the knaves Jacks, this boy," said Estella with Dickens, Great Expectations, viii.

8. The male of certain animals; specifically, a male ass; especially, an ass kept for getting mules from mares; a jackass. In this sense it

is much used attributively or in composition, signifying 'male': as, jackass, jack-ape.]

9. A name of several different fishes. (a) A pike, as Esox lucius or a related species; especially, a small pike, or pickerel. Also jack-fish.

caught this season. Addison, Sir Roger and Will. Wimble.

I desire you to accept of a Jack, which is the best I have

A Jack or pickerel becomes a pike at 2 feet (Walton) and 2 lb. or 3 lb. weight. Some see no distinction, calling all pike; others fix the limit in different ways.

Day, Brit. Fishes, II. 140.

Lifting-jack. The axis of the endless screw is supported by two malleable iron plates e ƒ, bolted to the upper side of the wooden stock or framework in which the whole is inclosed. Also called jack-screw, and specifically lifting-jack. (c) In cookery, a roasting-jack; a smoke-jack.

We looked at his wooden jack in his chimney that goes with the smoake, which is indeed very pretty.

Pepys, Diary, I. 116. (d) A rock-lever or oscillating lever. Such levers are used in stocking-frames, in knitting-machines, and in other machinery. Their function is the actuation of other moving parts to produce specific results at proper periods. (e) In spinning, a bobbin and frame operating on the sliver from the carding-machine and passing the product to the roving-machine. (f) In weaving, same as heck-box. (g) In the harpsichord, clavichord, pianoforte, and similar instruments, an upright piece of wood at the inner or rear end of each key or digital, designed to bring the motion of the latter to bear upon the string. In the harpsichord and spinet the jack carries a quill or spine by which the string is twanged; in the clavichord it terminates in a metal tangent by which the string is pressed; and in the pianoforte it merely transmits the motion of the key to the

hammer.

How oft when thou, my music, music play'st, . . .
Do I envy those jacks that nimble leap
To kiss the tender inward of thy hand!

Shak., Sonnets, exxviii. (h) A wooden frame on which wood is sawed; a sawbuck or sawhorse. (i) In mining: (1) A wooden wedge used to split rocks after blasting; a gad. (2) A kind of water-engine, turned by hand, for use in mines. Halliwell. ) A portable cresset or fire-pan used for hunting or fishing at night. Also called jack-lamp, jack-lantern, jack-light. (k) A tin case in which the safety-lamp is carried by coalminers in places where the current of air is very strong. [North. Eng.] () In teleg. and teleph., a terminal consisting of a spring-clip, by means of which instruments can be expeditiously introduced into the circuit. In telephones lowing the lines of different subscribers to be quickly consuch terminals are sometimes used at exchanges for al

nected. The connection is made by means of a wire cord on the ends of which are metallic wedges covered on one side with insulating material. These wedges, called jackknives or simply jacks, are inserted into the terminals of the lines to be connected. Also called spring jack. 12. A pitcher, formerly of waxed leather, afterward of tin or other metal; a black-jack.

Small jacks we have in many ale houses tipped with silver, besides the great jacks and bombards of the court. J. Heywood, Philocothonista (1635). Body of me, I'm dry still; give me the jack, boy; This wooden skilt holds nothing.

Fletcher (and others), Bloody Brother, ii. 2. 13. A half-pint; also, a quarter of a pint. [Prov. Eng.]-14. In the game of bowls, an odd bowl thrown out for a mark to the players.

Was there ever man had such luck! when I kissed [that is, when my bowl touched] the jack, upon an upcast to be hit away! I had a hundred pound on't.

Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 1, 2. 15. A flag showing the union only: used by those nations whose national standard contains a union, as Great Britain and the United States. The British jack is a combination in red, white, and blue of the crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, and dates from 1801. In the United States naval service the jack is a blue flag with a white five-pointed star for each State in the Union. It is hoisted on a jack-staff at the bowsprit-cap when in port, and is also used as a signal for a pilot when shown at the fore. See union jack, under union.

In a paper dated Friday, Jan. 14, 1652, "By the commissioners for ordering and managing ye affairs of the Ad. miralty and Navy," ordering what flag shall be worn by flag-officers, it is ordered, "all the shipps to wear jacks as Preble, Hist. of the Flag, p. 151. 16. A horizontal bar or crosstree of iron at the topgallantmast-head, to spread the royalshrouds. Also called jack-crosstree.

formerly.” Sp. Jago (formerly written Iago), also Diego = Pg. Diogo, these being reduced forms of the name, which appears also, in semblance nearer the LL., as E. Jacob F. Jacobe = Sp. Jacobo = It. Giacobo, Giacobbe, Jacopo, and, with altered term. (b to m), It. Giacomo, Jachimo Sp. contr. Jaime Pg. Jayme =OF. Jakemes, contr. Jaime, Jams, James,>

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(b) A percoid fish, Stizostedium vitreum, the pike-perch. (c) A scorpenoid fish, Sebastichthys or Sebastodes paucispinis, better known as boccaccio. (d) One of several carangoid fishes, especially Caranx pisquetos, also called buffalo jack, hickory jack, and jack-fish; also, Seriola carolinensis. (e) The pampano, Trachynotus carolinus.

Though I could handle the brig's fore royal easily, I found my hands full with this, especially as there were no jacks to the ship, everything being for neatness, and nothing left for Jack to hold on by but his "eyelids."

R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 210.

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is Jacks and "Half-Jacks."

The "card-counters," or, as I have heard them sometimes called by street-sellers, the "small coins," are now of a very limited sale. The slang name for these articles Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 389. 21. A seal. Also jark. [Old slang.] [The words in several of the phrases below are very commonly joined by hyphens, as in the quotations.]-Buffalo-jack, the carangoid fish Caranx pisquetos.-Builders' jack, a temporary staging put in a window; a bracket or seat used in cleaning, painting, or repairing a window. Also called window-jack.-California jack, a game of cards resembling all-fours. After six cards have been dealt to each player, and the trump determined, the undealt cards are placed in a pack on the table face up, so that one card is exposed. Then the winner of each trick takes the top card into his hand, and the other players in order each one of the following cards. Every player thus continues to hold six cards until the deck is exhausted. Jack and low count each for the player who takes it. The game is esteemed one of the best for two players.-Cheap Jack. See cheap. -Cornish jack, the chough or Cornish crow, Pyrrhocorax graculus.-Every man Jack, every one without exception. [Slang.]

Sir Pitt had numbered every man Jack of them.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, viii.
Send them [the children] all to bed; every man Jack of
them!
C. Reade, Peg Woffington, viii.
Five-fingered jack. See five-fingered.-Goggle-eyed
jack. See goggle-eyed.- Great jack, large bottle for
liquor: same as bombard, 4.- Hickory-jack. (a) Same as
jack1,9 (d). (b) The hickory-shad, Pomolobus mediocris.-
Hydraulic jack. See hydraulic.-Jack at a pinch. (a)
A person who is employed or selected for some purpose as
a necessity, or for want of a better; one who serves merely
as a stopgap: sometimes used as an adverbial compound.
Hence (6) A poor itinerant clergyman who has no cure,
but officiates for a fee in any church when required. [Prov.
Eng. 1-Jack in office, an upstart official; a public officer
who gives himself airs.-Jack in the green, a boy dress-
ed with green garlands, or inclosed in a framework of
leaves, for the May-day sports and dances. Also Jack-a-
green. [Eng.1-Jack in the water, a man who makes
himself useful about wharves and docks, in landing pas-
sengers, etc., and in doing odd jobs. Also called jack. [Eng.
slang.]-Jack o' Bedlam. See Bedlam. Jack of all
trades, a person who can turn his hand to any kind of
work or business: often implying that he is not thorough-
ly expert in any one thing, as expressed in the proverb,
Jack of all trades, master of none."- Jack of Dovert,
a dish of some kind.

Many a jakke of Dovere hastow sold,
That hath been twies hot and twies cold.

[It is sometimes explained as the fish called sole, and

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3209

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G. jacke, a jacket, jerkin, < OF. jaque, jacque,
jacq, jaique, jacke, dial. (Norm.) jake Sp. jaco
= It. giaco, for-
merly giacco, a
jack or coat of
mail. Origin ob-
scure; perhaps,
like jack1 in
other material
senses, ult. <OF.
Jaque, Jacques,
a personal
name: see jack1.
Dim. jacket, q.
v.] A coat of
fence of cheap
make worn by
foot-soldiers,
yeomen, and the
like. The word is
used indiscrimi-

nately for the brig-
andine, gambeson,
and scale-coat, and
is, in short, applied
to any defensive
garment made of two folds of leather or linen with some-
thing between them. (Burges and de Cosson.) Also, a
leather garment upon which rings, etc., were sewed to
form a coat of fence. Compare lorica, 2.
But with the trusty bow,
And jacks well quilted with soft wool, they came to Troy.
Chapman, Iliad, iii.
The Bill-men come to blows, that, with the cruel thwacks
The ground lay strew'd with mail and shreds of tatter'd
jacks.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxii. 166.
To be upon one's jackt, to attack one violently.

Jack. (From Viollet-le-Duc's "Dict. du
Mobilier français.")

jack-at-the-hedge

dog, and may be domesticated. The wild jackal emits a notion that the jackal hunts up the prey for the king of highly offensive odor. From the popular but erroneous beasts, he has been called the lion's provider."

The Inhabitants do nightly house their goats and sheep for fear of the Jaccals. Sandys, Travailes, p. 160. [Curzola] is one of the few spots in Europe where the jackal still lingers. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 204. Hence-2. Any one who does dirty work for another; one who meanly serves the purpose of another.

He's the man who has all your bills; Levy is only his jackal. Bulwer, My Novel, ix. 13. jackal-buzzard (jak'âl-buz" ärd), n. A bookname of Buteo jackal, an African buzzard. jackalegs, jack-o'-legs (jak'a-legz), n. [Cf. jack-lag-knife, under jack-knife, and jockteleg.] 1. A large clasp-knife.-2. A tall, long-legged

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man.

Jack-a-Lent (jak'a-lent), n. See Jack-o'-Lent. jackals-kost (jak âlz-kost), n. [< jackal + G. Kost, food (?).] A plant, Hydnora Africana, of the natural order Cytinacea. It bears, half-buried in the earth, a single large flower, sessile upon the rootstock and having a thick fungus-like perianth. It is parasitic upon the roots of succulent euphorbias and similar plants. It occurs, with other species, in South Africa, where it is said to be roasted and eaten by the natives.

jackanape (jak'a-nap), n. See jackanapes.
jackanapes (jak'a-naps), n. [For orig. Jack o'
apes, Jack of apes, i. e. orig., it is supposed, a
man who exhibited performing apes; hence a
vague term of contempt, the stress of thought
being laid on apes, whence the occasionally
assumed singular jackanape, and the use of the
word in the simple meaning ape. Cf. the later

Te ulciscar, I will be revenged on thee: I will sit on thy imitated forms, johnanapes and jane-of-apes.]
skirts; I will be upon your jacke for it.
1t. A monkey; an ape.

Terence in English (1614).

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The monstrous jack that in its eccentric bulk contains a
whole magazine of tastes and smells.
P. Robinson, In my Indian Garden, p. 49.
Jack4 (jak), n. [Abbr. of Jacqueminot, a florists'
name for a favorite crimson variety of tea-rose.]
A Jacqueminot rose.
Also Jacque.
"What roses?" said Mrs. Van Cor-

"The roses that

sometimes as a dish warmed up a second time.]-Jack.[Prov. Eng.]

of straw. Same as jackstraw, 1.

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"

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a

With signes and profers, with noddyng, beckyng, and mowyng, as it were Jack-an-apes. Tyndale, Works, p. 132. If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for her favours, I could lay on like a butcher, and sit like a jackShak., Hen. V., v. 2, 148. Hence-2. A coxcomb; a ridiculous, impertinent fellow.

an-apes, never off.

I have myself caught a young jackanapes with a pair of silver fringed gloves, in the very fact. Spectator, No. 311. None of your sneering, puppy! no grinning, jackanapes! Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 1. 3. In mining, the small guide-pulleys of a whim. jack-ape (jak'ap), n. A male ape. A great jack-ape o' the forest. The Spectator. jack-arch (jak'ärch), n. An arch whose thickness is of only one brick. jackare, n. Šee jacare, 1.

jackaroo (jak-a-ro'), n. [Australian.] A new
chum; a new arrival from England in the bush.
[Slang, Australia.]

The young Jackaroo woke early next morning and went
A. C. Grant, Bush Life in Queensland, I. 53.

to look around him.
jackash (jak'ash), n. [Appar. Amer. Ind.] The
mink or vison of North America, Putorius vison.
jackass (jak'as), n. [< jack1 + ass1.] 1. A
male ass; a jack.

lear. "Why, I ordered some Jacks this morning. Didn't they come?' Scribner's Mag., IV. 757. Chaucer, Prol. to Cook's Tale, 1. 23. jack-adams (jak'adʼamz), n. [Jack Adams, proper name.] A fool. Brown, Works, II. 220. jackadandy (jak'a-dan'di), n.; pl. jackadandies (-diz). [jack + -a- (a meaningless syllable)+ dandy. A little foppish fellow; a danJack-a-green (jak'a-grēn'), n. diprat. Vanbrugh, Confederacy. Same as Jack in the green (which see, under jack1). jackal (jak ́âl), n. [Formerly jackall, sometimes accom. jack-call; OF. jackal, jakal, F. chacal (>It. sciacal: G. Dan. Sw. schakal D. jakhals) Sp. chacal Pg. chacal, jacal Turk. chaqal, Ar. jaqal (usually wawi or ibn awi), Pers. shaghal, a jackal; cf. Skt. erigala, a jackal, a fox.] 1. A kind of wild dog somewhat resembling a fox, which inhabits Asia and Africa; one of several species of old-world foxlike Canide, of the genus Canis, as C. aureus of topsail and topgallantsail instead of a gaff-topAsia, or C. anthus of Africa. The jackals are of jackass-deer (jak'as-der), n. gregarious habits, hunting in packs, rarely attacking the An African antelope, the singsing, Kobus singsing. jackass-fish (jak'as-fish), n. A fish of the family Cirritida, Chilodactylus macropterus, inhabiting the Australian seas, attaining a length of nearly 2 feet, and esteemed as one of the best food-fishes of the country.

Reader, John Newter, who erst plaid
The Jack on both sides, here is laid.
Wits' Recreations (1654).
Jack out of doorst, a houseless person; a vagrant.
Neque pessimus neque primus: not altogether Jack out
of doores, and yet no gentleman.
Withals, Dict. (ed. 1634), p. 569.
Jack out of office, a discharged official.

For liberalitie, who was wont to be a principall officer, is tourned Jacke out of office, and others appointed to have the custodie.

Riche his Farewell to Militarie Profession, 1581. (Nares.) Jack's land, in old English manors and village communities, odds and ends of land in open fields, lying between the allotments to tenants.- Jack Tar. See def. 4.-Round jack, in hat-making, a stand for holding a hat while the brim is trimmed to shape.-To draw the jacks, in weaving. See draw.-Union jack. See union.-Yellow Jack, yellow fever. [Slang.] jack1 (jak), v. [< jacki, n., 11.] I. trans. 1. To operate on with a jack; lift with a jack.

up.

As soon as it [the bridge] reaches its position, it is jacked
Sci. Amer., N. S., LVIII. 31.

2. To hunt with a jack. See jack1, n., 11 (j).
II. intrans. To use a jack in hunting or fish-
ing; seek or find game by means of a jack.
The streams are not suited to the floating or jacking
with a lantern in the bow of the canoe.
T. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips, p. 168.
jack2 (jak), n. [< ME. jacke, jakke, jak, a jack,
OD. jakke, D. jak Sw. jacka Dan. jakke

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A jackass heehaws from the rick, The passive oxen gaping. Tennyson, Amphion. Hence-2. A very stupid or ignorant person: used in contempt.-3. Naut., same as hawse-bag. -Jackass copal, chacaze copal. See copal.-Laughing jackass, the giant kingfisher, Dacelo gigas: so called from its discordant outcry. See cut under Dacelo. Also called settlers' clock. [Australia.] jackass-brig (jak'as-brig), n. A brig with square

sail.

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jackassism (jak'as-izm), n. [< jackass + -ism.] Stupidity. [Rare.]

Calling names, whether done to attack or to back a schism, Is, Miss, believe me, a great piece of jack-ass-ism. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 268. jackass-penguin (jak'as-pen" gwin), n. A sailors' name of the common penguin, Spheniscus demersus. See penguin.

jackass-rabbit (jak ́ås-rab it), n. Same as jack

rabbit.

Our conversation was cut short by a jackass-rabbit bounding from under our horses' feet. larger quadrupeds, lurking during the day, and coming out Audubon, Quadrupeds of N. A., II. 95. at night with dismal cries. They feed on the remnants The of the lion's prey, dead carcasses, and the smaller animals jack-at-the-hedge (jak'at-the-hej'), n. and poultry. The jackal interbreeds with the common plant Galium Aparine, commonly called clear

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jackeen (ja-ken'), n. [jack+appar. dim.
-een.] A drunken, dissolute fellow. S. C. Hall.
[Ireland.]

=

ers, which grows in copses and hedges. [Prov. jacked (jakt), a. [<jack (?)+-ed2.] Spavined.
Eng.]
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
jack-back (jak'bak), n. 1. In brewing, same as
hop-back.-2. A tank for the cooled wort used
in the manufacture of vinegar.
jack-baker (jak'ba kér), n. The red-backed
shrike, Lanius collurio. [Prov. Eng.]]
jack-bird (jak'bėrd), n. [So called in imita-
tion of its cry: cf. chack-bird.] The fieldfare,
Turdus pilaris. C. Swainson.
jack-block (jak'blok), n. Naut., a block used in
sending topgallant-yards up and down, placed
at the mast-head for the yard-rope to reeve
through.
jack-boot (jak'böt), n. [< jack2+ boot2.] A
kind of large boot reaching up over the knee,
and serving as defensive armor
for the leg, introduced in the
seventeenth century; now, a
similar boot reaching above the
knee, worn by fishermen and
others. The jack-boots of postilions,
and those worn by mounted soldiers
and even officers of rank, were of exag-
gerated weight and solidity throughout
the seventeenth century and until late
in the eighteenth. It was difficult to
walk in them.

Then I cast loose my buff-coat, each
holster let fall,

Shook off both my jack-boots, let go belt
and all.
Browning, How they Brought the Good

[News from Ghent to Aix.

Jack-boot, time of
James II.

About this time [1680]... jack-boots resembling those that had formed a part of the military appointments of Encyc. Brit., VI. 474. jack-by-the-hedge (jak bi-the-hej'), n. One of several plants. (a) Sisymbrium Alliaria, a plant of the mustard family growing under hedges. (b) Lychnis diurna. (c) Tragopogon pratensis. (d) Linaria minor. [Prov. Eng.]

the troopers in the civil war came into fashion.

jack-capt (jak'kap), n. A leather helmet.

The several Insurance Offices . . . have each of them a certain set of men whom they keep in constant pay, and furnish with tools proper for their work, and to whom they give Jack Caps of leather, able to keep them from hurt, if brick or timber, or anything not of too great a bulk, should fall upon them. Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, II. 148. jack-chain (jak chan), n. A kind of small chain each link of which is formed of a single piece of wire bent into two loops resembling the figure of eight. The loops are in planes at right angles

with each other, so that if one loop is viewed in full outline, the other will be seen edgewise. The links are not welded. The chain takes its name from being used on the wheels of kitchen-jacks.

jack-crosstree (jak ́krôs "trē), n. Same as jack1,

16. Dana. jack-curlew (jak'kėr lū), n. 1. The European whimbrel, Numenius phaopus. Montagu.-2. The Hudsonian or lesser American curlew, Numenius hudsonicus. Coues.

jackdaw (jak'da), n. 1. The common daw of Europe, Corvus monedula, an oscine passerine bird of the family Corvida. It is one of the smallest

Jackdaw (Corvus monedula).

of crows, being but 13 inches long. It is of a black color, quent church steeples, deserted chimneys, old towers, and ruins, where they build their nests. They may readily be tamed and taught to imitate the sounds of words. They are common throughout Europe.

with a blue or metallic reflection. Jackdaws in flocks fre

When nobody's dreaming of any such thing,
That little Jackdaw hops off with the ring!
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 211.

jack-engine (jak'en"jin), n. In coal-mining, a
donkey-engine; a small engine employed in
sinking a shallow shaft. [Eng.]
jacker (jak'ér), n. [<jack +-er1.] One who.
hunts game with a jack.
jacket (jak'et), n. [KOF. jaquette, f., j jaquet, jac-
quet, m. (= Sp. jaqueta It. giacchetta), a jack-
et, dim. of jaque, E. jack2, q. v.] 1. A light
jack: a garment having but slight value as a
defense against weapons.-2. A short coat or
body-garment; any garment for the body com-
ing not lower than the hips. Jackets for boys
throughout the first half of the nineteenth century came
only to the waist, whether buttoned up or left open in
front, and a similar garment is still worn by men in certain
trades or occupations. Short outer garments designed for
protection from the weather and worn by men of rough
occupations are called by this name: as, a monkey-jacket.
Compare zouave-jacket, smoking-jacket.

All in a woodmans jacket he was clad,
Of Lincolne greene, belayd with silver lace.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. ii. 5.
Their [sheriffs'] officers were clothed in jackets of worsted,
or say party-coloured, but differing from those belonging

to the mayor, and from each other.

Stow, quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 465.
3. A waistcoat or vest. [Local, U. S.]-4.
Something designed to be fastened about or
cover the body for some other purpose than
that of clothing: as, a strait-jacket, or a swim-
ming-jacket.-5. Clothing or covering placed
around a cylindrical or other vessel of any kind,
as a pipe, a cannon, a steam-boiler, a smoke
stack where it passes through the deck, etc., to
give greater power of resistance, to prevent es-
cape of heat by radiation, etc. Felt, wool, mineral-
wool, paper, wood lagging, asbestos, and many other ma-
terials are in common use for jacketing steam-cylinders
and pipes, and pipes, tanks, etc., in which it is desirable
to prevent freezing. Air-compressor cylinders are usual-
ly supplied with water-jackets for cooling the cylinders,
which would otherwise become very hot from heat ab-
sorbed from the air, the work of compression being con-
verted into heat in the compressed air, which thus acquires
a high temperature. These cylinders are inclosed in metal
shells which leave an annular space between them and the
cylinder, and through this space cool water is kept con-
stantly flowing by the aid of a pump or other device. When
a steam-cylinder is thus inclosed, and the annular space is
supplied with live steam, the arrangement is called a steam-
jacket. The condensation which would otherwise occur in
the cylinder during the periods of induction and expansion
is thus prevented, and a considerable economy is effected.
See cut under air-engine.

As regards construction and contour, they [Krupp guns]
are built upon the model adopted in 1873; the tube, with-
out reinforce, is encircled by a single band or jacket (Man-
tel, in German), shrunk on, and carrying trunnions and fer-
mature.
Michaelis, tr. of Monthaye's Krupp and De Bange, p. 24.
6. A folded paper or open envelop containing
an official document, on which is indorsed an

order or other direction respecting the disposi-
tion to be made of the document, memoranda
respecting its contents, dates of reception and
transmission, etc. [U.S.]-7. A young seal:
so called from the rough fur. [Newfound-
land.]-Cardigan jacket. See cardigan.-Cork jack-
et. See cork1.-Plaster jacket. See plaster.-To dust
one's jacket. See dust1.-To line one's jacket, to fill

one's stomach with food or drink. Nares.

Il s'accoustre bien. He stuffes himselfe soundly, hee
lines his jacket throughly with liquor.
Cotgrave.

jacket (jak'et), . t. [jacket, n.] 1. To cover
with or inclose in a jacket: as, to jacket a steam-
cylinder, etc.; to jacket a document. See jacket,
n., 5 and 6.

The cylinders are steam-jacketed, and also clothed in felt
and wood.
Rankine, Steam Engine, § 382.
Another record was made in the book of the office of
letters received and jacketed. The American, May 16, 1888.
2. To beat; thrash. [Colloq.]
jacketing (jak'et-ing), n. [< jacket + -ing1.] 1.
The material, as cloth, felt, etc., from which a
jacket is made.-2. A jacket; a cover or pro-
tection to an inanimate object, as the felt
covering of a steam-pipe.-3. A thrashing.
[Colloq.]

jackey, n. See jacky.
jack-fish (jak'fish), n. Same as jack1, 9 (a) and
(d). [Virginia.]
jack-fishing (jak'fish'ing), n. 1. Fishing for
the pike or jack. [Virginia.]-2. Fishing by
means of a jack; jacking.
jack-flag (jak'flag), n. A flag hoisted at the

2. The boat-tailed grackle, Quiscalus major, a large long-tailed blackbird of the family Age-jack-staff. laida. Coues. [Southern U. S.] jackdogt, n. A dog: used in contempt.

Scurvy jack-dog priest! Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 3, 65.

jack-foolt, n. [ME. jakke foole.] A fool.
"Go fro the wyndow, Jakke fool," she sayde.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 522.

Jack Ketch

jack-frame (jak'fram), n. In cotton-manuf., a
device which imparts a twist to the roving as
delivered from the rollers of the drawing-frame.
It consists of a revolving frame carrying a bobbin, the
axis of which is at right angles with the axis of rotation
of the frame, and upon which the roving is wound, the
revolution of the frame twisting the roving, and the bob-
bin winding on simultaneously. This device was once
highly esteemed, but is now nearly or quite out of use.
Also called jack-in-a-box.
jack-friar, n. A friar: in contempt.

I liked to have Sampson near me, for a more amusing
Thackeray, Virginians, IV. 91.

Jack-friar never walked in cassock.
jackfruit (jak fröt), n. [< jack3 + fruit.] The
fruit of the jack-tree.

The jack fruit is at this day in Travancore one of the
Yule and Burnell.
staples of life.
jack-hare (jak'har'), n. A male hare.
Old Tiney, surliest of his kind,
Who, nursed with tender care,
And to domestic bounds confined,
Was still a wild Jack-hare.
Cowper, Epitaph on a Hare.
jack-hern (jak'hèrn), n._ The European heron,
Ardea cinerea. [Prov. Eng.]
jack-hole (jak'hōl), n. In coal-mining, a bolt-
hole. [Eng.]

jack-hunting (jak'hun"ting), n. The use of the
jack in hunting for game by night; hunting by
means of a jack. See jack1, n., 11 (j).
jack-in-a-bottle (jak'in-a-bot'l), n. The bot-
tle-tit or long-tailed titmouse: in allusion to
its pendulous nest.
jack-in-a-box, jack-in-the-box (jak'in-a-
boks', -the-boks), n. 1. A kind of toy, con-
sisting of a box out of which, when the lid is
unfastened, a figure springs.

A collection of bell-knobs which will bring up any particular clerk when wanted with the suddenness of a Jackin-the-box. Grenville Murray, Round about France, p. 268. 2. A street peddler who sells his wares from a temporary stall or box.

Here and there a Jack in a Box, like a Parson in a Pulpit, selling Cures for your Corns, Glass Eyes for the Blind, Ivory teeth for Broken Mouths, and Spectacles for the weaksighted. Ward, The London Spy. 3. A gambling sport in which some article placed on a stick set upright in a hole is pitched at with sticks. If the article when struck falls clear of the hole, the thrower wins.-4. Same as jack-frame.-5. A screw-jack used to raise and stow cargo.-6. A large wooden male screw turning in a female screw, which forms the upper part of a strong wooden box. It is used, by means of levers passing through it, as a press in packing, and for other purposes.-7. A plant of the genus Hernandia (H. Sonora), which bears a large nut that rattles in its pericarp when shaken.-8. A hermit-crab, as Eupagurus pollicaris: so called by fishermen.-Jack-in-the-box gear, a system of toothed-wheel mechanism analogous to or identical with the mechanism by which the motions a wheel on an axis which simultaneously moves radially around a fixed center. jacking (jak'ing), n. [Verbal n. of jack1, v.] The act or method of using the jack; use of the jack in hunting or fishing: as, jacking for eels. See jack1, n., 11 (j). jacking-machine (jak'ing-ma-shen"), n. A machine designed to give to leather the appearance termed "pebbled." jack-in-the-bush (jak'in-the-bush'), n. jack-in-the-box, n. See jack-in-a-box. plant, Sisymbrium Alliaria. "[Prov. Eng.]-2. A plant, Cotyledon Umbilicus, of the order Crassulacea, abounding on rocks and walls in England. jack-in-the-pulpit (jak'in-the-pul'pit), n. The Indian turnip, Arisama triphyllum, of the natural order Aracea: so called from its upright spadix surrounded and overarched by the spathe. See Aracea. jack-jump-about (jak'jump'a-bout'), n. One of several plants. (a) Angelica sylvestris. (b) Egopodium Podagraria. (c) Lotus corniculatus. [Prov. Eng.] Jack Ketch (jak kech). [Said to be from an executioner of this name (Jack or John Ketch) in the time of James II. (See quot. from Macaulay.) The derivation given in the first quot. is less prob.] A public executioner or hangman.

of the jack-frame are obtained-namely, the rotation of

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1. A

The manor of Tyburn was formerly held by Richard Jaquette, where felons for a long time were executed; from

whence we have Jack Ketch. Lloyd's MS., British Museum.

He [Monmouth] then accosted John Ketch, the execu tioner, a wretch who had butchered many brave and noble victims, and whose name has, during a century and a half, been vulgarly given to all who have succeeded him in his odions office. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., v., note.

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