coverer of the chemical proportions, whose numerous works on natural philosophy, chemistry, and mineralogy, are so universally admired by the learned in every country. Bishop Tegnêr is-also highly esteemed as a poet; his genius is of a high order, and his works of lasting merit; yet, viewed as a whole, the literature of Sweden is inferior to that at Denmark, and dependent both upon the literature of that country and also upon that of Germany; for most of the works used in the classes of their Universities, are translated either from Danish or German. In ancient Northern literature, and particularly the Icelandic, in which the University of Uppsala possesses so many excellent MSS., they are as yet but unsuccessful rivals of the Danes; which is not easily accounted for, as their language is more nearly related to the ancient Scandinavian tongue, than the modern Danish. The celebrated Mr Rask, while residing in Stockholm, did much, however, to rouse their activity in this department. The literature of Norway, is now more intimately connected with that of Sweden since the union of these kingdoms, and may therefore be considered conjointly with it; but the language of Norway being modern Danish, is different from that of Sweden, and Norwegian literature is therefore still in its taste and spirit more akin with that of Denmark than the Swedish. In the University of Christiania, Professor Hansteen is a man of eminence. His discovery of the magnetic poles of the earth, is of great importance, not only for navigators, but for natural science in general. Professor Krum Keyser, is a distinguished natural philosopher; Sverdrup is a good Greek scholar; Skjolderup a great anatomist; and Paul Moller, a native of the Island of Funen in Denmark, who was called from the University of Copenhagen, where he was yet a student, to fill the chair of Moral Philosophy in Christiania, is a poet of distinction in Scandinavia. He is besides a very eminent classical scholar, and his amiable character cannot fail to render metaphysics attractive to the young Norwegians. AMERICA IN 1827. I. SOUTHERN STATES. INDEPENDENT America extends from 40° south lat., to 50° north lat. including, it is supposed, about twelve millions square miles. From its northern extremity to the Pole, are situated the possessions of the English and Russian Governments, while the district beyond its southern extremity, to which the name of Patagonia has been given, is still unappropriated by any of the civilized nations. In the Southern Independent States, to which this chapter is limited, are included the Confederation of Mexico, which reckons twenty-four republics attached to it; Guatemala, or Central America, which counts in its Confederation seven constituted republics; the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, which witness, according to the latest accounts, the deputies of fifteen republics assembled in their Congress; the republic of Bolivia, to which seven states have been united ; and the extensive republics of Colombia, Peru, and Chili. In the midst of all these republican states, |